棕地再开发国内外比较研究

在过去两百年里,工业化的快速高速发展既为人类创造了巨大的物质财富,也推动了全球城市化的快速发展。然而随着产业结构转型升级,很多城市面临的是大量的废弃工业用地如何重新利用的问题,这便是"棕地"问题。虽然"棕地"的概念至今尚无统一的标准,引入我国的时间也不长,没有引起相关研究者足够重视,但在我国"棕地"问题已经开始出现,必须引起我们的足够重视。本文通过探讨"棕地"的概念和分类,通过对发达国家治理对策的分析,从国内外棕地的研究历史出发,探讨后工业化阶段我国可以借鉴的经验并提出棕地开发的对策。     

Stock measurement and regeneration policy approaches to ‘hardcore’ brownfield sites: England and Japan compared

This paper discusses key contextual differences and similarities in a comparative study on brownfield regeneration in England and Japan. Over the last decade, the regeneration of large-scale ‘flagship’ projects has been a primary focus in England, and previous research has discussed policy issues and key barriers at these sites. However, further research is required to explore specific barriers associated with problematic ‘hardcore’ sites suffering from long-term dereliction due to site-specific obstacles such as contamination and fragmented ownership. In comparison with England, brownfield regeneration is a relatively new urban agenda in Japan. Japan has less experience in terms of promoting redevelopment of brownfield sites at national level and the specific issues of ‘hardcore’ sites have been under-researched. The paper reviews and highlights important issues in comparing the definitions, national policy frameworks and the current stock of brownfields.     

城市工业用地效率区域差异及影响因素研究

研究目的：对中国各省2005—2010年城市工业用地效率变化状况及其影响因素进行实证分析。研究方法：采用数据包络分析（DEA）测算全国各省2005—2010年城市工业用地效率,在此基础上,运用混合模型和固定效应模型分析全国城市工业用地效率的影响因素。研究结果：（1）城市工业用地效率差异大且呈现下降的趋势;（2）各省的城市工业用地效率变异系数呈现扩大趋势;（3）影响城市工业用地效率的主要因素是工业行业规模、土地市场化水平、工业行业对外开放程度、工业行业集聚程度。工业行业产权结构对城市工业用地效率并不具有显著影响,而工业行业技术水平和工业行业结构对城市工业用地效率的影响还需进一步检验。研究结论：城市工业用地效率差异大,变化复杂,受多种因素共同影响,未来的政策应当提高土地市场化水平,注重工业行业的规模化经营,努力提升工业行业科技水平及开放化程度,并合理规划好工业园区或开发区,促进工业行业发挥集聚效应,最终提升工业用地效率。     

Negotiation issues in forming public–private partnerships for brownfield redevelopment: Applying a game theoretical experiment

The redevelopment of a brownfield can provide a range of societal, environmental but also economic benefits for a number of entities. In the Netherlands (and elsewhere), public–private partnerships are common practice for such projects, because of two main reasons. First, limitations to public funding have led governments to invite the private sector into various long-term arrangements for capital-intensive projects. Second, a comprehensive approach for the whole brownfield area may be more efficient and profitable, compared to piecemeal development via interventions by individual owners. This article investigates, with respect to brownfield redevelopment, the interaction behavior of two key parties in forming partnerships: the municipality and a private developer. It is assumed that, apart from their mutual interest to redevelop the brownfield area, they will have different interests as well. In order to indicate their specific interest and the negotiation outcome regarding the forming of a public private partnership, this paper makes use of an experimental game theory approach. Three specific negotiation issues were analyzed in our research: a building claim, future land use and reparcelling of the land. In addition, this paper suggests an eight-step procedure to conduct a game theoretical experiment. A survey was conducted in order to gather the required data for the experiment. The data have been used to estimate the payoffs variations between the two key parties in the mentioned negotiation games. Finally, by comparing sub game perfect Nash equilibrium generated game outcomes and direct expected outcomes of respondents, this paper experimentally proves that the game theoretical analysis provides a valid representation of a real world brownfield redevelopment negotiation within the Dutch institutional-economic context. The outcome of the experiment confirms the Dutch tradition of public private partnerships in urban development practice, with public and private bodies willing to share financial risks and returns in these projects.     

Inventorying heavy metal pollution in redeveloped brownfield and its policy contribution: Case study from Tiexi District,Shenyang, China

As the pollution of urban soil in brownfield redevelopment sites can adversely affect the surrounding ecosystems and human health, China's rapid urbanization and industrialization necessitates the remediation, treatment and redevelopment of contaminated urban soil. This study aims to address the policy implications of inventorying and mapping soil heavy-metal pollution in brownfield redevelopment sites in China, using the Tiexi district in Shenyang as a case study. Enrichment factors analysis of the soil samples proved that the soil in the brownfield sites was highly enriched with copper, cadmium, lead, zinc, arsenic and nickel relative to background values. Furthermore, the analysis of the pollution index and the integrated Nemerow pollution index also indicated that the soil was most heavily polluted by cadmium. The hot-spot metal contamination areas, determined using geographical information system technology, were mainly located near historical high-pollution enterprises. Based on our findings, policy recommendations for further brownfield management are proposed.     

Urbanization,land use transformation and spatio-environmental impacts: Analyses of trends and implications in major metropolitan regions of Ghana

Urbanization induces spatial and environmental changes. Monitoring and understanding the nature of these changes is crucial to achieving sustainable urban development imperatives. To this end, this paper examines the evolution and spatio-environmental impacts of rapid urbanization in two major metropolitan regions of Ghana—Accra-City Region and the Greater Kumasi Sub-Region. The analysis uses Landsat satellite data and landscape metrics to examine land use transitions and to characterize the emergent landscapes over the last three decades. The results show that built-up land has increased significantly in these metropolitan regions largely at the expense of environmental land cover classes. The expansion process follows a general trend where the historical-core zones were initially sites of rapid land cover conversion to built-up, with settlements in the suburban and peripheral zones expanding in recent years and becoming integrated into the conterminous urban areas of the metropolitan regions. The analysis also uncovered a unique, dynamic and complex process whereby the urban-open-space class, being in a permanent state of flux, mediates transitions between built-up land and vegetation and vice versa. The metric-based land use transformation analysis shows that the landscape of the metropolitan regions has fragmented because of an increased expansion and aggregation of patches of built-up land in the core areas and leapfrog, sprawling expansion in the outlying suburban and peripheral zones. The paper concludes on the need for integrative urban growth management strategies that brings together spatial planning and environmental resource governance to avert the negative consequences on the natural environment of unfettered urban expansion.     

Residential development on gardens in England: Their role in providing sustainable housing supply

Development of garden land has attracted political and media attention in recent years, yet there remained uncertainty over whether the issue was nationally or locally significant. Gardens are not a land use in their own right and have no special status in planning law. This enabled them to be considered, until very recently, as previously developed land according to The Brownfield Guide (English Partnerships, 2006). This allowed garden sites to be developed for new housing, thereby helping some authorities to meet their targets for residential development on brownfield land as monitored through their strategic housing land availability assessment (SHLAA). This paper reports the findings of a survey of local planning authorities carried out in 2009 and focused on planning applications and permissions on garden sites over a five year period ending 31 March 2008. The results reveal that garden development was a significant issue in only certain regional contexts, South East, London and West Midlands, and its actual and potential contribution to the local housing stock was variable. Where other forms of brownfield land were in short supply, garden sites might be crucial in meeting targets. The paper examines the policy framework underpinning such applications and shows that where local planning authorities had specific policies on the subject in place they were able to reach more robust decisions on garden site planning applications and there was less likelihood of first stage rejection decisions being overturned on appeal.     

土地要素市场化配置能否促进工业结构优化？ ——基于微观土地交易数据的分析

研究目的:探究土地市场化配置在提高资源利用效率的同时,是否对产业结构产生了一定的积极影响。研究方法:理论剖析工业用地市场化发展促进工业结构优化升级的作用机理,利用2008—2015年间20余万条工业用地交易数据及工业经济面板数据进行实证检验,并进一步进行滞后性影响分析以及区域差异比较。研究结果:工业用地市场化水平与工业结构优化度总体存在正相关关系,各分项指标结果有所差异;滞后项系数显著为正;引入区域虚拟变量与工业用地市场化水平的交叉项,验证了区域性差异的存在。研究结论:土地市场发展越完善,产业结构越高,且该影响存在一定程度的滞后性;土地市场发展对劳动力结构优化度提升最为显著;在中部地区的推动作用强于其他地区。     

Industrial land price between China’s Pearl River Delta and Southeast Asian regions: Competition or Coopetition?

The planned economy system’s previous form of industrial land market control in China has led to current market failure because of a large amount of industrial land being sold at a very low price, causing extensive overuse of land and negative effects on land management. As the “World Factory”, the Pearl River Delta (PRD) is well known for its rapid urbanization largely driven by Foreign Direct Investment in labor-intensive industries. A low-land price strategy has been commonly adopted by the local government in order to attract industrial investment. In the past decade, the PRD has increasingly faced the increasing competition from its neighboring competition from its neighboring countries in Southeast Asia that have established preference policies to attract FDI and foreign enterprises. Despite a growing body of literature on the internal forces of industrial land in China, little is known of the external forces involved except for the importance of FDI and the intensity of interregional competition between China and other countries in attempting to attract foreign investment. This research fills the knowledge gap by modeling the situation in the form of an international cooperative game model aimed at revealing the industrial land price formation mechanism between the PRD region and Southeast Asian regions. The conditions of industrial land in the area and several Southeast Asian countries are first analyzed for their industrial land price movements in recent years. A game theoretic model is then built that exhibits similar characteristics. The result indicates that the governments’ low land price strategy and the competition between the PRD and its neighboring countries have created unnecessarily high social and environmental costs. Policy suggestions are made to encourage a more appropriate use of industrial land in China, and the most important being the need for a mindset shift from competition towards coopetition between the PRD and Southeast Asian regions.     

Land reuse in support of renewable energy development

Renewable Portfolio Standards are U.S. state-level policies that encourage renewable energy development to meet a proportion of electricity demand. These policies, along with state and federal incentives and private sector demand, have motivated interest in renewable energy capacity, which is a function of available land. As global climate change has been driven by the combination of fossil fuel combustion and land cover change, renewable energy development is best achieved through sustainable land use practices. One option is to site renewable energy installations on land that has been contaminated or degraded. This analysis looks at the degree to which renewable energy demand created by state renewable portfolio standards in the United States could be met by contaminated or formerly contaminated sites. Results suggest that land resources are more than sufficient to meet current and possibly future RPS-generated demand in three out of four regions.     

Strategic public land use assessment and planning in Victoria,Australia: Four decades of trailblazing but where to from here?

While various attempts have been made to establish strategic environmental assessment (SEA) processes and institutions in various jurisdictions within Australia, the success of these often short lived attempts at institutional approaches for managing public land use conflict has been patchy. The experience in the State of Victoria has been somewhat different, with public land use assessment and planning having been informed by a series of independent statutory bodies since 1970 (the Land Conservation Council, Environment Conservation Council, and Victorian Environmental Assessment Council). These SEA bodies have played a major role in mediating environmental conflict over public land use, and have significantly contributed to the increased size and coverage of Victoria's protected area system. However, while there has always been a statutory body in operation, the roles and responsibilities of these bodies have been subject to significant legislative change, with existing bodies replaced by new bodies in 1997 and 2001. Justifications for these reforms included changing circumstances and new understandings about environmental management, as well as changing views about public administration. As a way of contributing to enhancing the design of institutions and processes for strategic environmental assessment, this paper provides an assessment of Victoria's approach and discusses possible future directions.     

How feasible is regional integration for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban–rural interface? Evidence from Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei metropolitan region in China

Competition among different uses for land is becoming acute under the process of urbanization, and conflicts related to this competition are becoming more frequent and more complex. This article presents a methodology for confronting this issue. By applying an integrated framework, we explore the implicit role of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Regional Integration (BRI) policy in land use conflicts by focusing on the urban-rural interface, and try to address the research question: “How feasible is BRI for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban-rural interface?” An original structure of the analysis is developed based on the identification of three types of conflicts, namely, conflicts over land use structure, conflicts over land conversion and conflicts over landscape pattern. According to the interactions and relationships among these conflicts, we define broad categories of land use conflict areas. Indeed, these conflicts are all related to the unplanned use of agricultural land reserves, which competes with other more immediate uses, and the over-exploitation of land resources caused by unsustainable urban practices. This policy is clearly a critical objective for optimizing the land use structure. It, however, fails to reconcile the conflicts over land conversion and landscape pattern, especially for considerable agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural uses, and low-density development pattern with mixed residential and industrial land uses. Hence, alternative strategies involving public participation, spatial equity, rural revitalization, land-use system reform, and new type of urbanization, can be identified as viable solutions for land use conflict management, which may be complementary to regional integration. The findings of our paper may also contribute to the policy debate on BRI concerning land use planning and regional sustainability.     

武汉城市圈土地利用结构与产业结构特点分析

采用统计法、实证分析法分析武汉城市圈不同城市的土地利用结构和产业结构,根据分析的结果,将武汉城市圈的城市根据其产业结构特点分为3类,最后总结出了处于3种发展阶段的城市土地利用结构特点,从而为制定土地宏观政策提供依据。     

武汉城市圈“两型社会”视角下的土地利用综合评价

从"两型社会"的视角构建武汉城市圈土地利用综合评价指标体系,选择常用的德尔菲咨询法和熵值法相结合的主客观组合赋权法计算指标权重,运用多因素综合评价法对武汉城市圈2000—2015年的土地利用进行定量评价,分析其时空演化特征,并对其趋势发展进行预测。研究结果表明:武汉城市圈内部各城市间发展的差异性较明显,9个城市正经历4种土地利用阶段;受区位条件和地形地貌条件的影响,武汉城市圈土地利用具有典型的圈层效应和带状分布的特点;基于"两型社会"特征的建设成效显著,土地集约利用和土地生态环境效益均取得了较大的正向发展,但是城市圈内部各城市土地集约利用水平的差异性趋向扩大化;预测结果表明,城市圈整体在2030年左右才能实现武汉市2015年的土地利用水平。针对研究结果,以提升土地利用水平,促进区域协调发展为目标,提出了运用科技手段提高科学用地水平、加强环境治理力度以及大力发展"绿色经济"和循环经济以形成可持续产业发展的对策与建议。     

区域产业结构调整与土地利用效率关系 ——基于城镇化水平视阈的考察

研究目的：探索城镇化、产业结构调整与城市土地利用效率关系的作用机制及中国东、中、西部三个区域的差异。研究方法：PVAR模型。研究结果：（1）产业结构合理化与城市土地利用效率具有稳定的正向影响关系且在城镇化减速阶段影响最大;城市土地利用效率随产业结构高级化呈倒“U”型趋势且在城镇化加速阶段出现负向影响。（2）产业结构高级化对城镇化的响应具有正向效应,产业结构合理化、城市土地利用效率对城镇化的响应表现为东部为负,中、西部为正的区域差异。（3）城镇化有助于提高东部产业结构合理化与城市土地利用效率相互间的正向影响程度;而在中、西部,有助于提高产业结构高级化对城市土地利用效率的正向影响程度。研究结论：制定产业结构调整及城市土地利用政策应充分兼顾城镇化发展水平及区域特点,提高城镇化对区域产业结构调整及城市土地利用效率的促进作用。     

Management of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites in Nigeria: Current challenges and future direction

Sites affected by petroleum hydrocarbons from oil exploitation activities have been identified as a major environmental and socio-economic problem in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The current Nigerian regulatory instruments to manage these contaminated sites are fragmented and the roles and responsibilities of government agencies, such as the Department for Petroleum Resources (DPR), and the National Oil Spill Detection and Response Agency (NOSDRA), are not well defined. This lack of coordination has led to ineffective land contamination policy and poor enforcement more generally. Appropriate, risk-based policy instruments are needed to improve regulatory capacity, and to enhance the regulator's ability to manage new and existing petroleum hydrocarbons contaminated sites. Lessons can be learned from countries like the United Kingdom (UK) and the United States America (USA) that have experience with the management and clean up of historically contaminated land. In this paper, we review the status of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminated sites management in Nigeria and identify the gaps in existing policy and regulation. We review the contaminated land policies and regulation from the UK and the USA, and identify lessons that could be transferred to the Nigerian system. Finally, we provide a series of recommendations (e.g. source – pathway-receptor approach, soil screening criteria, clean-up funding, liability) that could enhance contaminated land legislation in Nigeria.     

工业用地集约利用评价指标体系初探

采用对比分析法和归纳分析法,对工业用地集约利用的概念和内涵进行了初步探讨,通过研究得出:(1)工业用地具有以新增建设用地为主、对基础设施和交通条件依赖性强、行业内部用地指标差异大的特点;(2)目前工业用地存在着闲置浪费、结构布局不合理和利用效率低下等问题;(3)工业用地集约利用内涵应理解为以布局合理、用地结构优化和可持续发展为前提,通过增加投入,取得较好的综合效益;(4)工业用地集约利用评价指标包括投入程度、使用强度、利用效率与利用结构和布局四个因素8个因子.通过构建一套城市工业用地集约利用评价的指标体系,与土地集约利用综合评价相比,工业用地的评价指标更能突出反映工业用地的特点,对制定土地利用政策具有较好的针对性和实用价值.     

How land transfer marketization influence on green total factor productivity from the approach of industrial structure? Evidence from China

Market-oriented allocation of land resources is one of the main economic reforms in China. However, the influence of land transfer marketization (LTM) on green total factor productivity (green TFP) and its mechanisms remain unknown. Based on panel data of 30 provincial administrative regions in China from 2004 to 2016, this study attempts to establish mechanism among LTM, industrial structure and green TFP, which is measured by the Slack Based Measure DEA (SBM-DEA) model containing undesirable output, and empirically estimates the impact of LTM, the rationalization and optimization of industrial structure and their interactions on green TFP further. The results show that: 1) LTM has a significant promoting effect on the improvement of green TFP in China, and the effect is also significant in the eastern, central and western regions as well, indicating that the application of land transfer policy to regulate regional economic development is widespread in China. 2) The rationalization of industrial structure has significantly promoted the development of green TFP in China, as well as at the regional levels, and the effect decreases from the western region to the central and eastern regions. The optimization of industrial structure also has a promoting effect on green TFP in China and all the regions, but the regional differences of the effect are contrary to that of the rationalization of industrial structure, with a decreasing trend from the eastern region to the central and western regions. 3) The interaction between LTM and the rationalization of industrial structure has significantly inhibited the improvement of green TFP in China, and the regional variations of the restraining effect are higher in the western region, followed by the central and eastern regions. The interaction between LTM and the optimization of industrial structure also has a negative effect on green TFP in China, and the regional variations of the effect showing the decreasing trend from the eastern region to the western and central regions. Therefore, China should continue to adhere to the market-oriented urban land transfer system reform, actively play the role of the government in the industrial upgrading and industrial transfer, and formulate a differentiated land transfer system and industrial development policies based on the economic development and industrial characteristics of various regions, so as to achieve the sustainable development of China’s economy and society.     

土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联测度及其特征解释

研究目的:测度土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放的关联度,解释地区内与地区间的两者关联差异,利用关联差异寻找可以控制能源消耗碳排放实现土地低碳利用的路径。研究方法:灰色关联分析,演绎法。研究结果:土地利用结构与能源消耗碳排放关联度存在差异。东、中部居民点及独立工矿用地与能源消耗碳排放的关联度最高,建设用地的关联度明显大于农用地;西部耕地与能源消耗碳排放的关联度最高,建设用地关联度大于农用地,但两者接近。东、中、西部之间,除耕地外,各地类与能源消耗碳排放的关联度东部大于中部,中部大于西部。研究结论:调整土地利用结构控制能源消耗碳排放是可能的,因地制宜地控制建设用地蔓延,优化居民点及独立工矿用地利用,注意农用地利用中的碳排放作用,有助于实现土地低碳利用。     

Street network accessibility-based methodology for appraisal of land use master plans: An empirical case study of Wuhan,China

In rapidly developing countries where master plans quickly lead to new cities, planning professionals still lack a robust methodology for the appraisal of land use at the proposal stage. This research proposes a novel approach to master-plan appraisal based on examining whether the relationship between the planned land use pattern and the proposed street layout follows a systematic spatial logic, with land use allocation correlated to accessibility characteristics of a location. Each land use zone is given a score that reflects the degree to which it is connected to every other land use zone in the master plan. The scores are derived from topological analysis of the urban street grid using sDNA (spatial domain network analysis) methodology.¹ Our analysis supports the hypothesis of a systematic link between connectivity and land use class in general and also reveals certain specific features of land use decision-making in the city. This includes a tendency for public uses to be located on small sites and in the periphery. This is consistent with profit-maximizing behaviors of local government. The potential for application of this methodology for evaluating urban-scale master plans is discussed.