农业水价形成机制的建构与检验以四川武引灌区为例

[目的]以四川武引灌区为案例,实证检验农业水价现实运行情况与农业水价形成机制的契合程度,探讨优化农业水价形成机制的基本方向。[方法]文章从市场和政府两个维度分析农业水价影响因素,建构“成本导向、支付可行”的农业水价形成机制,科学测定农业水价的弹性区间。[结果]市场作用下,供给维度要以供水工程成本为基准,需求维度在用水户承载力支付能力区间较为合理;由于农业用水具有正外部性以及农业供水的垄断性,政府应为农业用水构建合理的价格机制。农业水价构成应以平均运行可变成本为最低参考标准,也可实行全成本农业水价,以此符合“成本导向”。“支付可行”表现为实际支付能力和心理支付意愿,农业水价既要考虑农业生产中投入产出情况,判断用水户实际支付能力,又要研究其心理支付意愿,分析现实情况和心理参照点的差别情况。[结论]农业水价形成机制的学理建构与现实运行具有内在逻辑一致性,优化农业水价形成机制重点包括两个方面,即优化“成本导向”形成机制,科学建立灌区成本核算体系,完善农业用水价格制定准则,确立农业用水计收方式。优化“支付可行”形成机制,积极促进用水户增收,提高水价实际支付能力,强化宣传提高用水户心里支付意愿及加...     

辽宁农业灌溉用水影响因素时空差异性研究

目的 文章基于2000—2019年辽宁农业灌溉用水相关数据,将农业灌溉用水压力、效率、用水价格、种植结构等因素纳入农业灌溉用水需求模型,估计各影响因素对农业灌溉用水需求的影响,更好地保障粮食和水资源安全。方法 利用时空地理加权回归模型研究辽宁各地级市农业灌溉用水影响因素作用的时空差异性。结果 （1）不考虑影响因素作用的时空差异性,用水价格和农村居民人均收入变动对辽宁农业灌溉用水需求的影响特别小。（2）考虑到影响因素作用的时空差异性,除了朝阳和大连,其余各地级市农业灌溉用水需求的价格弹性在2014年前后呈现出负向增大的态势,水价改革还有较大的效力空间。（3）辽宁农业灌溉用水效率和种植结构的回归系数在空间上呈现出中部低,四周高的特点。（4）城镇化程度对农业灌溉用水需求的影响呈现出由东北向西南逐渐递减,由正向较强逐渐向负向较强的演变。结论 依据辽宁农业灌溉用水的各影响因素的作用强度,种植结构、用水效率和城镇化程度是影响辽宁农业灌溉用水需求的主要因素,合理制定城镇化规划对该因素回归系数呈显著上升趋势的地级市尤为重要。     

Agricultural Landscape Value and Irrigation Water Policy

Water is a limiting factor of agricultural production in an increasing number of regions. There is also ample empirical evidence to suggest that the economic value of agricultural landscape is substantial, which has been used to justify agricultural support programs in developed economies. We investigate the link between the environmental amenity of agricultural landscape and the value of water in crop production. We find that the environmental externality gives rise to a social derived demand for water which differs from the market‐based (private) derived demand for water. Policy implications regarding irrigation water allocation and pricing are drawn. An empirical example illustrates the methodology and main findings.     

Tracing the Effects of Agricultural Commodity Prices and Food Costs

We estimate a system of product and input-demand equations for food-processing industries to trace the links among farm commodity prices, food-processing costs, and food prices. Disembodied technical change, which likely reflects increasing consumer demand for convenience and product variety, has sharply reduced agricultural materials demand relative to most other food-processing inputs. This implies weakening impacts of farm price shocks on food prices. But improving quality and falling relative prices for agricultural inputs, in combination with increasing factor substitution, has counteracted these forces to encourage greater usage of agricultural inputs in food processing, and limit these trends.     

Price elasticity of water allocations demand in the Goulburn–Murray Irrigation District*

Bid prices for the demand and supply of water allocations between 2001 and 2007, and average monthly prices paid for water allocations from 1997 to 2007 in the Goulburn–Murray Irrigation District are analysed to estimate price elasticities. Based on bid prices, the price elasticity of demand for water allocations appears highly elastic, with elasticities strongly influenced by the season and drought. The price elasticity of supply for water allocations is also elastic, albeit less elastic than demand. Using actual prices paid, water demand is negatively related to price and is inelastic, and appears to be most influenced by demand the previous month, drought and seasonality factors.     

新疆生产建设兵团各师灌溉水价变动对

以新疆生产建设兵团2000~2006年灌溉水价和与之对应的每公顷毛灌溉定额资料为基础,应用计量经济学需求函数模型,建立兵团灌溉水价与灌溉用水量的定量关系,利用以上研究成果对兵团灌溉水价改革进行预测,根据兵团各师农业灌溉节水量测算农业灌溉水价对农业经济的贡献率。结果表明,水价这一经济杠杆对当地农业经济的发展起到了促进作用。     

The Determination of Agricultural Wage Rates in Bangladesh

The impact of the ‘green revolution’ on wages has been a contentious issue. This paper uses the cointegration and error correction approach to identify long and short-run relationships between prices, agricultural production and wages of agricultural labourers in Bangladesh, test for homogeneity, test for weak exogeneity with the Johansen-Juselius methodology, test for a structural break, and estimate the long and short-run elasticities of nominal wages with respect to rice prices. We find that agricultural wages have strong positive long run relationships with rice prices, manufacturing wages and agricultural productivity. The short run response of wages, estimated consistently with these longer run relationships, to rice prices is small, highlighting the vulnerability of the rural poor to sudden rises in rice prices, even though in the longer run nominal wages respond sufficiently to rice prices. Policy can promote growth of agriculture and manufacturing but should also mitigate the short run food insecurity of agricultural labourers.     

Irrigation water pricing: differential impacts on irrigated farms

European water policy, as set out in the Water Framework Directive (WFD), requires all EU Member States to implement volumetric water pricing at rates that roughly cover the total costs of providing water services. The objective of this paper is to develop a methodology that, for the different types of farm in an irrigable area, will enable us to analyse the differential impact that a pricing policy for irrigation water would have. For this purpose, Multi-Attribute Utility Theory (MAUT) mathematical programming models were used. The methodology is implemented on a representative area in the Duero Valley in Spain. Our results show the usefulness of differential analysis in evaluating the impact of a water pricing policy. This allows significant differences in the evolution of agricultural incomes to be observed, as well as the recovery of costs by the State, demand for agricultural employment and the consumption of agrochemicals resulting from rising prices of irrigation water in various groups of farmers within a given irrigated area.     

甘肃省水价改革初探

针对甘肃省水价现状和存在的问题，分析农业水价、工业水价、城市生活水价和污水处理费征收情况等，提出加快水价管理法规体系建设；加强成本核算和控制，促进良性运行；加强水费计收和使用管理，提高资金使用效率；保持农灌电价稳定；加大田间工程和计量设施的投入力度；提高城市生活水价、工业用水水价、污水处理费征收标准，为水务管理良性运行奠定基础等措施。     

农业水价效应研究进展

[目的]中国是农业大国,也是灌溉大国,农业水价的变化对农业影响较大。文章阐述了国内外农业水价效应的研究进展。[方法]农业水价效用是指农民在消费水资源时对农业水价的满足程度,由于农业用水是准公共物品,具有明显的外部性,农业水价效用体现在水价变化对农户用水行为的引导以及由此导致的节水技术采用,种植结构调整等生产方式方面的改变、以及对农民收入影响及思想观念方面的作用等。[结果]国内主要通过需求弹性等方法分析了农业水价变化对农业节水、农业生产、农民收入、粮食安全等方面的影响,国外专家通过建立数学模型分析农业水价对农户行为、经济价值及管理体制的变化。[结论]该文探讨了农业水价效应研究存在的问题,即农业水价效应宏观性不足、研究缺乏完善指标体系、水价效应滞后性关注不足。提出了农业水价效应研究发展趋势:(1)拓展视角,从宏观角度观察;(2)建立完善的农业水价效应评价指标体系;(3)结合改革,关注农业水价长期效应。     

An empirical assessment of the value of irrigation water: the case study of Murrumbidgee catchment*

Evaluation of value of irrigation water is essential for supporting policy decision making relating to investments in the irrigation sector, efficient allocation of irrigation water and water pricing and for crafting policies to compare the variable impacts of water reform within and across sectors of the economy. This paper asks the question of how much an established irrigator would pay for water and at what price farmers planning to expand the area they have under irrigation would consider paying for the right to access water. An analytical framework is developed to estimate the net present value of both annual and perennial agricultural activities in the Murrumbidgee catchment. Using these estimates the total value of water used in Murrumbidgee catchment is estimated. An aggregate water supply curve is derived for the catchment from where water may be acquired from irrigators for environmental flows.     

Advertising and food, drink and tobacco consumption in the United Kingdom: a dynamic demand system

This paper tests for the influence of advertising on the inter‐product distribution of consumer demand for non‐durable goods and services in the UK, 1963–1996. The long‐run demand for seven categories of non‐durable products is modelled through an advertising‐augmented version of the almost ideal demand system (AIDS), which is incorporated into an error‐correction model to allow for short‐run dynamic adjustments to long‐run equilibrium positions. Model estimates confirm that the restrictions of price homogeneity and symmetry appear to be consistent with the data, yield measures of the various types of demand elasticity that are in general plausible, confirm the strong influence of prices on the allocation of consumer expenditure, but find little evidence to support the hypothesis that advertising has the power to effect marked changes in the inter‐product pattern of consumer demand in the UK.     

Estimation of Area Elasticities from a Standard Profit Function

This article demonstrates that both crop area and output elasticities can be calculated from a profit function. A Chambers/Just profit function (which includes land allocations as quasi-fixed factors) is used to derive shadow price equations for each crop area allocation. Jointly solving these shadow price equations for crop area makes it possible to calculate individual crop area elasticities. A profit function is specified to represent agricultural producers in the state of Iowa. Shadow price equations are jointly estimated with output supply and input demand equations. From these estimated equations, we derive the individual crop area response and output response to a change in prices.     

MARKETING AND AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

Marketing has a vital role in the drive to increase agricultural productivity; one of the keystones in the economic development of Africa. J. C. Abbott(¹)* has demonstrated the importance of an efective marketing system while T. W. Schultz(²) has pointed out that effective marketing is secured by allowing the price mechanism full play. Of peak relevance is his concept of efficiency prices; prices which reflect the real demand/supply relationships and so stop distortion in resource allocation.     

山东省雪野水库灌区管理体制与运行机制改革浅析

介绍了雪野水库灌区管理体制与运行机制改革情况，在分析借鉴其经验的基础上，对我国水库灌区管理体制与运行机制改革提出了对灌区产权制度、人事劳动分配制度、农业用水水价制度、水费征收制度进行改革，建立以农户参与灌溉管理为主的灌区基层管理体制的建议。     

Downside risk in reservoir management

Downside risk, which refers to deviations below a threshold, is often important in water management decisions, especially in areas with large and skewed variations in precipitation patterns. In this paper, we present a model for a reservoir manager who is downside risk averse and who performs a dynamic allocation of irrigation water, taking into account the negative effects of droughts on farm profits and different environmental constraints. We analyse the water stock, flows and agricultural profits for alternative environmental restrictions and thresholds for irrigation levels and find that stricter environmental constraints increase total water supply and carryover stock, while higher penalty thresholds lead to their overall decrease. Furthermore, increasing penalty thresholds leads to a higher emphasis on avoiding shortages, at the expense of lower average profits.     

Fertilizer demand in Greece

Limiting fertilizer use is becoming an important policy objective world-wide. However, the debate on appropriate policy measures is far from settled and evidence on fertilizer demand elasticities is still insufficient. Past studies on fertilizer demand leave several methodological and empirical issues open. This paper aims to contribute to the debate on the methodology of estimating fertilizer demand using single-equation methods. Dynamic aspects are also considered using error-correction modelling methodology and cointegration techniques. The model is applied using data front Greece. Short-run and long-run price elasticities of fertilizer demand with respect to own price and to output prices show significant response to price changes and the adjustment coefficient of fertilizer use to the error-correction term was found to be fairly rapid. The main policy conclusion of the paper is that reducing agricultural support may be an alternative and, perhaps, more effective way of reducing fertilizer demand than increasing fertilizer prices.     

Higher fuel and food prices: impacts and responses for Mozambique

Rising world prices for fuel and food represent a negative terms‐of‐trade shock for Mozambique. The impacts of these price rises are analyzed using various approaches. Detailed price data show that the world price increases are being transmitted to domestic prices. Short‐run net benefit ratio analysis indicates that urban households and households in the southern region are more vulnerable to food price increases. Rural households, particularly in the North and Center, often benefit from being in a net seller position. Longer‐term analysis using a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model of Mozambique indicates that the fuel price shock dominates rising food prices from both macroeconomic and poverty perspectives. Again, negative impacts are larger in urban areas. The importance of agricultural production response in general and export response in particular is highlighted. Policy analysis reveals difficult trade‐offs between short‐run mitigation and long‐run growth. Improved agricultural productivity has powerful positive impacts, but remains difficult to achieve and may not address the immediate impacts of higher prices.     

陕西省农业灌溉水资源保障程度及空间差异分析

[目的]文章选取2016年陕西省各市区农业灌溉水资源相关数据,分析其对粮食生产的影响,进而计算出陕西省及其各市区农业灌溉水资源对粮食生产保障程度,最终总结其存在的空间差异,并提出差异化的解决措施,以保障陕西省粮食安全。[方法]选用农业灌溉水资源保障度分析模型,针对陕西省各市区的水资源供需情况、粮食种植结构及产量和农作物灌溉情况,对陕西省及其各市区的农业灌溉水资源保障程度进行计算,研究其空间差异性。[结果]陕西省农业灌溉水资源保障度为101.84%,基本上能满足农业灌溉用水需求,但已迫近水资源供给紧张的边缘。陕西省农业灌溉水资源保障度呈显著的空间差异,关中地区农业灌溉水资源保障度P为82.20%,农业灌溉水资源轻度缺乏,属于资源型缺水现象;陕北地区农业灌溉水资源保障P为112.38%,影响该地区农业生产发展;陕南地区农业灌溉水资源保障P为145.92%,农业灌溉水资源丰富,灌溉耕地能够得到用水保障。[结论]农业灌溉水资源对粮食生产具有重要的作用,陕西省农业灌溉用水资源存在较大的空间差异性,需要参考不同地区的农业灌溉水资源保障度数值,采取不同的节水策略,以保障粮食安全生产。     

Macro–micro feedback links of water management in South Africa: CGE analyses of selected policy regimes

The pressure on an already stressed water situation in South Africa is predicted to increase significantly under climate change, plans for large industrial expansion, ongoing rapid urbanization, and government programs to provide access to water to millions of previously excluded populations. This article employs a general equilibrium approach to examine the economy‐wide impacts of selected macro and water‐related policy reforms on water use and allocation, rural livelihoods, and economy at large. The analyses reveal that implicit crop‐level water quotas reduce the amount of irrigated land allocated to higher‐value horticultural crops and create higher shadow rents for production of lower‐value water‐intensive field crops, such as sugarcane and fodder. Accordingly, liberalizing local water allocation within irrigation agriculture is found to work in favor of higher‐value crops, and expand agricultural production and exports and farm employment. Allowing for water trade between irrigation and nonagricultural uses fuelled by higher competition for water from urbanization leads to greater water shadow prices for irrigation water with reduced income and employment benefits to rural households and higher gains for nonagricultural households. The analyses show difficult trade‐offs between general economic gains and higher water prices, which place serious questions on subsidizing water supply to irrigated agriculture, i.e., making irrigation subsidies much harder to justify.