浅谈企业间的合作与非合作博弈

非合作博弈的结果可能缺乏效率性,采用什么样的非合作博弈能提高效率一直是人们关注的问题。通过讨论双寡头企业的合作型竞争问题,运用补偿激励原则,在非合作博弈框架内讨论企业间的合作关系,构造了相应的博弈模型。最后,非合作博弈模型的分析结果,每位参与者都理性地迫使自己和其他参与者,放弃皆大欢喜的共赢结果,而接受一个各方都极为不利的局面。     

农村危机管理是实施新农村战略的必然选择

我国广大农村普遍缺乏危机意识、缺乏危机的预警和防控机制,直接影响和制约新农村建设。必须认识到实施农村危机管理是建设社会主义新农村的重要手段。各级政府、农村基层组织应该强化危机意识,建立健全危机管理体制、危机预警机制,有效防范各种危机。     

发展循环经济是西部地区生态环境重建的必然选择

循环经济理论是经济发展与生态环境建设"双赢"的理论.本文阐述了发展循环经济就是保护生态环境,认为发展循环经济是我国西部地区生态环境重建的必然选择,提出了西部地区发展循环经济的措施.     

以金融生态环境建设来加强商业银行危机管理

生态环境恶化可能导致物种的灭绝或生物的变异,金融生态失衡则会加大商业银行发生危机的可能。商业银行与政府、企业等市场要素构成一个互相依赖的金融生态链。不断优化金融生态环境,是商业银行加强危机管理的重要内容,而化解商业银行危机也是改善金融生态的重要措施。既要对遭到破坏的生态环境进行修复,治理污染,更要通过新生力量的培育保持生态的平衡。这既需要商业银行自身的努力,更是一项带有全社会社会责任的系统工程。     

以金融生态环境建设来加强商业银行危机管理

生态环境恶化可能导致物种的灭绝或生物的变异,金融生态失衡则会加大商业银行发生危机的可能.商业银行与政府、企业等市场要素构成一个互相依赖的金融生态链.不断优化金融生态环境,是商业银行加强危机管理的重要内容,而化解商业银行危机也是改善金融生态的重要措施.既要对遭到破坏的生态环境进行修复,治理污染,更要通过新生力量的培育保持生态的平衡.这既需要商业银行自身的努力,更是一项带有全社会社会责任的系统工程.     

博彩行为从非合作博弈到合作博弈的政府选择偏好

本文通过对博彩的非合作博弈和合作博弈的分析，阐述了政府对博彩活动的选择偏好、理由，以及采取合作博弈的公共政策价值，给出了世界多数国家和地区对博彩活动放开的基本次序，论证了政府首选彩票这个神奇之杖的原因。     

论营销渠道的合作博弈

对比分析合作博弈和非合作博奕的理论,合作博弈相比非合作博弈能产生合作剩余,增进合作双方、行业和社会的整体刺益,并通过建立营销渠道模型对比各种博弈条件下实现的渠道总利润,论证营销渠道合作博弈的合理性。实现合作博弈须经过合作双方共同努力,在条件不具备时,非合作博弈仍有其存在的必然性。     

对人类发展危机及出路的思考

对人类发展危机的认识自工业革命以来，环境问题从没像今天这样突出地摆在人类面前。我们赖以生存的环境出了问题，这是我们每个人都能切身感受到的事实。自然生态失去了往日的平衡和协调，自然界中生物种群结构正在悄悄地发生着改变。气候失去了昔日的常态，人与自然和谐相处的关系正成为梦中的追索。由于生态异常，许多历史上著名的秀丽山川、名胜美景正在从我们视野中消失。澜沧江食物链的毁坏，使许多野生动物生活链条不再延续。由于饥饿，一些凶猛野兽侵袭家畜、行人的事件接连发生。工业生产过程的“三废”，使我们目前有三亿多人饮用…     

基于非合作博弈的绩效管理研究

被管理者在绩效管理执行中采取非合作博弈形式的主要原因，在于因其所获取的收益大于非合作博弈所需承担的各种成本支出，以及与此相关的监督查处概率较低，从而诱发了它们的机会主义行为和利益冲动。而成本支出与概率的大小从根本上又取决于现行的绩效管理制度是否完善。正是由于绩效管理中约束性制度尚存在着种种缺陷或约束力不强，才导致了被管理者的对策行为层出不穷，防不胜防。     

消弭体制性产能过剩:从非合作博弈到合作共赢

世界金融危机凸显过剩产能对实体经济的影响。本文受经典理论"公用地悲剧"的启发,构建了区域产业发展模型,论证了区域政府间非合作博弈是导致宏观领域产能过剩的重要原因,揭示了我国产能过剩长期存在的"体制性"困境。要突破这种困境,靠以限制投资为主线的宏观政策调控乃至行业市场产销形势监测是不够的,必须重构区域经济利益机制,把促进区域政府间的博弈从不合作走向合作,消弭区域经济主体的有限理性,减少地方政府间低层次的竞争,推动"中国制造"向"中国创造"转变,作为有效化解体制性产能过剩困局的长期战略选择。     

A discrete choice equilibrium approach to valuing large environmental changes

This study develops a discrete choice locational equilibrium model to evaluate the benefits of the air quality improvements that occurred in the Los Angeles area following the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments (CAAA). The discrete choice equilibrium approach accounts for the fact that air quality improvements brought about by the 1990 CAAA will change housing choices and prices. The study also provides new evidence for the distributional welfare impacts of the 1990 CAAA in the Los Angeles area. Findings suggest that the air quality improvements that occurred in the Los Angeles area between 1990 and 2000 provided substantial general equilibrium benefits to households. The analysis reveals noticeable differences between partial and general equilibrium welfare gains, demonstrating that ignoring equilibrium effects will likely misrepresent the benefits of large environmental changes. In addition, we find that the equilibrium welfare impacts of the 1990 CAAA in the Los Angeles area varied significantly across income groups.     

制度是激活人力资本的催化剂

当今经济的飞速发展取决于人力资本所有者进行的创新活动 ,人力资本的创新能力是任何竞争对手都无法克隆的。人力资本是社会财富增值和社会生产力发展的加速器 ,人力资本具有因条件、环境不同而产生效益的变动性 ,只有合理的制度化激励 ,才能形成高效的运作秩序 ,使人力资本的创新能力达到最大值     

Why rationality is not a consequence of Hume's theory of choice

This paper argues that the theory of action proposed by Hume in the Treatise does not imply that individuals are rational in the sense of modern choice theory. An individual's behaviour is non-rational if his/her choices systematically contravene the consistency axioms of the theory, and if the causal explanation of those choices cannot credibly be offered as a reason for making them. Hume proposes a theory of causal relationships between mental states, based on associations of ideas. The relationships he postulates are liable to induce various forms of non-rational behaviour, some of which have since been observed in controlled experiments.     

Optimal growth when environmental quality is a research asset

We advance an original assumption whereby a good state of the environment positively affects labor productivity in R&D such that deteriorating environmental quality negatively impacts R&D. We study the implications of this assumption for the optimal solution in an R&D-based model of growth, where the use of a non-renewable resource generates pollution. We show that in such a case, it is socially optimal to postpone extraction, as opposed to the situation in which the environment has no effect on productivity in R&D. Furthermore, insofar as environmental quality declines and subsequently recovers, we find that it is optimal to re-allocate employment to R&D in line with productivity changes. If environmental quality recovers only partially from pollution, R&D effort optimally begins above its long-run level, then progressively declines to a minimum and eventually increases to its steady-state level.     

东亚投资合作亟待深化

投资合作是东亚经济合作必不可缺的重要组成部分,它与贸易合作、金融合作共同形成东亚经济合作的三大基石,投资合作是贸易合作长期发展的必要支撑,相互投资的发展必将有力地推动区内贸易的长期持续发展,而且为金融合作奠定了需求,激励金融合作向前推进.目前,东亚投资合作已经滞后于贸易合作与金融合作,在当前投资合作需要更加迫切、合作条件更加成熟的形势下,亟待东亚各国政府采取更加有力的行动来进一步推动投资合作向前发展.     

Valuing environmental and health risk in agriculture: A choice experiment approach to pesticides in Italy

The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture shows a complex ramification of multiple negative externalities, ranging from food safety-related effects to the deterioration of farmland ecosystems. Recent research has demonstrated that the assessment of the economic implications of such negative processes is fraught with many uncertainties. This paper presents the results of an empirical study recently conducted in Northern Italy aimed at estimating the economic value of reducing the wide-ranging impacts of pesticide use, by deploying a Choice Experiment approach. The experimental design provides a meaningful tool to assign monetary values to the negative environmental effects associated with agrochemicals use. In this connection, the paper addresses in particular the reduction of farmland biodiversity, groundwater contamination and harm to human health. The resulting estimates confirm that, on average, respondents demonstrate a substantial willingness-to-pay a premium for agricultural goods (in particular, foodstuffs) produced in environmentally-benign ways.     

Valuing environmental and health risk in agriculture: A choice experiment approach to pesticides in Italy

The widespread use of pesticides in agriculture shows a complex ramification of multiple negative externalities, ranging from food safety-related effects to the deterioration of farmland ecosystems. Recent research has demonstrated that the assessment of the economic implications of such negative processes is fraught with many uncertainties. This paper presents the results of an empirical study recently conducted in Northern Italy aimed at estimating the economic value of reducing the wide-ranging impacts of pesticide use, by deploying a Choice Experiment approach. The experimental design provides a meaningful tool to assign monetary values to the negative environmental effects associated with agrochemicals use. In this connection, the paper addresses in particular the reduction of farmland biodiversity, groundwater contamination and harm to human health. The resulting estimates confirm that, on average, respondents demonstrate a substantial willingness-to-pay a premium for agricultural goods (in particular, foodstuffs) produced in environmentally-benign ways.     

改革创新:外经企业"走出去"的必由之路

一“走出去”战略是在行将跨入新世纪之际,党中央审时度势、高瞻远瞩,全面分析我国经济发展的实际情况和客观需要,及时作出的重大战略决策。当前世界经济全球化的趋势日益深化和加强,实施“走出去”战略正是顺应并融入经济全球化大趋势和加入WTO的新形势,进一步扩大我国对外开放的重大举措。深刻领会和认真实施“走出去”战略,对推动我国国民经济结构的战略性调整,拓展21世纪经济发展的回旋空间,在新的历史条件下深化改革和扩大开放,实现国民经济健康、持续、快速发展;对深化我国与世界各国特别是发展中国家的关系、加强同世界各国的经济…     

人才资源:外经贸事业发展的重要保证

掀开21世纪的新篇章，呈现在人们眼前的是世界多极化曲折发展，经济全球化不断深入，科技进步日新月异的景象。在知识经济快速发展的进程中，人才资源的水平决定着竞争能力的强弱，而正是在这种新的形势下，中国外经贸人才总储备不足、低效率流动和生成环境不够优化的问题开始凸现出来。在一定意义上说，中国加入WTO后所面临的最大的挑战是人才的挑战，是人才资源的开发、利用以及人才的培养和储备的挑战。国际上一些大型、先进、有竞争力的企业，长期处于市场竞争的环境中，已形成了有活力的制度结构优势，积淀了坚实的物质基础，掌握了…     

推进区域合作是落实区域发展总体战略的重要内容

今年2月15日,胡锦涛总书记主持中央政治局第39次集体学习时,强调要"把促进区域协调发展摆在更加重要的位置,切实把区域发展总体战略贯彻好、落实好".