Testing Alternative Leisure Constraint Negotiation Models: An Extension of Hubbard and Mannell's Study

The purpose of this study was to test a model of the leisure constraint negotiation process proposed by Hubbard and Mannell. A multidimensional measure of physically active leisure was used to extend their findings to a sample of middle-aged and older adults in a metropolitan park setting. Volunteers and visitors (aged 50–87 years) of a Midwestern metropolitan park agency completed a self-administered questionnaire. Results of a two-step structural equation modeling procedure suggested a constraint-negotiation dual channel model. In this model, the negative influence of constraints on participation was almost entirely offset by the positive effect of negotiation strategies. The effect of motivation on participation was fully mediated by negotiation. The implications of these findings for studying constraint negotiation and active leisure in mid- to late-life are discussed.     

An Examination of Trip Type Switching and Market Share:

The increasing presence of competition among tourism destinations suggest that the creative use of marketing research is essential for the tourist business to grow and survive. A Markov model is developed, using data from a national survey, to analyze trip type switching and predicting marker share for a given trip type. Information can be used to target advertising campaigns.     

The Influence of Constraints and Self-Efficacies on Participation in Regular Active Recreation

This study examined the ways in which perceived constraints and self-efficacies associated with participation in active recreation influenced Hong Kong and Australian university students' interest, intention, and participation in regular active recreation. The study indicated that perceived constraints have weak negative effects whereas self-efficacies have stronger positive effects on students' interest, intention, and participation in regular active recreation. Time efficacy, persistence efficacy, and activity efficacy emerged as important indirect motivators of active recreation engagement. The influences of constraints and self-efficacies on active recreation participation mainly occurred indirectly through adjustments in participation interest and intention.     

Older Men's Perceptions of Leisure and Aging

As the North American population ages, detailed research will be needed to understand the leisure experiences of older adults. The purpose of this study is to explore perceptions of leisure and aging among a sample of older Canadian men. Data were collected among 15 men aged 60–70 using individual interviews and follow-up focus groups. Data were analyzed thematically and four themes emerged: the interplay between leisure and work, the desire to “give back” to family or to the community through leisure, the individual purpose of leisure choices, and viewing constraints as a reflection of priorities rather than as barriers.     

休闲与旅游的辩证关系及其社会功能试析

从1995年"十一"开始的黄金周旅游"井喷",到"七年之痒"的今年,人们终于能够比较全面地认识旅游业对中国经济社会的意义;而对于正在中国大地初起的休闲,当前人们的讨论却仍然是众说纷纭.本文的研究,试图在当前我国社会经济的背景下,从休闲活动与产业的兴起、从研究的回顾、从当前"旅游"与"休闲"的交叉研究等几个方面辨析二者的同异,并继而在阐述其社会功能的基础上,试探借助国家统计局有关我国旅游统计的资料等,估算中国国内休闲产业日益增强的经济推力.     

保护与开发:遗产地数字化管理协同功效实证研究——以"数字九寨"为例

一旦进入《世界遗产名录》,遗产地旅游迅速升温,遗产保护与旅游发展的矛盾随即凸显.如何协调保护与开发关系,促进旅游可持续发展,成为理论与实践不断探讨的主要问题."数字九寨"是我国世界遗产地,也是国家级风景名胜区中率先自主创新、通过数字化管理进行实践探索的典型个案.在数字化建设中,彰显出"协同"保护与开发的管理功效端倪.本文基于协同理论,分析了"数字九寨"的协同原理及效果,并针对存在的问题提出强化数字化协同功效的保障措施.拟从"保护-开发"视角,为我国世界遗产地、旅游景区在数字化建设和管理中增强持续发展能力提供实践参考.