Understanding recurrent land use processes and long-term transitions in the dynamic south-central United States,c. 1800 to 2006

Forests have historically been under significant land use pressures that cause periods of degradation, clearance, and recovery. To understand these changes, studies are needed that place trends in a historical landscape context and also examine recent dynamics. Here, we use historical investigation (c. 1800) and an examination of land use and land cover change between 1973 and 2006 to establish a baseline trajectory of the forested system of the south-central United States (US) plains. The study culminates in a highly detailed accounting of the processes and causes of land change between 2001 and 2006. In the study region, the forest transitioned from early low-intensity use, to clearance for farming and timber, to widespread recovery from degradation beginning in the 1930s. By 1970, the region was transitioning from recovered woodlands to an intensive regime of recurrent timber harvest and replanting. The recurring cycle inherent in intensive silviculture has been the main cause of land change for the past several decades, accounting for more than 95% of the total extent of change between 2001 and 2006. The transition to forest recovery in the south-central US was an important historical occurrence. However, the dynamic post-transition landscape needs to be better understood.     

Forests to fields. Restoring tropical lands to agriculture

In discussing land use in tropical forest regions, there is an emphasis on the following topics: the need for the expansion of cropping areas, the precedent for use of the tropical forest for cropping based on past use patterns, the pressure from conservationists against cropping, debunking the mythology that forests are "natural" and refuting the claims that forest clearance is not reversible, the archeological evidence of past forest use for agricultural purposes, abandonment of tropical land to forest, and rotation of forest and field. The assumption is that the way to stop food importation is to increase crop production in the tropics. Crop production can be increased through 1) land intensification or clearing new land, 2) output per unit of land increases, or 3) reallocation to agriculture land previously cleared and overgrown with tropical forest. "Temporary" reuse of land, which reverted back to tropical forest, is recommended. This reuse would ease population pressure, and benefit bioconservation, while populations stabilize and further progress is made in international plant breeding. The land would eventually be returned to a forest state. Conservation of tropical forest areas should be accomplished, after an assessment has been made of its former uses. Primary forests need to identified and conversion to farming ceased. Research needs to be directed to understanding the process of past forest regeneration, and to devising cropping systems with longterm viability. The green revolution is unsuitable for traditional cropping systems, is contrary to demands of international funding agencies for sustainability, and is not affordable by most poor farmers. Only .48 million sq. km of closed forest loss was in tropical rainforests; 6.53 million sq. km was lost from temperate forests cleared for intensive small-scale peasant farming. The use of tropical forest land for farming has some benefits; crops in the wetter tropics are perennial, which would "reduce seasonal soil tillage, increase nutrient cycling, and remove a lower proportion of biomass." Water availability would not be a problem. Low soil nutrient levels could be increased with cutting and burning or fertilizer. The key is proper and careful management, particularly under intensive cropping systems such as rice production or extensive long fallow shifting cultivation.     

城市建设用地集约利用评价研究——以无锡市为例

我国正处于城市化初始阶段，土地资源短缺，城市建设用地粗放利用，如何利用好土地尤其是城市土地成为一个十分迫切的问题。因此，我国的用地现状要求我们必须转变土地粗放利用为集约利用，优化土地利用结构，提高土地利用效率，实现城市建设用地最优使用。本文构建了一套科学合理、简单易行的集约利用评价指标体系和评价方法，以无锡市为例，对城市建设用地集约利用水平进行评价。同时，对评价结果进行分析，提出经济发展水平和宏观政策是影响无锡市城市土地集约利用水平的重要因素，并结合无锡市的实际情况提出促进其集约利用的途径和措施。     

典型岩溶地区生态用地研究——以清镇市为例

研究目的:为典型岩溶区土地利用总体规划提供参考意见。研究方法:土地利用布局方案制定采用灰色多目标规划模型,土地利用转换的空间数据处理和分析采用GIS技术。研究结果:清镇市在各生态用地类型面积配置下,土地生态服务价值2010年为58.96、2020年为64.16,较2004年的生态服务价值有较大的提高。研究结论:生态用地概念是管理岩溶山区生态环境的新理念,为协调土地利用和生态环境的要求,对生态环境敏感区域一般只能用作生态用地。     

关于土地利用规划本质、功能和战略导向的思考

研究目的:对土地利用规划本质、功能进行科学认知,对规划战略导向进行理性定位,有利于促进土地利用规划编制、实施和管理水平的进一步提高,实现有限土地空间的可持续利用。研究方法:文献资料法,归纳总结法。研究结果:从6个方面诠释了土地利用规划的本质,用优化模型表达了土地利用规划的功能,提出了新时期土地利用规划调控的战略导向。研究结论:规划本质从历史上看是人类文明用地的产物,从权利上看是对土地发展权的分配,从行政上看是对土地市场失灵的一种纠正,从宗旨上看是对未来土地利用的控制,从技术上看是对土地利用系统时空的优化,从管理上看是提高土地利用决策科学性的手段;土地利用规划最核心的功能是其对未来土地利用时空的导向,目前需要从单功能目标规划向多功能目标规划的导向转型;规划战略需要不断创新完善,即要明确3个基本判断和3个"兼顾"。     

集体土地使用权转让的宪法依据及其规范解释

研究目的：探求集体土地使用权转让宪法依据的规范内涵。研究方法：规范分析法。研究结果：通过文义解释、体系解释和目的解释发现,作为集体土地使用权转让的宪法依据,“土地的使用权可以依照法律的规定转让”既没有专门为集体土地使用权转让提供宪法依据的立法意图,也没有限制集体土地使用权转让的立法意图。该规定的立法目的是同时为国有土地使用权转让和集体土地使用权转让提供一个制度框架,以此框架建构的法秩序均具备形式合宪性。研究结论：应在具备形式合宪性基础上建构具备实质合宪性的集体土地使用权转让法秩序。     

遥测与地理信息系统于台湾土地利用管理之应用

台湾地区地狭人稠,如何有效运用与管理土地资源,以达到永续利用的目的,实为当务之急。而在各种土地利用监测工具及技术中,以卫星影像遥测技术结合地理信息系统,最适合作为全面性及实时性土地利用监测的工具。这项研究以山坡地为例,利用遥测影像与地理信息系统对台湾地区的土地利用变迁调查进行研究,并藉由实地的野外调查来验证执行的成果。研究中以台湾水土保持主管部门在桃园县的实际查报资料,来验证利用卫星影像侦测变异的可信度,并针对下列三种情形进行分析:卫星影像可侦测到变异而实际也有变异、卫星影像无法侦测到变异而实际有变异、卫星影像侦测到变异而实际无变异。结果说明,遥测技术与地理信息系统可有效的用来作坡地监测与管理工作。     

Spatial and temporal analyses of potential land use conflict under the constraints of water resources in the middle reaches of the Heihe River

With the rapid urbanization in China, land resources are becoming increasingly scarce. Identifying and resolving land use conflict is essential for reasonably using land resources and achieving land sustainability. Taking the middle reaches of the Heihe River as an example, we included the constraints of local water resources to construct a multi-criteria evaluation system for assessing land use competitiveness in 2000 and 2015 based on land use, socio-economic, and nighttime light data. By comparing the competitiveness of cultivated land, construction land and ecological land, we then derived the spatiotemporal patterns of potential land use conflicts. Actual land use changes supported the hypothesis that land use tended to convert into the type with higher competitiveness at areas with intense conflict, which better indicated that our assessment model was effective. The results showed that the potential land use conflict was more acute in the central and northwest but weak in the southeast and northeast, and its pattern showed a significantly positive spatial autocorrelation. The conflict between cultivated land and construction land was most prominent and mainly occurred in the transitional zone from urban to rural areas. Rapid urban development and water shortage were the main causes of the potential land use conflict. Assessing land use multi-functions and making a tradeoff among ecological, economic, and social services will be an effective way to guide future land use to solve land use conflict. Our research provides scientific evidence for sustainable land use planning and management in the arid areas.     

城镇土地利用结构效率的数据包络分析

研究目的:如何判断城市土地利用结构的合理性,需要从新的视角并采用新的方法加以研究.研究方法:数据包络分析(DEA)方法.研究结果:(1)沿海城市的用地结构有效性不如内陆城市;(2)不同等级的城市用地结构不合理的用地类型不同;(3)高级别城市土地利用结构效率高于低级别城市和城镇;(4)县级市城区的道路广场用地失调明显.研究结论:判定城市土地利用结构是否合理,必须考虑其历史、社会经济水平,盲目类比国外是不可取的.DEA方法可以较好地定量刻画城镇土地利用结构效率.提出了中国的城镇用地结构的建议标准.     

土地利用对碳排放影响的作用机制和传导路径分析 ——基于结构方程模型的实证检验

研究目的：探索土地利用对碳排放影响的作用机制和传导路径,为制定土地调控碳减排政策体系提供科学依据,服务于碳中和目标。研究方法：理论框架构建法与结构方程模型相结合。研究结果：（1）农地非农化、土地出让市场化和土地开发强度是作为土地利用对碳排放影响的有效观测变量,我国省际层面土地利用对碳排放影响的总效应、直接效应和间接效应均表现为促进作用,总效应表现为土地利用水平提升1个单位,将促进碳排放增加0.159个标准单位,间接效应明显大于直接效应。（2）土地利用通过城市化、产业结构和经济增长三条路径对碳排放产生间接影响,其中,通过城市化和经济增长对碳排放表现为促进效应,影响大小分别为0.173和0.058个标准单位,通过产业结构对碳排放表现为抑制效应,影响大小为0.101个标准单位。研究结论：建立土地调控碳减排政策体系是推动碳中和目标实现的一项可行的重要手段,一方面可通过国土空间优化、生态红线划定和自然保护地整合等手段减少土地利用对碳排放的直接影响,另一方面可通过调控土地利用方式、规模、强度、结构等减少土地利用对碳排放的间接促进影响,激发土地利用的正向连锁效应。     

农村集体建设用地住宅用途入市的现实约束与赋能探索

研究目的：分析当前农村宅基地流转的现实约束,通过构建集体建设用地住宅用途入市的市场交易和收益分配机制,赋能宅基地制度改革。研究方法：文献资料法,案例分析法。研究结果：允许闲置宅基地转为集体经营性建设用地入市是城乡融合发展的重要路径。目前受到宅基地流转和集体经营性建设用地入市范围、用途的限制,试点地区的改革探索整体上是城乡二元土地制度的延续。农业转移人口市民化的闲置宅基地转为集体经营性建设用地,可以从商业和工业用途拓展到住宅用途入市,在城乡统一建设用地市场公开交易,城乡居民均可成为使用权主体,入市收益缴纳相关税费后由农民和集体共同分享。研究结论：深化宅基地制度改革的方向是城乡住宅用地具有平等的财产权能,协同推进新型城镇化和乡村振兴。     

How feasible is regional integration for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban–rural interface? Evidence from Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei metropolitan region in China

Competition among different uses for land is becoming acute under the process of urbanization, and conflicts related to this competition are becoming more frequent and more complex. This article presents a methodology for confronting this issue. By applying an integrated framework, we explore the implicit role of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Regional Integration (BRI) policy in land use conflicts by focusing on the urban-rural interface, and try to address the research question: “How feasible is BRI for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban-rural interface?” An original structure of the analysis is developed based on the identification of three types of conflicts, namely, conflicts over land use structure, conflicts over land conversion and conflicts over landscape pattern. According to the interactions and relationships among these conflicts, we define broad categories of land use conflict areas. Indeed, these conflicts are all related to the unplanned use of agricultural land reserves, which competes with other more immediate uses, and the over-exploitation of land resources caused by unsustainable urban practices. This policy is clearly a critical objective for optimizing the land use structure. It, however, fails to reconcile the conflicts over land conversion and landscape pattern, especially for considerable agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural uses, and low-density development pattern with mixed residential and industrial land uses. Hence, alternative strategies involving public participation, spatial equity, rural revitalization, land-use system reform, and new type of urbanization, can be identified as viable solutions for land use conflict management, which may be complementary to regional integration. The findings of our paper may also contribute to the policy debate on BRI concerning land use planning and regional sustainability.     

Public evaluation of landscape content and change: Several examples from Europe

This paper considers rural land use by analysing stakeholder values and perceptions concerning various landscape components. The purpose is to show that landscape content and land cover interactions with societal connections should be a base for land use development. The practical goal is to deliberate research tools to quantify public opinions and attitudes, which could form bases for developing of decision support tools. The main research objectives are: (1) to assess existing opinions concerning land use changes and provide a clearer insight into public attitudes to the role of woodlands for an integrated development of the countryside; (2) to place ecological and socio-economic values on inanimate natural components of landscapes; and (3) to assess values and preferences held by land use policy and management experts regarding multiple landscape components and features to assist in decision-making. Through the different levels of importance (values) accorded by the respondents to the integration of nature components in rural landscapes public priorities were identified. The paper develops an understanding of why certain aspects of land use changes are unfavourably viewed by some people and favourably received by others. It suggests some innovative perspectives on the areas of consensus and conflict between people, providing initial information for the selection and evaluation of land use management decisions.     

大城市边缘区统筹城乡土地利用战略探讨——以天津市东丽区为例

研究目的:系统诊断大城市边缘区快速工业化和城市化进程中的城乡土地利用问题,提出大城市边缘区土地利用战略框架。研究方法:系统分析法和案例分析法。研究结果:大城市边缘区经济社会发展迅速,土地利用形态变化急剧,土地利用中的矛盾十分突出,地域功能紊乱、土地配置失调、非农就业困难、土地利用粗放、生态环境破坏等问题制约了区域可持续发展。研究结论:应通过统筹区域土地利用、统筹城乡土地配置、农村土地制度创新、土地节约集约利用和土地资源生态开发战略及相关保障措施构建大城市边缘区土地利用战略体系,推动土地宏观调控更加系统地服务于经济社会发展目标。     

Land use and management in PR China: problems and strategies

The conflict between population and land in China results from high population density, declining availability of arable land, decrease in cropland, overgrazing, inability to afford imported grain, and expansion of land use for urbanization. Unwise decisions have been made. These decisions have resulted in land degradation, soil erosion, deforestation, degradation of grasslands, waste of land for freight storage or waste disposal due to low grain prices, and nonagricultural constructions on croplands. Ineffective land management problems are identified as: 1) the lack of an economic means of guiding land use and land is not valued; the lack of any mechanism to ensure economic land use including public lands which are not accounted for with rent; 2) the lack of integration of departments into the decision making structure and too many departments making decisions about the same land; 3) the lack of choice in land use which results in higher government departments being unaware of local conditions, and the lack of appropriate investment which results in short-term exploitation; and 4) surveys are inadequate for decision making. The strategies suggested for improvement in land use management include low resources expenditure in production and appropriate goods consumption. The goal is to sustain subsistence with gradual improvement through development. Land resources must be conserved and the environment protected. The solutions to depend on food imports or reduce the nutritional level deny the equally plausible solution to generate a higher level of input. The profit motive and scientific agricultural practices could accomplish this end. Reclamation for cropland is possible for 8 million hectares of wasteland in wide areas in Sanjiang Plain and 3.4 million hectares in small pockets in Eastern Monsoon China. Traditional agriculture must be transformed and an optimum scale of land operation established. Land tenure reform is necessary. Regional conditions must prevail as the guiding principles. Several implementation strategies are suggested: controlling population growth and establishing a balance between expenditure and land productivity, expanding and conserving forest areas, increasing agricultural investment, reforming land tenure, adjusting land product prices, strengthening land administration, developing other industries, and reforming economic and political systems.     

论土地绿色利用

研究目的：探讨土地绿色利用的理论逻辑、科学意蕴与法律完善。研究方法：文献研究法,归纳法与演绎法。研究结果：土地绿色利用由土地自然属性决定,是实现土地永续利用的必然要求,也是生态文明建设的时代要求,有利于地尽其用,实现土地正义;土地绿色利用的科学内涵体现为理念的革新、方式的转变以及利用效果的统一;土地法促进土地绿色利用可以从立法目的、绿色原则、绿色规则三方面进行优化,其中耕地利用、国土空间规划和建设用地使用是三大着力点。研究结论：土地绿色利用是构建生态文明的必然选择,土地基本属性、永续利用、生态文明和土地正义的客观要求是实施土地绿色利用的逻辑依据,应秉持土地绿色利用理念推进土地法治建设。     

Ethanol expansion and indirect land use change in Brazil

In this paper we analyze the indirect land use change (ILUC) effects of ethanol production expansion in Brazil through the use of an inter-regional, bottom-up, dynamic general equilibrium model calibrated with the 2005 Brazilian I-O table. A new methodology to deal with ILUC effects is developed, using a transition matrix of land uses calibrated with Agricultural Censuses data. Agriculture and land use are modeled separately in each of 15 Brazilian regions with different agricultural mix. This regional detail captures a good deal of the differences in soil, climate and history that cause particular land to be used for particular purposes.Brazilian land area data distinguish three broad types of agricultural land use, Crop, Pasture, and Plantation Forestry. Between one year and the next the model allows land to move between those categories, or for unused land to convert to one of these three, driven initially by the transition matrix, changing land supply for agriculture between years. The transition matrix shows Markov probabilities that a particular hectare of land used in one year for some use would be in another use next period. These probabilities are modified endogenously in the model according to the average unit rentals of each land type in each region.We ask whether biofuel expansion is consistent with new laws, limiting forest clearing in Brazil. A simulation with ethanol expansion scenario is performed for year 2020, in which land supply is allowed to increase only in states located on the agricultural frontier. Results suggest that each new hectare of sugar cane requires only 0.14 ha of new land, with another 0.47 ha converted from pasture use. Hence policies limiting deforestation are unlikely to prevent greater ethanol production. Finally, regional differences in sugarcane productivity are found to be important elements in ILUC effects of sugar cane expansion.     

中国土地规划管理工作的回顾与展望

研究目的：通过对中国不同时期土地利用规划发展状况进行回顾和比较,探索新时期土地利用规划的方向及土地利用规划的任务和编制方法。研究方法：综合分析法,比较法。研究结论：中国土地利用规划的发展过程与不同时期经济体制紧密相连。现阶段土地利用规划机遇和挑战并存,既承担着综合平衡各业用地需求的责任,又承担着参与宏观调控的任务。土地利用规划将向地位强化、体系科学化、编制方法现代化、编制实施过程公开化和规划管理法制化方向发展。     

紧凑型城市土地利用理念解析及启示

研究目的:剖析紧凑型城市土地利用理念及其对中国土地利用的启示。研究方法:综合分析法,文献资料法。研究结果:紧凑型城市的"紧凑"内涵可以从规模、功能及形态3个维度理解,紧凑型城市土地利用理念可解析为土地高强度利用,土地功能适度混合,与交通耦合的土地利用方式,分散化集中的土地利用形态。研究结论:紧凑型城市的土地利用理念为中国土地可持续利用提供了一个新的视角及借鉴。     

耕地发展权制度构建研究

研究目的：探求与耕地非农化、非粮化用途管制相适应的耕地权利人市场化补偿机制，为耕地保护法建立公平、长效耕地补偿制度提供参考。研究方法：规范分析法、比较分析法。研究结果：我国不同地区经济发展程度与耕地保护责任承担出现了错位，并且随着耕地用途管制的进一步强化，耕地保护财政补偿明显不足。立法上应当建立以耕地发展权为基础的耕地保护补偿制度，耕地发展权是耕地非农建设和非粮种植的权利，属新型用益物权，由耕地所有权人和用益物权人享有。应建立耕地发展权银行，推动耕地发展权转移，发展权受让人不仅要支付新增指标（限额）交易的费用，还应支付以所在地区指标（限额）交易价格为标准的费用，用以补偿既有耕地权利人。研究结论：耕地的非农化、非粮化严格用途管制，是对耕地权利人耕地发展权的限制，应以耕地发展权转移建立与耕地用途严格管制相适应的耕地补偿制度，以保障地区公平发展，提高耕地保护积极性。