参考价格与消费者的价格感知

众多的理论与实践研究都证明，消费者内心的价格标准——参考价格是决定其价格感知和购买行为的核心因素，研究参考价格对企业合理定价、与消费者沟通价格信息、开展价格促销具有十分重要的指导意义，文章对西方学者近几十年来的关于参考价格和消费者价格感知方面的理论与实证研究进行了系统的总结，并讨论了这些研究对我国学者及管理者的启示。     

猪肉价格周期、劳动力价格与通货膨胀

猪肉价格周期变动主要是受到劳动力价格水平的变动影响。农民工的工资变动会导致对劳动力价格敏感的养猪户做出放弃养猪(去打工)或增加养猪(放弃打工)的变化,进而导致猪肉价格的升降变动。工业部门中的可贸易部门的工资变动,使猪肉价格周期变动效应放大。关注可贸易部门的劳动力价格的工资变动,可以预测猪肉价格周期,进而可以预测通货膨胀走势。     

论产品价格、劳动力价格与消费需求

价格高水平变动与消费需求变动的关系比较间接。劳动力相对其他商品的价格不断提高，是经济发展表现出的普遍规律。劳动力价格对产品价格不断提高是消费需求持续增长的必要条件。通过企业之间的竞争来实现劳动生产率的提高和非农产业就业人数的增长，是实现大众消费良性循环的根本措施。     

以行业自律价来干预降价竞销并不明智

降价竞销是近年总供求关系发生逆转后的正常现象,不应被贬斥为“不正当竞争行为”。靠实施行业自律价来人为阻止降价促销并不明智,也没有经济法规依据,是价格改革的倒退,导致保护落后、阻碍行业技术进步等适得其反的后果。靠行业垄断定价来保证利税收入会得不偿失。降价压库是扩大内需的重要途径。随着扩张性财政货币政策的落实到位,普遍削价热潮将逐渐退温,行业自律价更成多余     

特征价格法在房地产价格指数中的应用

特征价格法（Hedonic method）是将房地产价格变动中的质量特征因素进行分解，以显现出各项特征的隐含价格。并从价格的总变动中逐项剔除质量特征变动的影响，达到仅仅反映纯价格变动的目的。本文通过双重Imputation过程估计缺失价格和剔除异常值的影响，解决了可比性问题，并增强了Hedonic模型的稳定性。     

Petrol Price Cycles

This article provides an overview of the burgeoning academic literature on price dynamics and price cycles in retail petrol markets. I first present evidence of petrol price cycles and studies that describe what types of petrol markets tend to exhibit price cycles. I further discuss empirical investigations of firms’ pricing strategies in cycling markets. In light of the empirics, I outline theories of competition and consumer demand in petrol markets that help us understand various facets of petrol price cycles.     

Poverty-Reducing and Welfare-Improving Marginal Public Price and Price Cap Reforms

This paper extends familiar results on the optimal pricing of publicly provided goods and price cap regulations in a stochastic dominance framework. The key advantage is that the assessment as to whether pricing or price cap reforms are poverty reducing or welfare improving is not contingent on any given social welfare function. Rather, robust assessments of the impact of reforms can be made for wide classes of ethical judgments.     

报纸定价机制和定价策略的思考

报纸作为一种特殊的商品,在市场竞争环境下,既有符合一般商品的定价规律,也有其自身的特点。在市场竞争日益激烈的报业市场中,报纸涨价成为报业集团增加收入的一个有效途径,不同类型报纸有不同的价格特性,需要认真分析报纸涨价的可行性因素,依定价分析的实施步骤对其进行合理定价。     

Intranational Price Convergence and Price Stickiness: Evidence from Denmark

We show that estimates of the half‐life of deviations from the law of one price are biased when their precision is not taken into account when aggregating data for different types of goods. Using a comprehensive dataset with monthly price data for 124 homogeneous products across regions in Denmark over the period 1997–2010, we find a large positive aggregation bias. On average, we find that the half‐life is 8.4 months when taking the bias into account, compared with 28.7 months when applying the standard method. The heterogeneity in the estimated half‐life can be explained by price stickiness, distance between regions, and whether the good is traded or non‐traded.     

Random Price Discrimination

When a monopolist randomly sorts customers, price discrimination “concavifies” the revenue function of the firm, so that it may be optimal for a monopolist to divide customers into groups that have the same demand function and charge them different prices. It is impossible to rule out this type of result whenever the revenue function is somewhere convex in the “economically relevant” set of quantities, because there always exists a non-decreasing cost function that leads to that conclusion. It is also impossible to rule out the case where, with respect to monopoly, the firm raises or lowers price to all classes and, accordingly, the case where the social welfare decreases or increases. Received December 13, 2001; revised version received June 3, 2002 Published online: February 17, 2003 I am indebted to Carlo Beretta, Giuseppe Colangelo, Umberto Galmarini, Guido Merzoni, Gerd Weinrich and especially to Carla Peri for helpful discussions and comments. I have also benefited from insightful suggestions of three anonymous referees. Finally, I wish to thank participants to seminars at the Catholic University of Milan and University of Bologna. The usual disclaimer applies. Funds from MIUR are gratefully acknowledged.     

基于特征价格与SVM的二手房价格评估

二手房价格的准确衡量一直是个永恒的话题。为了避免传统评估方法的不足,更加合理地预测二手房价格,引入特征价格理论和支持向量机理论(SVM),以杭州市西湖区内的二手房价格数据,构建价格评估模型,实证研究表明具有良好的评估效果。     

物价稳定与房价：货币政策视角

住房价格变化是货币政策需要关注的重要指标。本文在梳理现有文献的基础上,研究了物价稳定与房价变动的关系,发现房价是物价变动的重要原因,而M1和贷款利率是房价变动的格兰杰原因。通过进一步建立结构性VAR模型,我们发现房价受到贷款利率影响最大,而物价受到货币供应量的影响最大。针对房价与物价变动的三个场景可以采取不同的货币政策操作：1、房价过快增长,物价保持稳定。此时为了避免房价对未来物价的冲击,又不影响到当前物价的稳定,可以提高贷款利率,并保持相对宽松的货币供给以对冲房价下跌对物价的不利影响,达到抑制房价而不影响物价的效果。2、房价和物价双双过快增长。此时,应调整贷款利率、准备金率和货币供应量,三管齐下加以治理。3、物价过快增长,而房价较为稳定。为了避免打压房价,可以不调整贷款利率、准备金率,仅控制货币供应量。     

中美小麦期货价格与现货价格传递关系的比较研究

为研究我国小麦期货市场价格发现功能的发挥程度及此功能对现货市场价格的影响,本文运用Johansen协整检验、误差修正模型、脉冲响应函数和方差分解等对中美小麦期货与现货价格传递关系进行了实证研究。结果显示：中美两国国内小麦期货与现货价格之间均存在明显的双向引导关系和长期均衡关系;我国小麦期货价格和现货价格对一个标准差信息冲击的反应均稍强于美国;我国小麦期货市场价格发现功能的发挥程度要优于美国。     

Price Discovery Processes

This paper analyzes two price discovery processes: OLS learning from public information and a Bayesian learning made feasible by futures markets. The former tends to produce cobweb behaviour. In the latter, there is no cobweb, there is a faster convergence to Muth Rational Expectations, and the forecast errors are positively serially correlated The evidence drawn from the Sydney Futures Exchange is consistent with the Bayesian learning process.     

我国房价与地价关系的动态研究

在ECM模型的基础上,结合方差分解方法实证分析了我国房价与地价之间的关系。研究结果表明:房价与地价两者之间存在着双向Granger因果关系;房价与地价不论在长期还是在短期都相互影响,但是房价对地价的影响大于地价对房价的影响,且运用方差分解的方法也得到相同的结果,这就说明在房价与地价的关系中,房价对地价的影响比较大。     

On Interregional Price Differentials

It is often observed that the land value is extremely high in very big cities while commodity prices are not. The objective of this paper is to consider interregional price differentials in a microeconomic framework by explicitly incorporating land for housing, and to conduct an empirical analysis of the interregional differential indices. It is revealed that across regions the CPI varies slightly, per capita income varies more, the housing rent varies still more and the land value varies the most in Japanese cities. I provide microeconomic reasons for the differences in these differentials.
JEL Classificiation Numbers: R00, R10.     

Price Competition Between Teams

This study uses an experimental approach to examine whether markets are sensitive to the internal incentive structure of the competitors. Toward this goal, we modeled the competitors in a price competition duopoly game as three-player teams. Each player simultaneously declares a bid (price) and the team whose total bid was lower won the competition and was paid accordingly. The losing team was paid nothing, and in case of a tie, each team was paid half its price. This duopoly game was studied under two conditions; a cooperative treatment in which the team's profit was divided equally amongst its members and a non-cooperative one in which each individual member was paid her own bid. Whereas the Nash equilibrium is for each player in either treatment to demand the minimal price possible, we predicted that convergence to the competitive price would be much faster in the cooperative treatment than in the non-cooperative one. The experimental results firmly confirmed this prediction.     

Teaching Third-Degree Price Discrimination

Abstract: Third-degree price discrimination is taught in almost every intermediate microeconomics class. The theory, geometry, and the algebra behind the concept are simple, and the phenomenon is commonly associated with the sale of many of the goods and services used frequently by students. Classroom discussion is usually vibrant as students can relate their experiences of being on the receiving end of third-degree price discrimination, usually to their advantage. However, the precision of the language used in the exposition of the theory in textbooks is generally less precise than one would hope for, leading students to confuse slope and elasticity. The authors ask textbook writers to provide greater precision in their explanation of why differing elasticities are associated with the prices paid by two (or more) distinct groups of buyers facing third-degree price discrimination.     

Gains From Price Rigidity

This paper shows that there are substantial gains from price rigidity in an imperfectly competitive economy. Firms can increase their profits by agreeing some markets as markets of long-term contracts, of which prices are determined in advance to other spot market prices. Although they determine prices non-cooperatively in both markets, the mutual commitment making some markets' prices predetermined induces a price–price spiral between firms, which results in substantial gains for both firms. These gains outweigh the cost of inflexibility arising from price rigidity even though demand fluctuation is large and marginal cost is increasing.
JEL Classification Numbers: E30, E32.     

Price dispersion in oligopoly

In the world of perfect markets consumers are assumed to respond instantly to every small price change. However, in the real world it is not clear that any small price change will have a great impact on consumers' decisions and that, regardless of their habit, they will shift from one brand to the other. The purpose of this paper is to examine oligopolistic price competition under the assumption that consumers are non-responsive to small price differences. The paper proves the existence of equilibrium in which firms do not necessarily charge the same price; however some of the firms charge their monopolistic price and others charge prices close to that price.