谁在推高企业债务融资成本——兼对政府融资的“资产组合效应”的检验

本文以1999-2013年的中国A股上市企业作为研究对象,从“资产组合效应”理论出发,考察了政府融资行为对企业债务融资成本及其规模的影响.实证结果表明,无论是从政府债务发行增长速度角度,还是从发行量相对规模角度,政府的债务融资行为都会推高微观企业的债务融资成本,从而降低其债务融资规模.区分企业产权性质的进一步研究表明,相对于非国有企业,国有企业债务融资成本受政府融资行为因素的影响更大,印证了债务资产之间的替代性在上述两者关系中具有重要影响.     

企业资本结构的动态优化管理

资本结构的动态优化是企业持续、快速、稳定发展和防范财务风险、破产风险的关键。企业的最优资本结构与预期的财务危机成本负相关,由于资产替代效应和代理成本的存在,易使管理者采用较低的债务规模和延长债务期限,这需要对债务的期限和规模进行管理,如采取重新订立债务契约、重新谈判契约条款、缩短债务期限、限制股利分配,建立声誉模型等措施,使企业的资本结构达到动态优化。     

代理成本视角下我国中小企业融资结构选择

融资结构是企业管理实践中较为重要的一环,同时由于涉及企业内部人(经理或者企业家)与外部投资者(外部股东或者债权人)这两个企业契约和组织关系的主要当事人,也是现代企业理论不可或缺的组成部分。现代企业最为突出的融资方式是债务和股权这两种直接融资方式,本文通过研究中小企业股权融资和债务融资的代理成本,揭示企业的治理机制在企业融资选择和企业价值之间的重要作用,从代理成本理论的角度分析我国中小企业的融资结构选择。     

我国企业并购融资成本的比较研究

随着经济的不断发展,企业规模的不断扩大,企业并购融资问题也随之而来。本文罗列了目前常用的一些企业并购融资方式,主要有企业并购内部融资,外部融资,而外部融资又包含有债务融资、权益融资、混合融资3种方式。在此基础上,对这些融资方式成本进行比较分析,最后得出了比较深入的结论。     

非国有大股东与国有企业债务融资成本

选取2007—2018年沪深A股国有上市企业为研究样本，结合混合所有制改革的制度背景，基于信息不对称理论，考察非国有大股东参股对国有企业债务融资成本的影响。研究发现：引入非国有大股东可以显著降低国有企业债务融资成本，并且非国有大股东持股比例越高，这一效应越显著。作用机制检验结果显示，非国有大股东通过降低可操纵性应计盈余，改善会计信息质量的路径，有效缓解了借贷双方的信息不对称，进而降低了国有企业债务融资成本。进一步分析表明，当外部信息环境越好、企业自身违约风险越低时，非国有大股东持股降低国有企业债务融资成本的效果越显著；非国有大股东降低债务融资成本作用的有效发挥依赖于一定的前提条件，主要包括国有股东占相对控股地位、非国有大股东委派代表积极参与治理以及非国有大股东为民营股东。     

从改善融资结构看上市公司治理结构的优化

现代资本结构理论和成熟市场经济国家的融资实践都表明,企业融资决策的一般次序为“内部融资——债务融资——股权融资”,而我国上市公司在触资决策上明显偏好于股权融资。 事实上,债务融资除了税后效应和财务杠杆作用以外,还有降低代理成本、加强激励约束、传递积极信号等作用,可以优化上市公司治理结构。固此,应大力发展我国企业债券市场。     

试论企业债务融资成本与会计信息质量管理

作为当今社会的重要经济资源,会计信息质量一直被资本市场的各个企业各类参与者重点关注。特别对于上市公司来讲,企业债务融资成本和会计信息质量质检,存在着极为微妙的关系,会计信息质量影响着企业投资分析的实际情况,进而能够对投资者的决策产生一定的影响。本文通过对影响企业债务融资成本的因素及会计信息质量对债务融资成本的影响进行深入分析,提出提高会计信息质量、完善企业债务融资成本管理的有效建议。     

信息披露考评对银行借款成本的影响研究

<正>一、研究背景及意义在我国,公司每年新增加的外部融资结构中,本外币借款占据非常大的比例。企业的债务融资主要依赖于银行贷款。可见,借款是我国外部融资中最主要的融资方式,而公司的借款大部分是从银行借入的,因此,银行借款对公司融资来说具有十分重要的作用。探讨信息披露考评对上市公司银行借款成本的影响,研究结论可以为二者之间的关系提供理论证据,可以为银企间的信贷决策提供理论依据和经验数据。使管理层主动寻求提高信息质量的有效途径来降低上市公司的融资成本。     

成本风险视角下企业融资期限组合的实证研究

债务融资期限结构是企业财务决策的重要内容,它不仅关系到企业的财务成本和债务偿还计划的安排,甚至可能还会影响企业经营生产的战略目标。根据相关数据显示,我国的企业更多地依赖于短期债务,而长期负债的比例很低,造成这一现象的原因是由企业内外部的因素共同作用所导致的。本文在试图利用传统的统计分析建模方法,以数据分析为背景支撑,以期为企业防范财务风险,降低资金成本以及债务融资期限结构的优化提供理论和实践依据。     

现金持有决策:基于中国上市公司的实证研究

现金持有决策是指企业对于高流动性资产的投资决策。企业持有现金的原因在于现金短缺是有成本的。本文基于中国上市公司2000～2009年的数据,运用混合回归模型,分别从企业财务特征、治理结构和外部融资环境等方面考察企业现金持有水平的主要影响因素并进行理论分析。实证结果表明,企业现金持有水平随着企业规模、市账比率、财务杠杆、银行债务、现金替代物以及国有股比例的上升而下降。同时,企业现金周期越长,企业将持有越多的现金。高管持股以及股利支付决策也将使企业现金持有水平上升。分析表明,以银行体系间接融资为主的融资环境对企业现金持有决策具有重大影响。     

Funding Gaps? Access To Bank Loans By High-Tech Start-Ups

This paper aims to shed new light on start-up financing of new technology-based firms (NTBFs) and the existence of credit constraints that may negatively affect their activity. For this purpose, we analyze the different sources of start-up financing used by NTBFs and investigate several characteristics that may influence the extent of recourse to bank loans. In the empirical section, we consider a sample composed of 386 Italian NTBFs that operate both in manufacturing and services. We estimate double-censored tobit and bivariate tobit models so as to highlight the determinants of (i) the financial leverage, measured by the ratio of bank debt to total capital, and (ii) the amounts of personal capital and bank loans of firms at start-up, respectively. Our findings support the view that the credit market is imperfect and there exists a financing hierarchy. In fact, only a minority of firms resorts to outside financing, and especially to bank debt. In addition, the level of financial leverage is not random; it increases with an increase of the predicted amount of firms’ total initial capital, while it decreases with variables such as the number of owners and the work experience of founders that are indicative of greater personal wealth available to finance firms’ start-up. Lastly, the size of the bank loans obtained by firms generally is small and it is quite insensitive to demand-side factors that instead determine the amount of personal and total capital, with the notable exception of scale economies in the industry of the start-up. In other words, in accordance with the argument that credit to NTBFs is rationed, the loan supply curve is highly inelastic, even though not perfectly so.     

Small businesses and liquidity constraints in financing business investment: Evidence from shanghai's manufacturing sector

When firms experience financial hierarchy, external finance, if at all available, is substantially more expensive than internal finance. Factors such as transaction costs, agency problem, and asymmetric information have created such a hierarchy. Stiglitz and Weiss (1981) argue that asymmetric information between firms and potential suppliers of external finance creates adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the credit market in developed market economies. This problem of a higher cost of external finance is commonly thought to be more serious for small firms because they are more disadvantaged than their larger counterparts in accessing external finance due to several factors: (1) Public information on small firms is generally not available and leads to the even greater problem of asymmetric information, i.e., more severe adverse selection and moral hazard problems. These information problems have excluded small firms from bond and share markets. (2) Due to the lack of available means of external finance, small firms rely more heavily on bank loans than their larger counterparts. In addition, as small firms are more interested in cultivating stable relationships with a few banks in order to secure a stable supply of credit, these banks become virtual monopolies by lending to small businesses and exercise their market power in lending to small firms.Most of existing research considers only small firms in market economies; little research has been done to understand the relationship between firm size and investment financing in any economy in transition. This paper makes a contribution to the literature by studying the relationship between firm size and liquidity constraints by using a firm level data of manufacturing enterprises in Shanghai during the period of 1989–1992. We consider whether small manufacturing firms in Shanghai are constrained by the availability of liquidity compared with their larger counterparts when they are financing their fixed investment. In a transforming economy such as China (or other similar transition economies), external finance relies heavily on loans from banks that are fully owned by the state. Due to historical reasons, allocations of credit are always biased in favor of state-owned enterprises. Such a `lending bias' imposes an extra cost on small Chinese enterprises in financing investment as the majority of them are not state-owned.In such an environment, our empirical results show that small manufacturing firms in Shanghai are actually less liquidity-constrained than their larger counterparts in financing their fixed investment. This surprising result is rather different from what people normally predict based on the experience in market economies. We suggest three possible explanations for this peculiar finding: (1) The composition of various firm size classes plays an important role in explaining the result: Non-state enterprises which are fast growing and efficient dominate the small firm classes. Their successes in the markets helps them to generate enough internal funds to smooth their investment over time. (2) The presence of heavy indebtedness of large state-owned enterprises may deprive them of sufficient cash available for investment decision. Given that state-owned enterprises have been making heavy losses, the central and regional governments have a liquidity problem in satisfying their huge liquidity demands. (3) Small enterprises in non-state sectors can rely on the informal credit market to obtain funds for investment although they are excluded from the state banking system.However, the further trade liberalization in terms of eliminating tariffs and quotas caused by China's bid of joining the WTO will erode the profits of these small enterprises as imported goods will be supplied at lower prices. In addition, further reforms in financial sectors may also affect the supply of external finance to small enterprises in nonstate sectors. The consequence may lead to a tight liquidity constraint for small enterprises in China.     

Housing boom,real estate diversification,and capital structure: Evidence from China

By exploiting the unique situation in China that numbers of listed firms diversified into the real estate industry during the recent housing boom period, we find that firms' real estate diversification positively influences their subsequent leverage ratios. Further investigations suggest that such an increase in leverage mainly comes from short-term debt instead of long-term debt. We also find that housing price growth and state ownership are underlying mechanisms through which real estate diversification stimulates leverage. Last, we find that firms with real estate diversification enjoy less financing cost deterioration and less market value deterioration when they raise more debt.     

Financial Analysis of Palestinian Industry Including Small Scale Firms

The study aims to explore the financial aspects of the Palestinian industry, and to investigate productivity and efficiency of small scale industry compared with large scale firms. In order to help policy makers in industrial planning in the new emerged Palestinian state. A special instrument has been used to collect the financial and quantitative data for the related manufacturing firms from a random sample of 215 Palestinian firms. The one way analysis of variance test was used to examine whether the mean scores differ significantly among scale sizes of the Palestinian industry concerning the selected performance measures. In addition, the Scheffe test was used as a post hoc comparison way to identify which scale size firms' performance differs than the other two scale sizes.The research revealed that small scale firms in Palestinian industry have higher labor productivity values than large scale firms, while large scale firms accomplished higher net profit margin compared to small scale industry. Creating an additional job in large scale Palestinian industry needs less cost than creating a job in small scale industry, and large scale firms have better opportunity in getting external financing than small firms.     

Small Firm Investment and Financing Decisions: An Option Value Approach

This paper reviews and discusses recent developments undergone by investment theory, and tries to address both financial and real decisions within an uncertain environment, here, the Italian economy. According to the recent "option value" approach to investment, if differing degrees of reversibility characterize the accumulation process by groups of firms (small and larger firms), we should expect their investment decisions to differ under uncertainty. On the other hand, asset reversibility has an influence on firm financing policy, given the observed relationship between asset and liability composition. Assuming a different degree of investment reversibility for small and larger firms, we explore how they react to interest rate uncertainty using the Italian experience during the 1980s as a benchmark. The main result of this paper is that interest rate uncertainty exerts a negative influence on firms' investment demand. The relationship is stronger for large firms than for small firms. Another result is that firm leverage also shows a negative relationship with interest rate uncertainty.     

Capital Growth,Financing Source and Profitability of Small Businesses: Evidence from Taiwan Small Enterprises

This paper examines the relationship between profitability and financial capital for 1,276 small firms in Taiwan over the period 1992–1997. The results indicate a statistically positive relationship between profitability and capital growth. When financial capital is further divided into debt and equity, the results indicate a significantly positive relationship between profitability and equity financing, but a significantly negative relationship between profitability and debt financing. Moreover, the profitability of small firms is positively related to both the external economic conditions and the firms previous profitability.     

How does Financial Distress Affect Small Firms’ Financial Structure?

This paper provides new evidence on the financial structure of small firms by emphasizing the role played by financial distress. We specify a model of debt adjustments that allows us to investigate the specific nature of the adjustment process towards target debt levels in small firms, which is then extended to account for the effect of financial distress on financial structure decisions. Our models were estimated by the Generalized Method of Moments on a data panel of small Portuguese firms during a period of recession, in which a substantial proportion of the companies analyzed faced a financial distress situation. We find that small firms do adjust their debt ratios towards target levels, the speed of adjustment being faster in the shorter term. Our results also indicate that there are major differences in the determinants of long-term and short-term debt, highlighting the role played by debt maturity in explaining a firm’s financial structure. Finally, random behavior is observed in financially distressed firms, who seem to be disoriented when making their financial structure decisions.     

Cross-listing and the scope of the firm

“What determines the scope of the firm?” is one of the most fundamental questions in strategic management and international business. Yet no previous research has investigated the relationship between the scope of the firm and cross-listing—a firm listing its stock on overseas exchanges. We leverage the resource-based and institution-based views with a focus on cross-listed firms from emerging economies. We predict that cross-listing may result in a narrower product scope in the short run, a wider product scope in the long run, an expanded geographic scope overall, and a higher propensity to engage in mergers and acquisitions in the host country.     

Capital structure decision making: A model for family business

Most theoretical and empirical studies of capital structure focus on public corporations. Only a limited number of studies on capital structure have been conducted on small-to-medium size enterprises (SMEs), and this deficiency is particularly evident in investigations into factors that influence funding decisions of family business owners.Theory indicates that there is a complex array of factors that influence SME owner-managers' financing decisions. Recent family business literature suggests that these processes are influenced by firm owners' attitudes toward the utility of debt as a form of funding as moderated by external environmental conditions (e.g., financial and market considerations).A number of other factors have been shown to influence financing decisions including culture; entrepreneurial characteristics; entrepreneurs' prior experiences in capital structure; business goals; business life-cycle issues; preferred ownership structures; views regarding control, debt–equity ratios, and short- vs. long-term debt; age and size of the firm; sources of funding for growth; attitudes toward debt financing; issues relating to independence and control; and perceived risk and attitudes toward personal risk.Although these factors have been identified, until now there does not appear to have been any attempts to develop empirically-based models that show relationships between these factors and family business owners' financing decisions. Utilizing theories derived from divergent disciplines, this study develops an empirically tested structural equation model of financing antecedents of family businesses. Participants of our study involved a random sample of 5000 business owners who were mailed a 250-item Australian Family and Private Business questionnaire developed specifically for this investigation.Notably, our findings reveal that firm size, family control, business planning, and business objectives are significantly associated with debt. Small family businesses and owners who do not have formal planning processes in place tend to rely on family loans as a source of finance. However, family businesses in the service industry (e.g., retailers and wholesalers) are less likely to use family loans as are those owners who are planning to achieve growth through new products or process development. Use of capital and retained profits is likely for family businesses planning to achieve growth through an increase in sales but less is likely for family businesses in the manufacturing sector and lifestyle firms. In addition, debt and family loans are negatively related to capital and retained profits. Equity is a consideration for owners of large businesses, young firms, and owners who plan to achieve growth through increasing profit margins. However, equity is less likely to be a consideration for older family business owners and owners who have a preference for retaining family control.Our findings suggest that the interplay between multiple social, family, and financial factors is complex. In addition, our findings indicate the importance of utilizing theories that also help to explain behavioral factors (e.g., owners' needs to be in control) that affect financial structure decision-making processes. Practitioners and researchers should consider the dynamic interplay among business characteristics (e.g., size or industry), behavioral aspects of business financing (e.g., business objectives), and financial factors (e.g., gearing levels) when working with and researching family enterprises.     

How do emerging debt market participants recognize firm internationalization?Evidence from effects on credit ratings

We explore the firm internationalization's impact on firm credit ratings in emerging economies. Adopting Chinese data from 2009 to 2018, we document that firm internationalization varies negatively with its credit ratings, indicating that emerging debt market participants are risk averse and prioritize the risks involved in firm internationalization endeavors. This association is amplified for firms operating in host countries with lower institutional quality, decreased cultural distance from home countries, and when firms do not hold tax haven subsidiaries. We observe that the main association is consistent when alternative dataset (India, Russia, and Brazil) or proxy (cost of debt) is applied.