国际垂直专业化对发展中国家的影响与启示

二战以后,在国际垂直专业化迅速发展的过程中,发展中国家越来越多地被卷入全球化生产的链条。作者应用相关理论模型,分析了国际垂直专业化对发展中国家国际分工、收入分配以及技术进步等方面的影响,并在此基础上就包括中国在内的发展中国家如何应对国际垂直专业化的发展趋势提出政策建议。     

Competition,product line length,and firm survival: evidence from the US printer industry

Adjusting product line length is one major strategy that firms employ to sustain their market position in competitive environments. This study extends extant literature on product line length by adding empirical results on the relationship between competitive intensity and product line length, and by examining the performance of firms that follow the suggested product line strategies. The analysis of data on 1849 printer products introduced by 342 manufacturers from 1983 to 2002 shows an inverted U-shaped relationship between competitive intensity and product line length, and firms following this pattern have a significantly lower hazard ratio of exit. These results confirm those discussed in the previous literature and provide evidence of the positive impacts of following such product strategies on firm survival.     

A naturalistic approach to the theory of the firm: The role of cooperation and cultural evolution

One reason why firms exist, this paper argues, is because they are suitable organizations within which cooperative production systems based on human social predispositions can evolve. In addition, we show how an entrepreneur, given these predispositions, can shape human behavior within a firm. To illustrate these processes, we will present a model that depicts how the biased transmission of cultural contents via social learning processes within the firm influence employees’ behavior and the performance of the firm. These biases can be traced back to evolved social predispositions. Humans lived in tribal scale social systems based on significant amounts of intra- and even intergroup cooperation for tens if not a few hundred thousand years before the first complex societies arose. Firms rest upon the social psychology originally evolved for tribal life. We also relate our conclusions to empirical evidence on the performance and size of different kinds of organizations. Modern organizations have functions rather different from ancient tribes, leading to friction between our social predispositions and organization goals. Firms that manage to reduce this friction will tend to function better.     

国外ICT产业智慧专业化评价研究回顾与展望

自OECD提出智慧专业化战略以来,越来越多国家和地区将ICT产业作为优先发展事项,国外学者也随之重视ICT产业智慧专业化相关研究。国外学者先后提出企业家发现过程嵌入、三螺旋演化延伸、全球价值链技术升级及产业集群竞争优势等ICT产业智慧专业化理论,描述智慧增长、可持续增长、包容性增长3个方面的发展目标,概括出以案例分析为主的定性方法、以构建模型为主的定量方法等ICT产业智慧化评价方法,探讨ICT产业智慧专业化与城市文化建设、行业伙伴关系、发展问题识别3个方面的效用。最后,对智慧专业化视角下的ICT产业发展进行系统分类梳理,提出未来发展方向。     

中国经济改革:背景、机制与挑战

经过三十余年的经济改革,中国的经济取得了巨大的进步,中国这条巨龙也正在逐渐回归到她在世界经济中应有的位置。这种经济改革是如何成功的?本文认为,承接于特定的历史经济背景,中国经济中三类主要的行为主体(中央、地方、民众)根据自身的条件进行了事实上的互动式的协调分工,各自对既有的约束条件进行突破,并在互动演进的发展过程中逐步建立了新的规则,这些规则所确立的激励与约束极大地调动了各参与主体的积极性,实现了从事必躬亲到各司其职的职能转换。正是在这些过程中,中国经济逐渐得到发展并获得前所未有的成就。但我们同时强调,在经济改革的过程中,也必须认清体制的不足,积极应对新的挑战。     

The pigeon breeders' cup: a selection on selection theory of economic evolution

Both the evolutionary literature in economics and the competitive advantage literature in business strategy point to the importance of a firm's replication/selection mechanisms in developing and sustaining inimitable organization capabilities, competencies, competitive advantage and economic rents. This mechanism can be conceived of as a hierarchy of organization processes where primary, added-value processes are nested within control processes, which are nested within deployment processes, that are nested within learning processes. The evolution of this organization of processes and their complementary assets along the added-value chain within the firm and among firms is the result of the legacy of the past process-thinking skills of the firms in the added-value chain and their present thinking skills. Served and factor markets select on the dynamic effects and products of these processes and, hence, ultimately on the phenomenon that create the processes (process thinking). This selection on selection (SoS) theory is used to explain Schumpeterian ?creative destruction? at a new level of analysis, extend the satisficing principle, and identify a new stream of potentially promising empirical research.JEL Classification: A1, B31, B52, D21, M1Comments by Geoffrey M. Hodgson, Alan J. Malter, Paul W. Miniard, Paul W. Farris, and an anonymous reviewer on earlier drafts of this paper are gratefully acknowledged. The editing of Kathryn Morris is also appreciated.     

公共物品、分工演进与经济增长

在新兴古典经济学框架内,公共物品既能通过提高交易效率来促进分工演进并最终带来经济增长,也可通过改善劳动效率直接促进产出的增加,经济增长中的两难冲突发生于专业化经济和公共物品对劳动时间这一资源的争夺,资源的最终分配取决于三个重要的经济参数即专业化经济系数、公共物品的交易效率系数和劳动效率系数的大小和变化情况。文章最后从历史经验的角度来论证主要结论的正确性。     

分工、协作与企业合作剩余创造——马克思企业理论分析框架的一般化

马克思企业理论有着科学的方法论基础和开放性的理论体系.但由于其企业理论揭示资本主义剥削本质的特殊使命,使其具有一定的特殊性.本文在遵循马克思企业理论科学的逻辑框架基础上,通过引入经济、制度环境和政府权力的相机介入而尝试构建了马克思企业理论的一般化分析框架--分工、协作与企业合作刺余创造范式.该范式内生地解释了企业的产生.融合了企业内效率与公平问题.突出了企业生产性本质和追求合作剩余最大化的目标.     

Financial development,economic growth and convergence clubs

To study the role of financial development in economic growth, we apply an array of convergence tests designed to capture nonlinear transitional dynamics to real outputs per capita. Strong evidence of multiple convergence clubs is observed, implying that the clubs are formed based on the initial level of real output per capita and average growth rate. Our empirical results show that the stage of economic growth of each country plays an important role for the composition of the convergence clubs. Furthermore, financial development emerges to be a significant determinant, albeit plays differently in the economic growth of each convergence club.     

Externalities, monopoly and the objective function of the firm

This paper provides a theory of general equilibrium with externalities and/or monopoly. We assume that the firm’s decisions are based on the preferences of shareholders and/or other stakeholders. Under these assumptions a firm will produce fewer negative externalities than the comparable profit maximising firm. In the absence of externalities, equilibrium with a monopoly will be Pareto efficient if the firm can price discriminate. The equilibrium can be implemented by a two-part tariffWe would like to thank John Fender, Herakles Polemarchakis, Les Reinhorn, John Roberts, John Roemer, Colin Rowat, Erkan Yalcin two anonymous referees and participants in seminars at the Universities of Birmingham, Durham, Heidelberg, Mannheim and Queens, the Public Economic Theory conference at the University of Warwick, July 2000, and the EEA congress, Lausanne 2001 for comments and suggestions     

分工演进、社会资本与产业集群--对产业集群的形成与发展机理的一个解释

新兴古典经济学文献认为,经济的发展是一个分工演进的过程.通过实证案例,我们认为集群的形成与发展同样是一个分工演进的过程.然而,分工的深化又受到交易效率的制约.于是,我们探讨了集群特有的社会资本对于提高交易效率、从而推动分工演进、促进集群发展这一作用的过程.因此,地方政府可以通过创造鼓励诚信、鼓励合作的制度环境,便于社会资本的积累,以促进集群的形成与发展.     

论交易效率对分工演进的影响

交易作为人类经济生活中最基本的活动之一,在国民经济中的影响日益增大,相应地带来了交易费用理论的蓬勃发展,但传统交易费用理论的许多不足严重制约了它在经济分析中的有效应用,其中主要的两点不足表现在:一是交易费用的概念过于庞杂、笼统;二是交易费用的概念更多地是被应用于企业理论的研究之中,应用于经济结构变迁、长期经济增长等宏观理论领域的研究较少.从分工演进的角度较为明确地提出了交易效率的概念,并在此基础上进一步探求交易效率影响分工演进所带来的经济结构变迁的内在机理.     

Theories of the firm: contractual and competence perspectives

The article compares alternative approaches to the theory of the firm. The two main approaches confronted are the contractual (Coasian) perspective and the competence (evolutionary) perspective. Whereas the firm as a repository of tacit knowledge is neglected in the contractual perspectives, it occupies center stage in the competence perspective. It is argued that the competence perspective is not only applicable an understanding of the sources of firms' competitive advantage, but may also be applied to the issues of the existence and the boundaries of the firm. This means that a distinct theory of the firm can be constructed on the basis of evolutionary theory.     

Openness,productivity and growth in the APEC economies

The 1980s and 1990s have witnessed the emergence of many Asian economies as important traders in the world. How has openness to trade and investment affected productivity and growth performance in those economies? This question is often tackled with the traditional growth regression method. However, the findings in the existing literature are still inconclusive. This paper proposes an alternative approach which is employed to examine the impact of openness on the sources of productivity and growth in the APEC economies. Specifically, the proposed technique distinguishes technological progress (innovation) from efficiency changes (catch-up) and attempts to isolate the influences of openness on these two distinct factors. The findings in this study may help gain fresh insight into the relationship between openness and productivity and growth performance in the APEC economies.First revision received: July 2001/Final revision received: May 2003The author thanks two anonymous referees for very helpful comments.     

Innovation,product development and market value: evidence from the biotechnology industryinnovation in biotechnology industry

The subject of the paper is financial valuation of firm's knowledge assets and returns to innovation in the biotechnology industry, where such assets appear to play key role in the commercial success of a product. The biotechnology industry is extremely research-intensive, and successful R&D drives profitability. Further, the pharmaceutical product development advances in a number of well-defined stages that allow relatively precise measurement of product development outcomes. The study reports recent biotechnology R&D statistics, and provides estimates of private returns to innovation and product development activity in the biotechnology industry. The conclusions indicate that the financial market recognizes the value of drugs in product development stage, as it expects the innovative knowledge embodied in drug development projects to become marketable products in the future.     

马克思社会分工制度理论研析:一个视角和两个维度

基于分工和社会分工制度动态演进的视角,本文力图从纵、横两个维度揭示分工与技术进步、生产力发展、商品经济和迂回生产之间交互作用、循环累积的内在机制。在纵向上,探索不同社会形态下社会分工制度与商品经济和市场经济同步互动发展的历史演进规律;在横向上,从当代不同劳动分工形态共生并存和相互转化中考察社会分工制度的最新发展及其演进趋势,进而揭示和丰富马克思社会分工制度理论的科学内涵。在此基础上,回答与社会分工制度密切相关的几个问题,并引出相关结论。     

产品内分工、产业体系演变与现代产业体系形成

基于产品内分工发展,分析产业体系演变的内在规律,揭示不同分工形式下产业体系的特征及构成,并针对我国不同地区产业分工演进处在不同的发展阶段,产业体系发展程度差异较大的现状,提出我国基于产品内分工的现代产业体系的实现路径。     

A re-examination of financial development,stock markets development and economic growth

This study provides new evidence on the role of financial development and stock market development in accounting for economic growth across geographic regions and income groups. To derive feasible policy implications, we estimate not only unbalanced panel regressions with period fixed effects, but also variance decompositions of annual Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth rates to examine what proxy measures are most important in economic growth over time and how much they contribute to economic growth. We find distinct direction, timing and strength of the causal links between financial development, stock market development and economic growth based on the results of Granger causality tests. Therefore, it may be necessary to make different efforts to achieve steady economic growth across geographic regions and income groups.     

劳动分工、交易效率与产业集群演进

文章运用古典经济学与新兴古典经济学思想,考察了劳动分工、交易效率与产业集群演进的互动关系,认为产业集群的形成与发展是一个劳动分工深化、交易效率提高的过程。在此基础上,文章对杨小凯的基于专业化经济的劳动分工模型进行了拓展和深化,以便对产业集群的演进机制进行深入分析。模型分析结果支持了文章的观点。因此,产业集群的形成与发展有其自身的内在规律。当前,政府更为紧迫的是要注重产业集群软环境的建设,以此降低交易费用,促进产业集群的持续、健康发展。     

我国城乡间产业的迁移与分工协调发展

城乡产业分工与协调发展是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的必然趋势,也是消除城乡差别、实现城乡一体化发展的有效途径。在我国进入工业反哺农业、城市支持农村的发展新阶段后,我国城乡产业需要重新进行发展定位,并在城乡间进行产业的迁移和布局调整,以突破城市搞工业、农村搞农业的旧格局,引导城市非农产业和资本进入农村地区,使农民和农村地区能够分享工业化和城市化的巨大收益。这种城乡产业的迁移与调整应顺应产业组织演进和产业分工的新趋势,进行产业链层面的分工与重新布局,在城乡之间建立起一体化的产业体系,并最终形成我国产业体系与产业组织体系、城镇等级体系三者协调发展的局面。为此,在宏观层面需要政府推进制度创新和技术创新,深化体制改革,加快农村地区的基础设施建设,构建起城乡间产业分工发展的制度基础和物质基础;在微观层面则需要企业加快组织转型与创新,形成城乡间新型的产业网络组织。