人民币实际汇率之谜(1979-2005)-基于事实比较和文献述评的观察

作为系统探讨人民币实际汇率问题的一项基础性工作,本文从国际比较经验角度讨论改革开放以来人民币实际汇率走势的形态独特性,通过系统述评有关人民币实际汇率文献来考察这一对象的认识挑战性,由此提出“人民币实际汇率之谜”的观察,并简略评论破解这一谜题现象所需要的分析视角调整。     

人民币实际汇率之谜（1979-2005）——基于事实比较和文献述评的观察

作为系统探讨人民币实际汇率问题的一项基础性工作，本文从国际比较经验角度讨论改革开放以来人民币实际汇率走势的形态独特性，通过系统述评有关人民币实际汇率文献来考察这一对象的认识挑战性，由此提出“人民币实际汇率之谜”的观察，并筒略评论破解这一谜题现象所需要的分析视角调整。     

人民币均衡实际汇率的估计与实际汇率错位的测算

基于均衡实际汇率理论 ,本文应用多种经济计量方法实证分析了自 2 0世纪 50年代中期至 2 0 0 0年期间人民币实际汇率状况 ,估计出人民币均衡实际汇率 ,进而测算了实际汇率错位状况。研究结果表明 :在计划经济时期 ,人民币实际汇率长期被高估。改革开放后 ,均衡实际汇率长期处于贬值状况 ,现实的实际汇率长期被低估。在亚洲金融危机期间 (特别是 1 997和 1 998年 ) ,人民币实际汇率出现了明显的高估。 1 999年这种高估状况得到部分缓解 ;2 0 0 0年出现了根本性好转。在现实中 ,1 999年以后中国出口的快速增长也证实了这一结论。     

我国两部门劳动生产率增长及国际比较(1978-2005)-巴拉萨萨缪尔森效应与人民币实际汇率关系的重新考察

依据巴拉萨萨缪尔森效应假说,一国经济追赶伴随的可贸易部门劳动生产率的“相对相对增长”会派生本币实际汇率升值趋势。本文对改革开放以来我国可贸易与不可贸易部门劳动生产率各自增长、相对增长、国际比较增长等指标进行系统估测,发现上述结构性生产率指标与人民币实际汇率之间的关系存在与巴拉萨萨缪尔森效应假说推论一致的经验证据;利用人均或劳均产出等总量性生产率指标检验这一理论对人民币实际汇率的解释力,则存在理论假说变量与度量指标选择不兼容的问题。     

人民币实际汇率错位的经济效应实证研究

本文运用行为均衡汇率模型和协整理论,测算1984—2004年人民币实际汇率错位的季度状况,结果表明,人民币实际汇率在此期间经历了三个阶段的币值低估和两个阶段的币值高估。结合这21年间中国主要经济指标的增长率,划分阶段研究人民币实际汇率错位的经济效应,可以发现:较大幅度的实际汇率错位对涉外经济变量产生了比较明显的影响;而低幅度的实际汇率错位,不会对经济产生较大危害,经济系统本身可自动调节;另外,实际汇率错位对涉外经济变量的变动有非常好的解释作用,这反过来证明,对人民币实际汇率错位状况的测算是准确的。通过建立计量模型,从1984—2004年整体时段来研究人民币实际汇率错位的经济效应,结果表明,实际汇率错位对出口和进口都产生了显著的负面影响。     

我国两部门劳动生产率增长及国际比较（1978-2005）——巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应与人民币实际汇率关系的重新考察

依据巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应假说，一国经济追赶伴随的可贸易部门劳动生产率的“相对相对增长”会派生本币实际汇率升值趋势。本文对改革开放以来我国可贸易与不可贸易部门劳动生产率各自增长、相对增长、国际比较增长等指标进行系统估测，发现上述结构性生产率指标与人民币实际汇率之间的关系存在与巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应假说推论一致的经验证据；利用人均或劳均产出等总量性生产率指标检验这一理论对人民币实际汇率的解释力，则存在理论假说变量与度量指标选择不兼容的问题。     

人民币汇率走势的实证分析——基于1994-2001年数据的判断

本文以购买力平价理论为基础,以人民币汇率体制改革的1994年为基期,计算分析了人民币汇率的实际走势。研究表明,人民币有效汇率、人民币对美元的名义汇率和实际汇率自1994年以来总体上呈升值态势,但实际汇率升值幅度远大于名义汇率;1997年东南亚金融危机以来,名义汇率和实际汇率变动方向相反,实际汇率呈贬值趋势,体现出国内外价格水平对汇率的影响。     

消费-实际汇率悖论在中国的实证检验

居民消费比率是影响均衡实际汇率的一个重要经济变量,通过构造均衡汇率模型来刻画居民消费比率和实际汇率的关系的方法在理论上具有可行性。实证检验证实居民消费比率和人民币实际汇率低估之间存在反常的统计关系,消费-实际汇率悖论在中国显著成立。居民消费比率的下降对实际汇率具有明显的下拉效应,居民消费比率下降1个百分点,人民币实际汇率低估程度增加5.2个百分点。进一步推进人民币汇率形成机制改革,实现经济的内外均衡发展,关键在于深化收入分配体制改革,提高居民消费比率,使内需成为拉动经济增长的主要动力。     

人民币实际汇率与中国两部门生产率差异的关系——基于巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应的实证分析

长期实际汇率主要取决于经济的供给面,即生产率的变化,这一思想体现在巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应的模型中。文章从巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应的理论出发选择合适的计量模型,然后以制造业和服务业分别表示贸易品部门和非贸易品部门,通过差分回归模型和协整检验来分析人民币实际汇率与中国两部门间生产率差异之间的关系,回归结果符合巴拉萨—萨缪尔森效应的结论。在1980~2004年间,人民币实际汇率的变动趋势与中国两部门间的生产率差异变化趋势基本相符:非贸易品部门生产率提高幅度大时,人民币趋向于贬值;而贸易品部门生产率提高幅度大时,人民币实际汇率趋向于升值。     

人民币自然均衡实际汇率:1978—2004

均衡汇率是判断汇率水平是否失调及汇率政策是否需要调整的主要客观依据。长期自然均衡实际汇率是基本经济因素决定的、保证经济内外均衡和充分就业的实际汇率水平。本文根据自然均衡汇率理论和中国宏观经济特点,提出估计人民币自然均衡实际汇率的结构方程,采用1978—2004年的年度数据,利用全息极大似然法进行系统估计,得出人民币中、长期自然均衡实际汇率,测算出人民币实际汇率失调程度。实证分析结果表明,近几年人民币存在一定程度低估,但汇率失调程度趋向收敛。目前人民币升值压力主要来自金融经济层面。应整合中央银行和外汇管理部门职能,协同利用宏观经济政策,进一步完善人民币汇率市场形成机制。     

Measuring exchange rate misalignment in Turkey

Turkey has embarked an extensive dis-inflation and stabilization program in December 1999. The programme exclusively relied on a nominally pegged (anchored) exchange rate system for dis-inflation and on fiscal austerity. In February 2001, however, Turkey experienced a severe financial crisis which necessiated the dismantling of the exchange rate anchor and a switch to a regime of free float.

This article proposes a new methodology to measure exchange rate misalignment for Turkey over the period January 1992 to December 2001. In a single equation framework, the model estimates the real exchange rate within a time varying parameter model, where a return-to-normality assumption about the parameters is assumed. Contrary to common belief, it is found that, except the initial four months of the stabilization programme, the Turkish lira remained undervalued for most of 2000. Also, one observes a pattern where the lira has been overvalued after the financial crisis of 1994 until 1998, and has displayed a tendency of undervaluation after then.     

The Effect of Changes in Real Exchange Rates on Employment: Evidence from Manufacturing Industries in China, 1980–2002

This paper analyzes the effect of changes in real exchange rate on manufacturing employment. Our theoretical model predicts the positive effect of depreciation of real exchange rate on employment through a firm’s expectation on changes in real exchange rate and the interaction between real exchange rate and a firm’s import and domestic input. Using China’s manufacturing data during the 1980–2003 period, we find that depreciation of real exchange rate promotes employment growth in manufacturing industries, while change in real exchange rate is not a significant factor in promoting wage growth. We also find that an increase in export share offsets partially the effects of real exchange rate on employment and real wages. Translated from Journal of World Economy, 2005, (4): (in Chinese)     

真实汇率与真实利率差异——基于人民币真实汇率的实证研究

本文详细考察了人民币对美元、日元、港币和欧元的双边真实汇率、真实利率差异与进出口之间的统计关系，结果发现：（1）人民币真实汇率与真实利率差异间不存在显著且稳定的统计关系；（2）人民币真实汇率具有较强的“自回归”性，并且存在比较明显的非线性动态调整特征。因此，研究人民币真实汇率自身的特定生成机制可能更具有重要意义。     

Monetary Policy and Exchange Rate Interactions in a Small Open Economy

The transmission mechanisms of monetary policy in a small open economy like Norway are analysed through structural VARs, with special emphasis on the interdependence between monetary policy and exchange rate movements. By imposing a long‐run neutrality restriction on the real exchange rate, thereby allowing the interest rate and the exchange rate to react simultaneously to news, I find considerable interdependence between monetary policy and the exchange rate. In particular, following a contractionary monetary policy shock, the real exchange rate immediately appreciates, after which it gradually depreciates back to the baseline. The results are found to be consistent with findings from an “event study”.     

Rational expectations,market shocks,and the exchange rate

The world economy has been subjected to numerous real shocks in recent years. In addition, purchasing-power parity seems to have collapsed. Critics of the monetary approach to the exchange rate have been quick to draw attention to these facts. This paper extends the basic framework of the monetary approach so that it provides a useful tool for explaining the impact of real shocks on the exchange rate and so that it is compatible with the existence of significant deviations from purchasing-power parity. The real shocks that are discussed include changes in commercial policy, the terms of trade, and productivity. It is demonstrated that real shocks influence the exchange rate through two distinct channels—a real-income channel and a deviations from purchasing-power-parity channel.     

The Real Exchange Rate Always Floats

This paper makes two main points. First, irrespective of nominal exchange rate arrangements, the real exchange rate always floats — if not through nominal exchange rate adjustment, then through price change. Further, because prices and wages tend to be sticky, the adjustment of real exchange rates towards long–run equilibrium takes time, as witnessed by long–lasting currency misalignments around the world. In second place, real exchange rates are rather likely to fluctuate on their way towards long–run equilibrium because of the dynamic interaction between real exchange rates and the current account or, put differently, because the structure of lags with which exchange rates impact the volume of exports and imports may give rise to oscillatory behaviour.     

Does Productivity Growth Appreciate the Real Exchange Rate?*

Revisiting the time‐honored link between productivity growth and the real exchange rate, we find that higher labor productivity tends to appreciate the real exchange rate, consistent with the traditional view. Contrary to the traditional view, however, we find that the positive productivity effect is transmitted through the relative price between tradable goods, rather than through the relative price between tradables and nontradables. Moreover, higher total factor productivity is found to often depreciate the real exchange rate. These latter two pieces of evidence, combined with the conceptual strength of total factor productivity over labor productivity as a productivity measure, call for further refinement of the conventional view regarding the effect of productivity on the real exchange rate.     

Nonlinear Adjustment in Law of One Price Deviations and Physical Characteristics of Goods

At a level of individual goods, heterogeneity of marginal transaction costs, proxied by price-to-weight ratios and stowage factors, explains a large part of the variation in thresholds of no-adjustment and conditional half-lives of law of one price deviations. Prices of heavier (more voluminous) goods deviate further before becoming mean-reverting. Moreover, after becoming mean-reverting, prices of heavier goods converge more slowly. Together with measures of pricing power, market size, distance, and exchange rate volatility, these factors explain up to 43% of variation in no-adjustment threshold estimates across 52 goods in US–Canada post-Bretton Woods monthly CPI data and are robust in a broader five-country dataset. They open two avenues for the importance of marginal transaction costs in accounting for real exchange rate persistence: through (a) generating persistence in individual real exchange rate components, and (b) accentuating it by the aggregation of heterogeneous components ("aggregation bias" of Imbs et al., 2005a ).     

中国均衡实际有效汇率:一个总量一般均衡分析

亚洲金融危机时期中国实行事实上的盯住美元制度 ,同时亚洲各国的汇率水平进行了重新调整。本文探讨在亚洲金融危机以前及危机期间中国实际有效汇率的“均衡”水平。假定一系列不同的贸易差额 ,我们运用扩展了的Devarajan Lewis Robinson三商品一般均衡模型估计均衡实际有效汇率的不同时间路径。模型的关键要素是要有进口品和出口品价格指数的时间序列资料。鉴于这些价格指数从其他渠道无法获得 ,作者利用贸易数字构造了这些指数。研究发现在亚洲金融危机之前的 4年内中国的实际有效汇率低于均衡汇率 ,这部分地缘于外汇储备的快速累积。与事实相反 ,如果假设在此期间 ,每年不超过 1 0 %的出口收入转化为外汇储备 ,则中国的实际有效汇率将会比现在高 5%到 1 2 %