外商直接投资对中国的技术溢出-一个基于中国省区面板数据的研究

利用中国29个省区1994—2003年的面板数据,本文研究了外商直接投资对中国省区经济增长效率的影响,结果显示,相对于国内企业,外资企业具有相对较高的技术效率,外商直接投资对中国省区技术效率的提高有显著的溢出效应,外商直接投资的技术溢出呈现一种区域的差异性,而对外贸易对中国省区的技术效率并没有产生明显的技术溢出,在分区域研究的时候发现,对外贸易对西部省区技术效率的提高产生了显著的抑制作用。     

外商直接投资对中国的技术溢出——一个基于中国省区面板数据的研究

利用中国29个省区1994--2003年的面板数据，本文研究了外商直接投资对中国省区经济增长效率的影响，结果显示，相对于国内企业，外资企业具有相对较高的技术效率，外商直接投资对中国省区技术效率的提高有显著的溢出效应，外商直接投资的技术溢出呈现一种区域的差异性，而对外贸易对中国省区的技术效率并没有产生明显的技术溢出，在分区域研究的时候发现，对外贸易对西部省区技术效率的提高产生了显著的抑制作用。     

外商直接投资（IFDI）、区域创新与财政补贴——基于门槛模型的实证研究

以技术创新为核心推动经济长期增长和产业结构调整已成为我国经济可持续发展的主题。引入外商直接投资是促进技术创新的重要途径,但也会受到地方政府不同政策环境的调节作用。因此,基于2010—2019年中国省级面板数据,将外资技术溢出、区域创新能力及地方财政科技补贴纳入同一研究框架中,研究外资对区域创新能力影响的财政科技补贴门槛效应。结果表明：外商直接投资（IFDI）技术溢出对我国区域创新能力提升有显著的促进作用,且地方财政科技补贴的水平越高,外商直接投资（IFDI）技术溢出对区域创新能力的提升作用越显著,但我国大部分省份未能跨越财政补贴门槛。这一结论为外商直接投资（IFDI）产生溢出效应的条件提供了新思路,对我国各省份制定外资引进政策以促进自主创新能力具有重要启示。     

对外开放对中国技术创新能力影响的实证研究——基于时间序列数据的VAR模型分析

对外贸易、外商在华直接投资和吸收海外人力资本是中国对外开放过程中利用国际知识溢出效应的重要渠道,其对提升中国技术创新水平、加速经济增长具有重要作用。深入探讨了对外贸易、海外人力资本、外商在华直接投资与中国技术创新能力提升之间的关系,并运用VAR模型进行了实证检验。结果显示,对外贸易和利用海外人力资本对中国技术创新能力的提高存在较强的正效应,而外商在华直接投资则存在一定局限性。     

技术溢出的主渠道:外商直接投资还是进口?——一个文献综述与评论

目前国内外学者主要是从外商直接投资和进口贸易两个方面研究技术溢出的效应。基于C-D生产函数对外商直接投资技术溢出效应的研究表明流入发达国家、发展中国家的外商直接投资技术溢出效应的结论有三种:正效应、负效应和有条件存在技术溢出效应。行业特征、区域差异、技术特质、吸收能力、市场结构和对外开放程度等因素都对外商直接投资的技术外溢效应产生影响,这是外商直接投资在不同东道国技术外溢效应产生差异的原因。进口是一国获得技术溢出效应的重要途径。基于C-H模型和LP算法,从不同的研究视角对进口贸易技术溢出效应的研究发现:进口贸易的技术溢出在一定条件下存在"门槛效应",并且这种技术溢出要与东道国的吸收能力结合才更具效果。对于外商直接投资和进口贸易的技术溢出效应是否同时存在,目前还没有一致的结论。     

知识产权保护对外商直接投资溢出效应影响的研究——基于中国高技术产业的实证分析

知识产权保护是影响外商直接投资水平和垂直溢出效应的重要因素,尤其是《与贸易有关的知识产权协议》签订以来,知识产权保护对外商直接投资溢出效应的作用更是日益显著。运用面板数据,对中国高技术产业1996-2005年15个行业的分析显示:高技术产业中的外商直接投资对内资企业的技术进步具有显著的水平和垂直溢出效应,其中垂直溢出效应较水平溢出效应更为显著;现阶段的知识产权保护抑制了高技术产业中外商直接投资的水平和垂直溢出效应。上述分析表明:知识产权保护应以促进国内研发为出发点,兼顾外商直接投资的溢出效应。     

基于空间效应视角的国际研发资本技术溢出对碳生产率的影响研究

文章构建了国际研发资本技术溢出影响碳生产率的空间效应模型,利用2001—2014年中国30个省份的空间面板数据进行实证研究,并对国际研发资本技术溢出的直接溢出和间接溢出效应进行分解,结果显示:外商直接投资和进口贸易不仅促进了本区域碳生产率的提高,而且间接地提高了其他区域的碳生产率;国外引进技术合同直接效应对本区域碳生产率具有显著的提升作用,但是降低了其他区域的碳生产率。     

外商直接投资的知识溢出与中国区域经济增长

本文构建了包括国内知识资本、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出和地区技术进步的分析框架,通过中国29个省(直辖市、自治区)1992—2006年的面板数据检验了中国区域R&D投入、外商在华直接投资的知识溢出对地区技术进步的影响。研究表明:地区自身科技投入是推动地区技术进步的最主要因素;受中国目前引资结构和质量的影响,外商在华直接投资的知识溢出效应特别是通过FDI企业在当地从事生产活动带来的知识溢出效应并不明显;FDI渠道传递的外国R&D资本对技术进步的促进作用与当地的经济、科技发展水平有着密切关系。在上述结论的基础上,论文对中国FDI引资战略和区域经济发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

外商直接投资、知识溢出影响区域创新水平的实证研究

外商直接投资通常被认为是先进技术的源头,知识溢出是传播技术、实现区域创新的重要渠道。本文构建结构方程模型,运用我国30个省级行政区(西藏及港澳台地区除外)2000—2010年11年的数据,分析了外商直接投资、知识溢出对区域创新水平的影响。研究表明外商直接投资不利于我国区域创新水平提高,知识溢出促进了区域创新产出,但影响较为有限。在此基础上提出五点建议:不断改善投资环境,加大力度优化引资结构,提升知识溢出吸收能力,加强区域开放协同创新,提高区域创新主体能力。     

外商直接投资对我国技术进步效应的测度

改革开放以来,中国已成为仅次于美国和英国的第三大外商直接投资接受国。实践表明,外商直接投资对我国区域经济增长的贡献主要体现在经济效应和技术溢出效应等方面。外国资本通过投资我国现代制造业产生了效益,提高了资本密集程度和劳动生产率,也是我国工业化的催化剂。本文通过建立用外商直接投资将技术进步内生化的增长模型,定量测算了我国FDI的技术进步效应。     

An empirical note on international R&D spillovers

Whether international R&D spillovers are global and trade-related is still a debated issue. By adopting two specifications that nest models previously estimated in the literature, we test the hypothesis that international R&D spillovers are global and trade-unrelated for a sample of OECD countries over the period 1971–2004. In particular, via a randomization exercise, we reject the null hypothesis of a “global pool of technology” and show that there are partitions of countries associated with relatively strong/weak knowledge spillovers. Then, we estimate a nonlinear specification that includes simultaneously geographical distance and international trade among the determinants of domestic TFP. We find robust evidence that both factors affect how foreign knowledge impacts on the domestic productivity of each recipient country.     

International R&D Spillovers: Trade,FDI, and Information Technology as Spillover Channels*

With the rapid pace of economic integration, the productivity of a country depends not only on domestic R&D, but also on foreign R&D through technology diffusion across countries. The advancement of information technology (IT) has made the international transmission of knowledge faster and more efficient, providing an important channel for international R&D spillovers. This paper investigates three channels of international R&D spillovers: trade, FDI, and information technology. Applying panel cointegration and dynamic OLS analysis to the data for 21 OECD countries plus Israel during the period from 1981 to 1998, we find that bilateral trade remains an important conduit for international R&D spillovers. Although bilateral FDI is found to be positively related to international R&D spillovers, their impact on productivity growth is relatively small. We also find that the development of information technology has played a more important role in international R&D spillovers and productivity growth in recent years.     

我国外贸技术溢出效应的国别差异分析

技术溢出是发展中国家追赶发达国家的重要路径,溢出的渠道包括国际贸易、FDI、R＆D合作、国外R＆D投资等。我们运用经拓展后的Coe＆Helpman的贸易溢出计量模型,试图将我国从商品贸易以及FDI中所获得的技术溢出纳入同一模型中加以综合分析,并对贸易带来的技术溢出效应进行国别差异分析,以判断不同类型国家对我国吸收技术溢出效应的影响。并在此基础上,提出了相应的政策建议。     

On `indirect' trade-related R&D spillovers

An influential literature argues that trade promotes knowledge flows and technology transmission between trading partners. This literature focuses on `direct' research and development (R&D) spillovers which are related to the levels of R&D produced by the trading partners. In this paper, we argue that `indirect' trade-related R&D spillovers also take place between countries, even if they do not trade with each other. These `indirect' spillovers are associated with available rather than with produced levels of R&D. Our empirical results suggest that these `indirect' trade-related spillovers are at least as important as the `direct' ones, and strengthen the view that trade does matter for the international transmission of R&D. They also suggest that, due to the existence of these `indirect' effects, bilateral trade patterns are relatively less important determinants of the level of foreign R&D spillovers acquired through trade.     

Do technology externalities justify restrictions on emission permit trading?

International emission trading is an important flexibility mechanism, but its use has been often restricted on the ground that access to international carbon credits can undermine the domestic abatement effort reducing the incentive to innovate and, eventually, lowering the pace of climate policy-induced technological change. This paper examines the economics that is behind these concerns by studying how a cap to the trade of carbon offsets influences innovation, technological change, and welfare. By using a standard game of abatement and R&D, we investigate the main mechanisms that shape these relationships. We also use a numerical integrated assessment model that features environmental and technology externalities to quantify how limits to the volume, the timing, and the regional allocation of carbon offsets affect climate policy costs and the incentive to invest in innovation and low-carbon technologies.Results indicate that, for moderate caps on the amount tradable emissions permits and sufficiently high technology spillovers, global innovation and technical change would increase and that this additional innovative effort could lead to economic efficiency gains. The numerical analysis confirms that when constraints are close to 15% of domestic abatement, efficiency losses are small because they are partly compensated by more technological spillovers and lower energy prices. Under a broad range of parameters, restrictions are costly for the constrained countries, but always beneficial for unconstrained ones.     

国际贸易、自主研发与高技术产业生产率增长

本文采用DEA方法测算了我国省际高技术产业的生产率及其分解的技术效率和技术进步,并运用动态面板GMM方法对国际贸易、自主研发与高技术产业生产率增长的关系进行了实证检验。研究结果表明:1998-2009年间,高技术产业技术效率出现了下降趋势,但其生产率增长和技术进步显著。高技术产业快速发展的国际贸易并没有促进其生产率增长,生产率增长和技术进步主要来源于持续的自主研发,而立足于自主研发途径的技术吸收也促进了生产率增长和技术进步。因此,在研发设计新产品过程中,高技术产业应具备生产中间产品的能力,减少对中间产品进口的依赖。促进高技术产业生产率增长主要取决于研发投入,但在加大研发投入的同时,应注重通过管理和制度创新提升技术效率。     

绿色壁垒对中国对外贸易的影响及对策

绿色壁垒是技术贸易壁垒的新发展,是一种新型的非关税壁垒,绿色壁垒成为影响中国国际贸易的一个重要因素。本文论述了绿色壁垒对中国国际贸易的不利影响,并提出了消除不利影响的对策建议。     

Inward Investment and Technical Progress in the United Kingdom Manufacturing Sector

This paper investigates the impact of direct investment by foreign‐owned companies on technical progress and hence labour productivity in the UK manufacturing sector. Using an industry‐level panel data set we find that foreign‐owned firms have a significant positive effect on the level of technical efficiency in domestic firms. There is evidence of significant intra‐industry and inter‐industry spillovers from inward investment. These findings remain robust even when other factors such as imports and domestic R&D expenditures are allowed for. Inward investment appears to be a much more important source of technical progress than foreign trade.     

R&D policy with layers of economic integration

This paper examines whether the optimal unilateral R&D policy for an open economy is a subsidy or a tax. It constructs a general equilibrium model with three successive layers of international integration: (a) trade in goods, (b) trade in technologies with international R&D spillovers and (c) internationally-coordinated R&D policy. Trade in technologies introduces the possibility that an R&D subsidy will have such strong, negative terms-of-trade effects that it harms domestic welfare. Numerical simulations of the OECD show this is a possibility for the US and Japan. With international R&D spillovers a domestic R&D subsidy may reduce domestic innovation.