The transparent organization: leadership in an open organization

The impersonal approach to health care leadership is over. Specialization, hierarchies, and impersonal decisions have led the public to distrust health care organizations. The charges of unnecessary cardiac surgery and abuses led the public to question our integrity. Annison and Wilford (1998) note that the character of a person and the character of an organization lead one to trust or distrust. They note that openness is one of the most important characteristics upon which we judge the character of a person or an organization. As the operating framework of partnerships and transparency becomes one that our staff and patients expect, our ability to handle openness will be an important way in which we are judged.     

Gross job flows in Ukraine

This paper documents and analyses gross job flows and their determinants in Ukraine using a dataset of more than 2200 Ukrainian firms operating in manufacturing and non‐manufacturing for the years 1998–2000. Job destruction dominates job creation in both 1999 and 2000. Another clear‐cut result of our analysis is the strong positive effect of new private firms on net employment growth. We also find an inverse relationship between job reallocation and size for both manufacturing and non‐manufacturing, while only in the latter sector is employment growth inversely related with size. The main focus of the paper is the effect of trade flows on employment adjustment in manufacturing. Our results show that both employment growth and job reallocation at the firm and two‐digit sector level are affected by strong exposure to import competition and product market competition in export markets. These effects are more pronounced when we consider trade flows to the world at large and to the EU than when the analysis is based on trade flows to the CIS. JEL Classifications: E24, F14, J63, P23.     

乌克兰科技发展现状的研究

2009年，金融危机肆虐全球，给乌克兰的经济体系带来重创。本文探讨了在金融危机下乌克兰的科学技术的发展现状、研发经费投入等。从中可以看出，乌克兰凭借其雄厚的科技实力取得了一定的科研成果。     

Enterprise performance and ownership: The case of Ukraine

In this paper, we use a unique enterprise level random survey of 150 firms in Ukraine to test hypotheses on the relationship between enterprise performance and ownership in transitional economies. In particular, we explore whether privatisation has yielded improved company performance and whether specific ownership forms (insider, manager, worker, and outsider) have led to differentiated behaviour at the enterprise level. Our analysis also explores the determinants and ramifications of barter, a widespread phenomenon across the former Soviet Union. We refute the hypothesis that private ownership per se is associated with improved performance, and try to isolate any positive performance effects from outsider ownership. However, we do isolate some clear ownership effects, associated with insider ownership. We find barter to be associated with lower profitability, and to be less common in privatised firms.     

Resource misallocation and manufacturing productivity: The case of Ukraine

Applying Hsieh and Klenow (2009) methodology, and using the dataset of 47,497 unique establishments over the period of 2002–2010, I investigate the effects of resource misallocation on the productivity of Ukrainian manufacturing. Empirical results show that there is a significant resource misallocation in Ukrainian manufacturing. If it were the case that all market distortions were eliminated, manufacturing productivity could triple, whereas if Ukraine was as distorted as the US or EU, it could be twice more productive than it is now. The results also show that most enterprises should downsize their level of production and that the major reallocations of resources occur among the most and the least productive enterprises.     

The impact of non-cognitive skills and risk preferences on rural-to-urban migration in Ukraine

This paper provides evidence on the impact of non-cognitive skills and attitudes towards risk on the decision to migrate from rural to urban areas. Our analysis is based on a unique four-wave panel of the Ukrainian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey for the period between 2003 and 2012. Adopting the Five Factor Model of personality structure, and using it in the evaluation of non-cognitive skills, our results suggest that the personality trait openness to new experience increases the probability of migration. On the other hand, the non-cognitive skills conscientiousness and agreeableness are found to be negatively associated with the propensity to migrate. The impact of an increased willingness to take risks is more complex in that it increases the proclivity to move from rural areas to cities but lowers the migration intention from rural areas to towns. The effects are quantitatively significant and are robust to several sensitivity checks, including tests of reverse causality.     

The Great Recession and social preferences: Evidence from Ukraine

We use detailed survey data to document stark differences between West and East Ukraine when it comes to household attitudes toward market-based economies and democratic institutions. Along both of these dimensions, Eastern Ukrainians are decidedly less supportive of liberal systems. We also find that economic attitudes changed in response to the global financial crisis. West Ukrainian households who were affected more extensively by the crisis were more disappointed with the market and private ownership, while in Eastern Ukraine economic attitudes became less pro-market across the board. Our evidence suggests that attitudes and values are determined by both deep-rooted factors and more transient macroeconomic shocks.     

Trading hard hats for combat helmets: The economics of rebellion in eastern Ukraine

Using new micro-level data on violence in Eastern Ukraine, this paper evaluates the relative merits of ‘identity-based’ and ‘economic’ explanations of civil conflict. The first view expects rebellion to be most likely in areas home to the geographic concentration of ethnolinguistic minorities. The second expects more rebel activity where the opportunity costs of insurrection are low. Evidence from the armed conflict in Ukraine supports the second view more than the first. A municipality’s prewar employment mix is a more robust predictor of rebel activity than local ethnolinguistic composition. Municipalities more exposed to trade shocks with Russia experienced a higher intensity of rebel violence throughout the conflict. Such localities also fell under rebel control earlier – and took longer for the government to liberate – than municipalities where the labor force was less dependent on exports to Russia.     

The volatile relationship between deficits and inflation in Ukraine, 1992-1996

This paper compares the annual average of inflation in Ukraine, from 1992 to 1996, with its steady-state tendency each year. The steady-state tendency is, in turn, computed from data on monetary velocity and on the proportion of the total public deficit financed by domestic monetary emissions. Velocity is that of the base of the inflation tax in the steady-state, namely household M2 plus a fraction of enterprise M2. The use of this concept rather than high-powered money corresponds to the public and quasi-public nature of most commercial banks and many large and medium-sized enterprises until 1996. The demonstrated rough correspondence between actual inflation and calculated, steady-state inflation confirms the validity of the underlying monetary model.     

The impact of equity ownership groups on investment: Evidence from Ukraine

We empirically investigate the impact of different ownership groups on companies’ investment in Ukraine with a novel dynamic investment model where investment is based on present and historical levels of profitability (market-to-book value of equity) and lagged investment. Groups include state, insider, non-domestic, financial and financial and industrial group (FIG) ownership. Contrary to the literature, we find that the past level of profitability significantly affects investment; the majority presence of and increases in state ownership have a negative impact on firms’ investment, as is the case for non-domestic and financial companies’ ownership. Insider and FIG ownership have no impact on investment. We explain the results by the extent of liquidity concerns (hard and soft budget constraints), measured by cash flow interacted with a dummy variable of majority ownership of the respective group, and the extent of asset stripping for the corresponding ownership group and relate them to over- and under-investment, and to the free cash flow or cash constraint hypothesis.     

The spatial organization of multinational firms

Abstract Using six years of firm‐level data covering 224 regions of the enlarged European Union, we evaluate the importance to a firm of locating its activities (production, headquarters, R&D, logistics and sales) close together. We find that, after controlling for regional characteristics, being closely located to a previous investment positively affects firm location choice. However, the impact of distance is dependent on the type of investment (production or service). The impact dies out faster for service activities. Finally, we show that a surprisingly positive effect comes from locating a new production plant close to an existing production investment, but in another country.     

The economic basis of social organization

Cereal production as an origin of class societies and dowry as a factor of disintegration of parental authority are, among others, some of the specific results of this study. Beyond these partial conclusions the processing, through multiple correspondence analysis, of the ethnographic data collected in Murdock's Atlas makes it possible to weigh the decisive factors in the formation of human societies, to indicate their role in the functioning of collective life, and to rough out a typology of the modes of social organization.     

The power of negative thinking: corruption,perception and willingness to bribe in Ukraine

This study provides an empirical analysis of the association between corruption perception and the willingness to offer bribes, as well as of the influence of different sources of information on corruption perception in the Ukraine. The higher the perceived corruption in an organization, the more probable it is that a person dealing with that organization will offer a bribe, therefore supporting corruption. Since corruption scandals in Ukraine seldom result in legal action, information about corruption in the mass media might actually encourage people to give bribes. This study found that corruption perception is one of the key factors in giving a bribe and that its positive/negative effects strongly depend on institutions and government policies.     

企业组织结构演变与我国企业组织结构变革

企业组织结构作为对企业管理进行的组织设计，是随着经济的发展和科学技术的进步而不断演变的，近一、二十年来，由于知识经济的兴起和信息革命的推动，网络型结构和虚拟企业正作为企业组织创新的形式不断涌现。我国的企业组织结构目前尚未彻底突破旧的传统模式的框框，应借鉴国外的宝贵经验，积极、稳妥地推进其调整和变革。     

Disorganization in the process of transition Firm-level evidence from Ukraine

Most post-communist economies are characterized by an initial collapse in aggregate output. Blanchard and Kremer (1997) and Roland and Verdier (1997) have recently modelled supply-side distortions – disorganization in the links of production – that can lead to a short-term output contraction after market liberalization and a recovery thereafter. This paper is the first to illustrate and test the effects of disorganization in the transition process by using a unique dataset of 300 Ukrainian firms. Our results show that for firms that existed under central planning, disorganization constrains employment and productivity growth during the transition process to a market economy. We also show that the effects of disorganization are greater the more out-dated the capital stock inheritance from the planning system. In contrast, disorganization plays no role in the determination of employment and productivity growth in newly established private firms.
JEL classification: P0, O0, D0.     

对乌克兰科技创新发展经济的认识

科技创新发展经济是全球科技与经济发展的趋势，本文研究了乌克兰在经济转型期依赖科技创新发展经济的一些主要政策和措施，对我国开展技术创新与发展经济有一定的借鉴意义。