武汉市人口年龄结构变动与居民消费

本文以绝对收入假说作为理论基础,引入标准消费人概念,间接将人口年龄结构作为变量引入消费函数.通过对武汉市2000年以来的时间序列数据进行分析,得出人口年龄结构变动对消费的影响程度.结果表明由于武汉市老年人口的消费水平低于标准消费人,因此随着人口老龄化程度的加深,未来的总消费和消费率水平会相对降低.武汉市为进一步促进消费增长,应当对人口结构变化产生的社会文化与个体经济背景变化给予充分的重视.     

人口年龄结构对农村居民消费的影响研究——以浙江省为例

以生命周期假说为依据,通过引入人口年龄结构因素,构建了消费理论模型;利用2003~2011年的浙江省地市级面板数据,考察了少儿人口抚养比、老年人口抚养比与农村居民消费之间的关系。实证结果表明,少儿人口抚养比对农村居民消费呈显著的负向作用,少儿人口抚养比每增加1个单位,消费将平均减少0.044%;老年人口抚养比对农村居民消费呈显著的正向作用,老年人口抚养比每增加1个单位,消费将平均增加0.76%。当前浙江省少儿人口抚养比呈递减态势,而老年人口抚养比则呈递增态势,两者协同促进了农村居民的消费。     

人口规模和结构变化对经济增长和社会福利的影响——理论分析和实证检验

基于RCK模型,放松了效用贴现因子不变的假设,将人口规模和人口结构的变化与时间偏好相结合,从理论和实证两个方面分析了人口因素(即人口规模和人口年龄结构)对经济增长、稳态消费和社会福利的影响。理论模型的分析结果显示:稳态消费和产出两者均与人口规模之间存在倒U型关系,劳动年龄人口占比与人均产出和人均消费正相关,技术进步能够提高稳态资本和产出。基于1996—2013年中国省际面板数据的实证分析结果验证了理论模型的结论,即人均产出和人均消费与人口规模之间存在倒U型关系,技术进步可以促进经济增长和消费、减小人口问题的负面影响。     

人口年龄结构和棘轮效应对居民消费的影响

本文利用1978-2015年人均居民收入、少儿抚养比、老年抚养比等宏观数据,对影响居民消费的因素进行了实证研究,并且引入滞后期居民消费变量度量棘轮效应.研究发现:人均居民消费不仅受到收入的影响,同时受到人口年龄结构和上期居民消费的影响;随着时间的延长,人均居民消费受到收入、人口年龄结构和棘轮效应的影响比较大;少儿对消费的影响较弱,而老年人对消费的影响相比之下较强.     

人口年龄结构、工资与区域经济增长——基于1995—2015年中国省级面板数据的实证分析

由人口年龄结构转变带来的人口抚养负担对经济增长产生的阻力能否由工资的正向调节配置而发生逆转呢?就此问题,利用中国1995—2015年省级面板数据以及多种识别策略实证分析了人口年龄结构与工资对我国区域经济增长的影响,着重探讨了工资上涨对人口年龄结构和区域经济增长的调节效应及传导机制。研究结果表明:政策引致的总抚养比迅速下降有利于中国区域经济的增长,总抚养比、少儿抚养比与工资的交互效应显著为正,说明总人口负担对经济增长的抑制效应随着工资的上涨而被弱化,少儿抚养比的下降对经济增长的贡献随着工资的上涨而被强化。合理的工资上涨不仅能有效调节家庭资产配置、减轻社会人口抚养负担、提高社会劳动生产率,而且能够通过影响社会储蓄和消费影响作用于经济增长。     

黑龙江省人口年龄结构对经济增长影响实证研究

在对黑龙江省人口年龄结构现状进行分析的基础上,选取黑龙江省2000—2019年的人口年龄结构与经济增长的相关数据,利用Stata16.0对人口结构变化与经济增长之间的关系进行实证检验。回归分析结果显示,黑龙江省人口年龄结构与经济增长速度存在相关性,老年抚养比对经济的增长存在显著的负向作用。建议地方政府尽快完善相关配套政策,优化黑龙江省人口年龄结构,促进地方经济增长。     

人口类型各标准一致性的统计检验——以山东省人口年龄结构为例

国际上通用的划分人口类型的标准是否有差异,本文以山东省部分年份的人口年龄结构为例,使用统计假设检验及其中心极限定理两种方法对各标准的一致性作了检验,同时,依此将山东省与全国的人口年龄结构作了对比,并对山东省的人口年龄结构进行了分析.     

人口类型各标准一致牲的统计检验——以山东省人口年龄结构为例

国际上通用的划分人口类型的标准是否有差异，本文以山东省部分年份的人口年龄结构为例，使用统计假设检验及其中心极限定理两种方法对各标准的一致性作了检验，同时。依此将山东省与全国的人口年龄结构作了对比，并对山东省的人口年龄结构进行了分析。     

人口年龄结构变化对我国城镇化发展的影响

以人口年龄结构与城镇化的联系为主题展开研究,并从多个方面分析了我国人口年龄结构和城镇化的现状及相互关系,以计划生育政策为切入点,探讨了我国不同时期人口年龄结构的变化以及与之对应的城镇化进程的关系;阐述了目前我国城镇化中面临的人口年龄结构方面的一些矛盾。采用聚类方法分析了我国人口年龄结构区域差异和我国城镇化发展的区域不均衡问题。最后,结合我国国情,提出了人口结构变化趋势下推进我国城镇化发展的对策。     

论年龄结构与居民消费的经验关系

本文总结了人口年龄结构与居民消费之间关系的理论研究成果,并以日本等亚洲国家为例,分析了人口年龄结构与居民消费之间的经验关系.但人口年龄结构与居民消费之间是否存在稳定的关系,尚待更广泛国际证据的支持.     

Growth Miracle or Endangered Development? Vested Interests,Policy-Making,and Economic Development in the Dominican Republic

The Dominican Republic is often considered among the most successful developing countries, based primarily on its high and relatively sustained growth rates over the last two decades. On the other hand, indicators of human and social development, healthcare, and education have been particularly poor. I argue that the polarization of economic power plays an important role for this development. Furthermore, I analyze the structure of the Dominican economy in order to show that the country has relied on tourism, services, and special economic zones to obtain relatively high growth rates. These activities do not require high-skilled labor and will not allow the economy to generate high incomes for the population, but benefit a few families who control most conglomerates. In turn, this explains low investment in education and social spending, as well as low taxation rates.     

The Impact of Power Equality,Income, and the Environment on Human Health: Some Inter‐Country Comparisons

Economic studies on environmental degradation generally have a narrow focus on per capita income as an explanatory variable, and often fail to distinguish among the various types of environmental quality or damage. This paper addresses both problems by examining the effect of relative equality in the distribution of power on environmental outcomes, and making a clear distinction between health‐related environmental outcomes and so‐called ‘environmental amenities,’ only the latter of which should correlate strongly with income. This paper introduces a national index of power equality that is derived from related socioeconomic variables, and studies its effects on individual country achievement in addressing environmental quality and population health. This model is applied to a data set of 180 countries, as well as to subgroups of the entire country set. Employing disability‐adjusted life expectancy and the population child mortality rate as two health proxies, this paper finds that power equality in most cases positively influences population health, and that power equality is in every case no worse and in some cases better than per capita income at explaining population health.     

The demographic situation in the European countries of COMECON

The author describes the current unfavorable trends in natural population growth in the Socialist countries of Eastern Europe, excluding the USSR. Such trends include a reduction in fertility, an increase in male mortality, and an aging of the population. The author also examines variations in life expectancy be sex and country, age at marriage by country, and the provision of preschool facilities for young children. Recent pro-natalist measures adopted in various countries are also examined.     

基于股权分置的上市公司资本结构分析

上市公司资本结构在国内外都有研究,我国上市公司资本结构的研究在发达国家研究的基础上也有不少成果,但都是在成熟的资本市场和股票全流通的前提下的,由于我国特殊的资本市场结构和股票流通结构状况使得用资本结构理论不能解释我国上市公司资本结构现状和特点。笔者就我国特殊的股票流通结构来解释上市公司资本结构,得出股权分置是我国上市公司扭曲的资本结构形成的重要原因。     

Population growth and the transfer paradox in an overlapping generations model

This study investigates whether the transfer paradox (donor enrichment and/or recipient impoverishment) occurs when a donor and a recipient have different population growth rates by using a one‐sector, two‐country overlapping generations model. We show that if the population growth rates differ, neither donor enrichment nor recipient impoverishment occurs in the steady state under dynamic efficiency. This result is in stark contrast to the existing results that the transfer paradox might occur when a donor and a recipient country have different marginal propensities to save, assuming that both have the same population growth rate. Furthermore, we present the condition for the transfer problem to occur on the transition path and show that the transfer paradox is less likely to occur as the economy converges to the steady state. Our result shows that the prevailing finding that the transfer paradox can occur in an overlapping generations model is limited to the special case of countries having the same population growth rate.     

基于基本公共服务均等化的财政政策分析

基本公共服务均等化是我国建设和谐社会的重要目标,有效的财政政策是实现基本公共服务均等化的重要基础和保障。在实现基本公共服务均等化的过程中,我国政府存在财政责任划分不明确、财政投入总量不足、财政资源配置不均衡、财政专项转移支付制度不合理等问题。解决这些问题,就需建立权责明确的公共财政体制,调整财政支出结构,优化财政资源配置,改革转移支付制度。     

充分兑现人口红利实现经济持续增长

经济发展和人口问题密切相关.改革开放以来,中国经济的高速发展,离不开人口红利的贡献.人口转变过程的特殊性,使得中国的人口红利来得早,也去得快.如何抓住这短暂的历史机遇,如何挖掘人口红利的巨大效应,从而发挥劳动力资源优势,提高劳动力配置效率,这不仅是中国获得经济持续高速发展的重要手段,也是迎接老龄化社会到来的当务之急.实现劳动力充分就业,消除城乡流动的障碍,提高劳动力素质,选择可持续的养老保障模式应成为促进人口红利兑现的重要途径.     

EU Enlargement and the Future of the Welfare State

The eastern enlargement of the EU resembles German unification in its momentousness. Whereas the latter led to a 26% increase in the population of the Federal Republic, the former will increase the population of the EU by 28% if all ten entry aspirants are accepted. A special problem will be posed by migration. Given the existing wage differences between eastern and western European countries, a massive westward migration can be expected after enlargement. A temporary east–to–west migration until the eastern countries create an efficient capital stock makes economic sense if this is driven by wage differences and meets with a flexible labour market. Migration does not make economic sense, however, if, and to the extent that, it is induced by the current social assistance systems. Moreover, welfare–motivated migration would create competition among western European states to frighten off potential migrants, and this would lead to an erosion of the traditional social welfare state. If the EU plan incorporated limitation on the free movement of labour, beneficial migration would also cease. A better solution would be to limit access to the western social systems, at least for a transitional period, in order to filter out migration induced by differing social standards. An EU–wide application of the home–country principle in the granting of social benefits would achieve this goal.     

International knowledge spillovers in the wind power industry: evidence from the European Union

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the presence of international knowledge spillovers in the wind power sector. Specifically, the paper investigates whether successful invention efforts in one country, measured by way of granted wind power patent counts, have had positive effects on the neighboring countries’ abilities to generate patents of the same category. Data on the number of patents granted at the European Patent Office during the period 1978–2008 are used for the eight national technological leaders in the western European wind power sector. The few comprehensive wind power studies that exist have only found limited evidence of international knowledge spillovers. However, in this paper, we find that international spillovers are statistically significant determinants of a country’s wind power patenting outcomes. Geographical distance is also taken into consideration, and the knowledge spillover effects are shown to become stronger with decreases in this distance. The results should have important policy implications, for example, for a national government when it comes to applying an investment strategy in wind power or, alternatively, free-riding on other countries’ invention efforts.     

Purchasing power parity and country characteristics: Evidence from panel data tests

We examine long-run purchasing power parity (PPP) using panel data methods to test for unit roots in US dollar real exchange rates of 84 countries. We find stronger evidence of PPP in countries more open to trade, closer to the United States, with lower inflation and moderate nominal exchange rate volatility, and with similar economic growth rates as the United States. We also show that PPP holds for panels of European and Latin American countries, but not for African and Asian countries. Our findings demonstrate that country characteristics can help explain both adherence to and deviations from long-run PPP.