Nonfarm Employment and Poverty Alleviation of Rural Farm Households in Honduras

This paper analyzes the role of nonfarm income of rural farm households in Honduras. It uses the national income and expenditure survey from 1993 to 1994. Income from nonfarm wage and self-employment represents 16–25% of farm household income and is especially important for middle and higher income strata. Nonfarm wage labor is geographically concentrated in small rural towns and in the industrial free zones located in the Northern region, while self-employment is particularly developed in the Southern region. Access to nonfarm wage employment is confined to educated individuals that belong to large households, while female members of wealthier households are mainly involved in self-employment. Food security is strongly enhanced through the engagement in nonfarm activities. Moreover, nonfarm income enables farmers to purchase external inputs for improving yields and labor productivity. Suitable policies to enhance nonfarm employment include education, training, and technical assistance to reduce labor intensity in agricultural production, as well as public investment and credit services to improve access to nonfarm activities.     

高校贫困学生党员就业困境分析及对策研究

由于当前国际经济下行,国内经济形势严峻,我国目前整体的就业形势不容乐观,大学生就业难已经成为摆在全民面前的一个重大问题。近年来,国家出台了大量助学政策,加大了对贫困大学生的资助力度,使贫困大学生数量在高校中日益增多。这部分群体包含一部分学生党员。学生党员作为高校学生群体中的佼佼者,他们就业难愈加凸显了高校贫困学生的就业困难。面对贫困党员毕业生的就业困境,社会和高校都应采取多种措施,促进贫困学生就业。     

改善资源分配,增强贫困人口就业能力

一、促进就业应置于反贫困战略的优先地位 关于加入世贸组织对中国经济的影响,最常见的说法是利弊相兼,机遇和挑战并存.实质上,机遇和利益不会从天而降,机遇需要政府和国民在变化着的社会经济框架中去捕捉,而这一框架性的改变对缺少国际竞争力的行业和人群带来的损失,则是即将实实在在地降临,而且是必须应对的.我国绝大多数贫困人口从事农业,而农业正是加入世贸组织后即刻就要遭受国外高效率商品和服务进口冲击的行业.根据《了望新闻周刊》最近发布的信息[1],中国加入世贸组织后农业将大约损失1000万个就业机会.这其中的含义,就在于那些不具备竞争力的小农按现行价格将卖不出去自己的农产品,直接后果是农户的农业收入大幅度下降和贫困人口的增加.现有的贫困农户农业商品率本来就不高,通过改善农业生产状况来脱离贫困的可能性显然在减少.     

基于能力贫困与权利贫困视角的我国城市贫困原因分析——以甘肃省为例

城市贫困问题已成为中国改革和发展中急需解决的重要问题,治理城市贫困关系到稳定大局,实现“共同富裕”的发展目标,也是全面建设小康社会的必然要求。本文从能力贫困和权利贫困角度出发,结合甘肃省具体情况,对我国城市贫困原因进行了分析,并提出一些建议。     

贫困问题与广东扶贫措施浅析

如何搞好扶贫工作是解决“三农”问题的重要内容，本文通过贫困问题的解读和广东扶贫措施的回顾和分析，使我们了解什么是贫困，扶贫的重点应放在哪里，以及应注意避免哪些误区。     

Poverty and protectionism

The United States had a trade deficit of $170 billion in 1987 and, even though the value of the dollar has been declining, the deficit has shown no consistent pattern of improvement. The magnitude and persistence of the trade imbalance has led to a great deal of discussion of its impact on the U.S. economy and of policies that might be used to correct the imbalance. One major consideration that is often overlooked is the distributional and equity effect of the trade situation on the poor. While some advocates embrace protectionist policies as a means of “saving” jobs for low-income Americans, others argue that these measures raise the cost of goods used by the poor with no guarantee that jobs are actually saved. The following article reviews the available evidence on the position of low-income Americans under a policy of protectionism.     

如何做好易地扶贫搬迁后续就业帮扶

易地扶贫搬迁计划实施后,我国秦巴山区贫困人口稳就业、能致富仍然需要后续帮扶。研究选取了秦巴山区 4 县 1 区的 3015 户易地扶贫搬迁户作为调查对象,通过因子分析对各指标进行归类,再综合运用组合赋权对其进行最后的权重排序,得出影响搬迁户后续就业的主要因素分别是：就业能力、就业方式、就业观念、就业质量和就业信息因素。最后,从提升综合素质、丰富就业方式、优化就业环境三个方面做好易地扶贫搬迁后续就业。     

社会保障制度中贫困线和贫困率的测算

确定合理的贫困标准和贫困线是建立社会保障制度的重要一环。本文从贫困的定义与分类出发,论述了计算贫困线和贫困率的几种主要方法,然后提出了利用收入分布函数计算贫困线和贫困率的新方法。本文还同时提出了一种拟合收入分组数据的分布函数,效果十分理想。收入分布函数的拟合是本文所提出的算法之关键,计算结果的准确性直接取决于分布函数的拟合质量。本文将生物学中常用的逻辑期蒂函数稍加变形应用于收入分布函数的拟合取得了理想效果,并给出了计算这例。     

保险扶贫的减贫效果分析

贫困问题是当今世界最尖锐的社会问题之一,为了解决我国的贫困问题,精准扶贫概念已提出五年有余,保险扶贫作为精准扶贫的一大利器,其成效如何值得关注。本文利用2013年至2016年我国30个省(市、直辖区)的统计数据,运用固定效应模型对保险扶贫的减贫效果进行分析,研究发现保险业的发展确能有效促进贫困人口规模的减少,保险扶贫的相关手段应进一步推广,打造符合贫困群体实际需求的保险扶贫产品和服务体系,为实现全面脱贫奠定坚实基础。     

Poverty measures and definitions

In this article an attempt is made to explain what poverty means and how it is measured. Absolute income measures are discussed with reference to England, America, Australia and South Africa. These encompass the poverty line, the social security administration measure, the Henderson poverty line, the South African poverty datum line and the poverty gap. Relative income measures of poverty used in England, America and Australia are described. Absolute measures of poverty, the income‐net worth approach, a definition that includes other resources and a balance sheet method are explained. Socio‐economic measures are dealt with. These include the sociological concept of poverty, socio‐economic status measures and the culture of poverty view. Other measures described are public dependency and residential measures, mortality measures, a normative measure and subjective poverty.     

Targeting Poverty

Poverty reduction has been adopted as the official objective of many multilateral and bilateral development institutions. This paper argues that this focus needs to be clarified, especially the distinction between absolute and relative poverty. It argues that reduction of absolute poverty should be one of the objectives of foreign assistance, but not the sole objective. First, measures of absolute poverty are highly limited in scope. Second, the resources of foreign aid are fungible when recipient governments reallocate their own resources in response to the aid. Third, bilateral aid should reflect all the foreign policy objectives of the donor country.     

首都经济圈的贫困带成因与消除贫困的建议

文章通过对首都经济圈贫困带的区位、历史变迁、体制三方面贫困成因分析,提出立足长远制定和实施扶贫政策、借“首都经济圈一体化”之力解决“环首都贫困”、建立健全生态补偿机制的建议。     

首都经济圈的贫困带成因与清除贫困的建设

文章通过对首都经济圈贫困带的区位、历史变迁、体制三方面贫困成因分析,提出立足长远制定和实施扶贫政策、借首都经济圈一体化之力解决环首都贫困、建立健全生态补偿机制的建议.     

精准扶贫框架下的城市贫困治理

贫困问题是全球面临的重大难题,亦是古今中外治国理政的大事。我国为响应全球治理贫困的需求,同时为化解国内严峻的贫困形势,2013年在农村地区开始实行"精准扶贫"战略,实践取得了巨大成功。反观城市贫困人口的数量却一直居高不下,不仅缺乏精准化救助理念与形式,而且在治理主体与体系方面也缺少精准性,为实现城市与乡村的协调发展,也为实现共同富裕的目标,在分析精准扶贫对城市反贫困的契合基础上,欲运用精准扶贫作为指导,从救助理念、形式、主体、体系这四个方面进行精准化设计,实现精准性城市贫困治理。     

Emerging Urban Poverty and Effects of the Dibao Program on Alleviating Poverty in China

The present paper describes the current urban poverty situation,examines the factors affecting the probability of a household being in poverty and investigates how the urban minimum living standard guarantee (dibao) program helps poor people to get out of poverty. The targeting efficiency of the urban dibao program is discussed. The present study finds that the poverty rate of households with unemployed workers is much higher than that of households without unemployed workers. The urban dibao program is helpful in reducing poverty rates,but it does not reduce poverty rates too much. The government should place emphasis on helping laid-off and unemployed workers to become reemployed. The most urgent problem for the dibao program is improving the efficiency of targeting.     

互联网使用对农户多维贫困的减贫效应研究

农村多维贫困问题的研究有助于精准扶贫和乡村振兴战略的有效实施。本文基于2016 年中国家庭追踪调查数据库（CFPS）,运用A-F 测度方法对农户的多维贫困进行测度和分解,着重探讨了互联网使用对农户多维贫困的减贫效应。研究结果表明,财产性收入、农户家庭住房、生活燃料、受教育年限和社会保险等方面的贫困发生率较高;财产性收入、受教育年限对多维贫困的贡献率最大,在农户脱贫过程中起关键作用;农户家庭使用互联网对农户多维贫困的减贫效应显著,而且在高维贫困上的减贫效应更大,个体特征、家庭特征、村级特征等也都对多维贫困产生影响。因此,加大农村地区互联网基础设施建设力度,注重信息化的普及和推广,贯彻落实“互联网+”扶贫政策,能够有效解决贫困农户的“能力贫困”问题,有助于实现贫困户脱贫及脱贫质量的提高。     

China's War on Poverty: Assessing Targeting and the Growth Impacts of Poverty Programs

In this paper, we attempt to assess the effectiveness of China's Poverty Alleviation Programs in contributing to economic growth in poor areas. To meet this overall goal, we briefly describe China's poor area policy and examine how its leaders have implemented one of the developing world's largest poverty alleviation programs. Second, we examine whether or not the poverty programs have been implemented in the parts of China that are truly poor. Finally, we attempt to assess if the poverty programs have affected growth. The major findings are that China's poverty programs do get implemented in areas of the nation that are poor, but there are many poor areas that have been left out of the government's various programs. We also find that poverty programs contribute to economic growth and that economic growth promotes poverty reduction.     

Rural Income Poverty in Western China Is Water Poverty

I. IntroductionThe elimination of poverty lies at the heart of development economics, and providesthe main justification for policies of promoting economic growth and development allover the world. Although arduous efforts have been devoted to poverty reductionworldwide, about 1.2 of 6 billion live on less than $1 a day (World Bank, 2002). AlthoughChina has reduced its poor population from 250 million in 1978 to 30 million in 2003, anoverall reduction in world poverty still depends on progre…