Gender Role Attitudes and the Labour-market Outcomes of Women across OECD Countries

This paper uses data from the World Value Surveys (1990, 1995,1999)to investigate the impact of gender role attitudes and workvalues on women's labour-market outcomes across 25 OECD countries.Anti-egalitarian views are found to display the strongest negativeassociation with female employment rates and the gender paygap. These views are, however, softening among recent cohorts.On the other hand, perceptions of women's role as homemakers,which are likely formed in youth and linked to religious ideology,are more persistent over time. They could be implicated in therecent slowdown of the gender convergence in pay. Finally, theunavoidable clash between family values and egalitarian views,that takes the form of an inner conflict for many women—theso-called ‘mother's guilt’—is another obstaclein the path towards greater gender equality in the labour market. Footnotes ¹ E-mail address: nifortin{at}interchange.ubc.ca     

Inter-group Disparities in the Distributional Analysis of Human Development: Concepts,Measurement, and Illustrative Applications

An important feature of most segmented societies is that deprivations and well-being achievements are unequally distributed across well-defined sub-groups of the population, when the latter is partitioned according to a variety of social or geographical categories, such as gender, caste, ethnicity, religion, occupation, sector of origin, or region of domicile. Group disparities are a matter of both instrumental interest in assessing the nature of a society (such as in terms of its propensity for conflict) and intrinsic concern in evaluations of a society’s record of ‘horizontal’ distributive justice. One aspect of a study of population heterogeneity would reside in the measurement of inter-group inequalities in the distribution of a society’s burdens and benefits. It is this aspect of the problem that is reviewed in the present paper. It is useful to note that group inequality can be categorized into different types (which are nevertheless mutually linked by certain commonalities of purpose and motivation), and a particularly instructive taxonomy is available in a recent paper by Arjun Jayadev and Sanjay Reddy (‘Inequalities and Identities’, which is available on the website of the Social Science Research Network, at ). The present paper also presents taxonomy of alternative approaches to reckoning group inequality, and discusses a number of real-valued measures of group disparity, mainly based on work in which this author has earlier engaged, by himself or in collaboration.     

Resource allocation: A hayekian paradigm for maritime conglomerates

Conclusion This article provides a new synthesis between the strategic management literature and Austrian capital theory. The resource allocation process plays out in the context of differing subunit preferences, potentially resulting in tension and periodic conflict that may lead to dysfunctional relationships over time. Absent clearly understood and effective operational rules, the potential for heightened dysfunctional internal relationships will lead a conglomerate organization to have a diminished resource base for achieving its future strategic goals. This article presents a set of resource-allocation rules based on the Hayekian theory of production. By developing an effective resource-allocation paradigm based on economic theory, the organization can gain market share resulting in increased profitability and continued success in the marketplace. The Hayekian triangle offers firms an objective measure reflecting environmental shifts by tracking interest-rate changes that affect consumer and production demand. Organizations can gain “first-mover advantages” essential to provide the competitive advantage vis-à-vis their rivals while maintaining harmonious relationships among subunits. Entrepreneurial innovation can also be exercised by “second movers” who imitate the “first movers,” perhaps taking advantage of lessons learned. This kind of innovative imitation may well provide the greatest scope for entrepreneurial activity. The authors remain responsible for any errors or omissions.     

Employment,income and economic identity in the U.S. virgin islands

The explosive tourism-led growth experienced by the U.S. Virgin Islands during the 1960s and early 1970s reflected the duality of the Virgin Islands’ socioeconomic identity. Although growth was dependent on the U.S. economy and U.S. policies, it also reaffirmed the links the Virgin Islands had developed with the Eastern Caribbean labor market in spite of their unique history as a Danish and then an American colony. Relatively large scale inflows of Eastern Caribbean labor caused both general and relative wage effects, compression of the wage and income structures, and redistribution of income away from labor. Increased labor market segmentation exacerbated the inherent ambivalence of the Virgin Islands’ Eastern Caribbean identity. The nature of the transformation of employment and income in the Virgin Islands undermined the benefits derived by the indigenous labor force and established the bases of subsequent socioeconomic conflict.     

Exchange rate determination: a theory of the decisive role of central bank cooperation and conflict

Economists’ faith that variable exchange rates benevolently equilibrate has been empirically disconfirmed. That faith is here tackled at its theoretical core with an exchange rate model that although ultra abstract, includes the undeniable fundamentals of market power and differential goals of central bankers and large-scale private players. It permits a game theoretic analysis under the assumption that all agents maximize their payoffs. The paper then relaxes the assumption of maximising agents, allowing for a more complex and thus realistic second version of the model that is interpretable within SKAT, the Stages of Knowledge Ahead Theory of risk and uncertainty. In an experimental setting, this second version of the model points to: a) the inability of agents in central banks, governments and the private real and financial sectors to operate in maximising ways; b) destructive central bank conflict; and c) the widely discrepant outcomes arising from the dynamics of individual personality differences. The paper’s theoretical and empirical findings thus both point to the merits of a single world currency.     

ECONOMIC INTERDEPENDENCE AND INTERNATIONAL INTERACTIONS : THE IMPACT OF MARKET POWER ON DYADIC CONFLICT AND COOPERATION

This article presents a theoretical approach to analysing how a country with market power could affect international relations. The liberal view and trade‐conflict model claim that if countries seek to protect their trade gains, trade will reduce conflict between pairs of countries, designated “actors” and “targets”. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of market power on the gains from trade. Once the distribution of trade gains is changed between countries, the conflict and cooperation relationships between countries will also alter. We apply the trade‐conflict model to derive two propositions as follows: (1) the more monopoly power over exports a monopolistic target has, the greater the amount of actor‐to‐target conflict; (2) the more monopsony power over imports a monopolistic target has, the greater the amount of actor‐to‐target conflict. To summarise, these hypotheses will predict that a country with market power reaps the gains from trade and will exhibit less conflict and more cooperation, whilst the country that is exploited will exhibit more conflict and less cooperation.     

合作创新联盟伙伴冲突成因与冲突管理策略的探讨

随着全球经济一体化进程的加快,高技术企业面临着一场以创新合作为中心的战略调整,而在这一过程中对联盟企业之间冲突的管理就成为保持联盟健康发展的关键。文章在分析了合作创新联盟伙伴之间冲突产生的原因和类型的基础上,结合冲突本身的特点,提出了应对联盟伙伴不同类型冲突     

Capturing Ambiguities: Communal Conflict Management Alternative in Ghana

The primary purpose of this paper is to propose an alternative land conflict management method for rural Ghana. The paper adopts the country's legislative and judicial decentralization programs as a framework for integrating aspects of the existing conflict management methods and skills of the national government and the country's ethnic groups. The paper argues that the continuing outbursts and protraction of land conflicts, particularly conflicts between host communities and migrant-farming groups, in Ghana demonstrate increasing ambiguities in the determination of land rights and the ineffectiveness of the existing land conflict management methods in the country.     

Giving and Receiving Foreign Aid: Does Conflict Count?

Of what relative importance are strategic motivators for bilateral aid donors, and how important is a recipient’s geographic proximity to conflict relative to previously examined economic and political motivators? We find that donors have historically responded to balanced incentives to reduce recipient poverty and further donor political and economic goals. Every bilateral donor conditions aid on conflict. The United States allocates large amounts of development aid to countries bordering a conflict, both pre- and post-Cold War. However, controlling for development levels and donor economic and political interest, most donors reduce aid to a recipient with an in-house or nearby intense conflict.     

基于二阶聚类的空域飞行冲突危险性分级评估

飞行冲突危险性评估是空中交通安全管理的重要组成部分,是提升空中交通系统运行安全性与效率的关键手段.以国内外现有飞行冲突评估体系为基础,重新构建动态化的飞行冲突评估体系.通过信息熵给体系中各指标赋权用以描述飞行冲突危险性的影响,并基于实际飞行冲突数据计算飞行冲突危险性时间序列,进而全面分析单个飞行冲突事件以及冲突所在空域的危险性演化过程.最终基于二阶聚类针对空域飞行冲突危险性展开分级评估,有效弥补直接累加对于空域飞行冲突信息的掩盖.     

项目团队下属间冲突管理模式的量表开发与评测——基于团队领导者的视角

项目团队下属间发生冲突往往不可避免,其对团队持续稳定和整体绩效有重要影响。现有研究对冲突管理的维度划分与量表设计均将视角聚焦于冲突当事人,关注其对冲突的反应和采取的行动。鲜有从团队领导者视角出发,研究其管理团队下属间冲突的模式及相应量表的开发。文章采用定性研究和定量研究相结合的方法,将领导管理下属间冲突的模式依据"关心程度—处置时间"两个维度分为决断(关心且迅速处置)、审慎(关心但花费较长时间)和回避(不关心)三种模式。通过量表开发与量表评测等过程,确定了基于团队领导者视角的项目团队下属间冲突管理模式量表。发展了项目团队冲突管理的理论和方法,为后续研究提供新量表工具的支持。     

论环境税收边境调整与WTO规则之间的关系

环境税收边境调整是征收环境税的国家针对进出口产品采取的一种单边措施,其目的是为了扭转一国产品在国际竞争中的价格劣势。但是,这一措施可能会与GATT最惠国待遇原则、国民待遇原则以及反补贴规则产生冲突。虽然WTO成员方可以援引GATT第二十条例外条款,而是否能获得wT0专家小组或上诉机构的认同还是个未知数。对此,各国应同时从国际和国内两个层面寻找出路。     

Keynes's Approach to Money: An Assessment After Seventy Years

This paper first examines two approaches to money adopted by Keynes in the General Theory. The first is the more familiar ‘supply and demand’ equilibrium approach of Chapter 13 incorporated within conventional macroeconomics textbooks. Indeed, even Post Keynesians utilizing Keynes's ‘finance motive’ or the ‘horizontal’ money supply curve adopt similar methodology. The second approach of the General Theory is presented in Chapter 17, where Keynes drops ‘money supply and demand’ in favor of a liquidity preference approach to asset prices that offers a more satisfactory treatment of money's role in constraining effective demand. In the penultimate section, I return to Keynes's earlier work in the Treatise on Money as well as the early drafts of the General Theory to obtain a better understanding of the nature of money. I conclude with policy implications.     

量化宽松、资本流动与国际间货币政策协调

主要利用美国国际收支(简称BOP)账户、资金流量表等统计数据探讨量化宽松与资本流动之间相互联系。分析表明,国际资本流动与量化宽松之间关系密切,量化宽松是资本流向EMEs的重要原因,反过来资本流动则影响了量化宽松的有效性,量化宽松和资本流动是引发全球货币汇率冲突的关键性因素。各国应通过国际协调促进宏观经济政策的生效和压制冲突,使全球经济得以更加平衡地复苏以压制冲突,而且发达国家应承担更大的调整责任。     

基于三维速度障碍法的飞行冲突网络建模研究

为解决空中交通流量日益增长导致的飞行冲突问题，提出了一种基于飞行冲突网络和TOPSIS法的飞行冲突关键点识别方法。首先基于椭球型飞行保护区，通过三维速度障碍法构建飞行冲突网络，再选取4种评价指标构建节点重要度评估指标体系，最后利用熵权法优化TOPSIS法确定关键冲突飞机位置。仿真实验结果表明：提出的方法准确识别出飞行冲突网络中的关键冲突点，降低了飞行冲突网络的复杂性，为空中交通管制服务提供参考。     

Accumulation and the transfer of technology: Issues of conflict and mechanisms for the exercise of control

The transfer of technology from developed to underdeveloped economies is almost always associated with a conflict of interests between the supplier and the recipient of technology. Where this conflict arises control is exerted by the more powerful party to ensure that the conflict is settled in its favour. It is argued in this paper that control is allied to the power to determine the rate and type of accumulation of capital. A number of potential areas of conflict are discussed, and this is followed by a discussion of the mechanisms which the various parties can use to settle conflict in their favour.     

The Localized Geography of Foreign Aid: A New Dataset and Application to Violent Armed Conflict

Existing foreign aid databases – the OECD’s CRS data and now AidData – are project-based. And yet nearly all empirical analyses using these data aggregate to the country-year level, thereby losing project-specific information. In this paper, we introduce new data on the geographic location of aid projects that have been committed to many African countries between 1989 and 2008. The data enable an examination of project-level information in a wider variety of systematic research contexts. To demonstrate the utility of the new data, we discuss how geographically disaggregated foreign aid and armed conflict data are needed to capture the theoretical mechanisms in the aid-conflict literature. We then map the disaggregated aid and conflict data in Sierra Leone, Angola, and Mozambique as specific examples of how these data could help disentangle competing causal mechanisms linking aid to conflict onset and dynamics. The research provides an important new perspective on the connections between aid and conflict. More generally, it is a crucial first step in geo-referencing and comparing foreign aid projects to various localized development outcomes.     

Exports and Productivity Growth: First Evidence from a Continuous Treatment Approach

A recent survey of 54 micro-econometric studies reveals that exporting firms are more productive than non-exporters. However, previous empirical studies show that exporting does not necessarily improve productivity. One possible reason for this result is that most previous studies are restricted to analysing the relationship between a firm’s export status and the growth of its labour productivity, using the firms’ export status as a binary treatment variable and comparing the performance of exporting and non-exporting firms. In this paper, we apply the newly developed generalised propensity score (GPS) methodology that allows for continuous treatment, that is, different levels of the firms’ export activities. Using the GPS method and a large panel data set for German manufacturing firms, we estimate the relationship between a firm’s export-sales ratio and its labour productivity growth rate. We find that there is a causal effect of firms’ export activities on labour productivity growth. However, exporting improves labour productivity growth only within a sub-interval of the range of firms’ export-sales ratios. JEL no.  F14, F23, L60     

Is there an Anglo-American corporate governance model?

This paper questions the existence of an Anglo-American model of corporate governance and capitalism. Significant differences between the UK and US models of corporate governance are identified. The UK is a principles orientated system based more on voluntary codes operated on a ‘comply or explain’ basis, whilst the US system is more rules based and litigious. The UK focuses more on ex ante protection of ‘outside’ shareholders, whilst the US focuses on ex post protection of share traders. Institutional investors are expected to play a more prominent and wide ranging role in corporate governance in the UK than the US, though the evidence on their voting behaviour and wider ‘engagement’ activity is not readily available. The explosion of private equity led leveraged buy-out activity in the mid 2000s challenges the efficiency of both models and could be a harbinger of a ‘new capitalism’; relying more on incentive compatible remuneration packages and less on public disclosure and market discipline. Alternatively, it could simply be driven by the tax advantages currently enjoyed by debt over equity, the special deferred capital gains (‘carried interest’) tax treatment enjoyed by private equity, low (long as well as short term) real interest rates (‘cheap money’), and rising equity prices.     

全球化与经济发展的稳定性:国际政治经济学的视角

探究全球化对经济发展稳定性的影响,可以采用国际政治经济学的视角来展开分析。全球化进程中潜在的社会冲突是影响经济发展稳定性的一个重要渠道,伴随全球化而来的收益分配与风险分担的不对称性越强,冲突的可能性就越高,经济发展就越难以保持稳定。社会群体的实力结构与国家权力机构的反应,这两个因素合起来决定了国内各群体的损益状况与潜在的冲突水平。有效的冲突管理机制对经济发展稳定性有显著的积极效应,因此,政府需要以收入再分配的方式来平衡各群体之间的差距,维持乃至增进社会凝聚力,这正是中国妥善应对全球化进程、趋利避害的关键。