胶体金快速测试卡检测粮食中真菌毒素的应用

采用国家标准方法对脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮2种真菌毒素的胶体金快速测试卡进行了验证,从验证的准确性、重复性、稳定性方面看,真菌毒素胶体金快速测试卡能够满足快速筛选的技术要求,方法简便快捷,适合粮食收购环节现场快速筛选检测工作。     

液相色谱-质谱联用同时检测粮食中多种真菌毒素的应用进展

液相色谱-质谱联用(LC-MS)技术以通用型的质谱仪为检测器,集液相色谱高分离能力为一体,在多组分检测中发挥着越来越重要的作用。结合近几年LC-MS技术在粮食中真菌毒素检测方面的应用,从样品前处理、色谱分离、质谱检测等3个方面对文献报道的方法进行了分析和评价,并对该技术在今后粮食中真菌毒素污染检验监测的发展应用进行了展望。     

粮农产品及食品中产毒真菌及真菌毒素检测技术研究进展

从粮农产品及食品安全的角度来看,农产食源性痢疾本身对人们和动物造成的感染很少。污染粮农产品及食品的主要是产毒真菌及其产生的真菌毒素,不仅会给人体带来不可逆的伤害,而且对社会经济的发展也存在严重的威胁。目前针对产毒真菌及真菌毒素的研究主要集中在检测方法上,这些检测方法能够更有效地检测出产毒真菌及真菌毒素对粮农产品及食品的污染水平。本文主要介绍了目前产毒真菌及真菌毒素检测方法的研究进展。     

液质联用技术在食品真菌毒素检测中的应用研究

色谱分离技术与高选择性质谱技术结合可形成液质联用技术,相较于单一的色谱分离技术,液质联用技术在食品真菌毒素检测中具有高灵敏度、选择性强等优势.基于此,本文首先阐述了液质联用技术检测食品真菌毒素的原理,并结合实际毒素检测试验进行液质联用技术的具体应用分析,旨在补充食品真菌毒素检测方法,为食品安全检测与质量控制提供技术指导...     

22份小麦粉中4种真菌毒素的快速检测

目的:研究小麦粉中玉米赤酶烯酮、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、赭曲霉毒素A和黄曲霉毒素B1的快速检测.方法:先用快速试剂条检测小麦粉中4种真菌毒素,再用国家标准方法(高效液相色谱仪或酶标仪)检测,对结果进行对比.结论:真菌毒素快速检测卡和国家标准方法结果基本一致,能满足批量小麦粉的快速筛查,操作简单且数据结果可靠.     

色谱检测技术对食品真菌毒素的检测方法研究

在食品安全问题中,真菌代谢的危害不容小觑,所产生的各种毒素会给人们的身体健康带来巨大威胁。因此,真菌毒素检测技术的研发是当下最为紧要的任务之一。本研究以真菌毒素的检测作为主要出发点,探讨利用色谱检测的方法进行真菌毒素的检测,为食品检测行业提供参考。     

水产品中重金属镉的检测技术研究

随着国家食品安全战略的落实,食品安全问题得到越来越多的重视。其中,重金属镉作为一种危害性极强的化学性污染物,在水产品的污染中出现频率较高。因此,本文对近几年水产品中重金属镉的检测技术和方法进行了综述,主要包括了样品的前处理技术、传统检测技术以及快速检测方法等几个方面,并对这些方法的研究进展做出总结和展望。     

粮食中常见的真菌毒素及其限量标准、检测方法

真菌毒素是真菌的有毒代谢产物,为确保国家粮食安全,不能忽视真菌毒素对人类健康、经济作物等造成的不利影响。系统梳理了粮食中常见的真菌毒素种类及其限量标准、现行有效的检测标准,为相关检测机构提供科学依据。     

QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测粮食中4种新型真菌毒素的研究

建立了简单、快速、低成本、高效的检测粮食中4种新型真菌毒素的QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法。均质后的样品过乙腈-水(含5%乙酸)(80∶20)溶液振荡提取,然后经QuEChERS法净化,用CAPCELL PAK C₁₈色谱柱(100 mm×2.1 mm,2μm)分离。选择电喷雾离子源,正离子模式下采用多反应监测(Multiple Reaction Monitoring,MRM)进行检测,使用外标法进行定量。结果表明,4种新型真菌毒素在各自的线性范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)均不低于0.99,4种新型真菌毒素的检出限为1.50～2.24μg·kg^-1,定量限为4.40～7.33μg kg^-1,加标回收率高、中、低3个水平为85.4%～99.5%,相对标准偏差为1.8%～6.8%,本方法具有简单、快速、高效、经济实惠等优点,适用于粮食中多种真菌毒素的同时检测。     

水产品中孔雀石绿快速检测产品技术评价研究

本研究建立了一种孔雀石绿快速检测产品的技术评价方法。以鱼肉和虾肉为基质,采用孔雀石绿质控样品和均匀性满足要求的干扰物质基质加标样品作为评价用样品,每个快检产品随意抽取3个不同批次,每批次产品均检测80个阴性样品、200个阳性样品和40个干扰物质基质加标样品。对市面流通中认知度较高的4个厂家孔雀石绿快速检测产品的检出限、灵敏度、特异性、假阳性率和假阴性率等参数进行评价。评价结果表明,4个厂家孔雀石绿快速检测产品的灵敏度均≥97.6%,特异性均≥88.3%,假阴性率均≤2.4%,假阳性率均≤11.7%,不同厂家产品的检测效果存在差异。该评价方法可对快速检测产品进行全面技术评价,进而筛选出稳定可靠的孔雀石绿快速检测产品,可为监管部门在水产品监管方面提供技术支持,并为开展孔雀石绿快速检测产品认证工作奠定基础。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.