劳动力老龄化对劳动生产效率的影响——基于劳动力非完全替代的分析

文章在劳动力非完全替代假设基础上,探讨了劳动力老龄化对未来我国劳动生产率的影响。结果表明,在不同劳动力替代弹性下,劳动力老龄化对劳动生产率的影响存在差异,不同年龄段劳动力的替代弹性越小,劳动力老龄化对劳动生产率的影响就越大,反之则越小。文章最后就应对我国劳动力老龄化提出了相应的政策措施。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

Ownership and Productive Efficiency: Evidence from Estonia

Privatization in Estonia has produced varied ownership configurations. This enables hypotheses on the productivity effects of different ownership forms to be tested. Findings are based on fixed-effects production function models and are estimated using a large, random sample of firms. Depending on the particular specification (and relative to state ownership), (i) private ownership is 13–22% more efficient; and (ii) all types of private ownership are more productive, though managerial ownership has the biggest effects (21–32%) and ownership by domestic outsiders has the smallest impact (0–15%). The joint hypothesis that privatization coefficients are equal is rejected. Findings are robust with respect to choice of technology and the use of instrumental variable estimates. These results provide only partial support for the standard theory of privatization, but stronger support for theorists who argue that some forms of insider ownership may constitute preferable forms of corporate governance in some circumstances.     

Public Monopoly,Mixed Oligopoly and Productive Efficiency

In general, the introduction of competition into the public sector seems to lead to higher cost‐efficiency in service production. However, there are examples of substantial cost increases in some areas. In this paper, using a mixed oligopoly model, we investigate the effects of deregulation on the cost‐reducing incentives of a public firm. Our results show that a firm that is a public monopoly has greater incentive to conduct cost‐reducing investment than a public firm within mixed oligopoly market.     

Productive Efficiency and Salary Distribution: The Case of US Major League Baseball

Recent theoretical research suggests that a firm's salary structure can affect the firm's productivity. We investigate the relationship between payroll inequality and production using US Major League Baseball data. Employing panel data methods, this study finds that salary inequality has a significantly negative effect on team success. A general result is that team success in term of wins does not seem to be correlated with efficiency; specifically, some of the least successful teams are also some of the most efficient. In addition, salary inequality does not appear to be correlated with efficiency. Furthermore, revenues generated by teams are not necessarily correlated with team efficiency.     

Non Parametric Efficiency Measurement

Efficiency measurement using non parametric methods is increasing rapidly. One important initial step in measuring efficiency is deciding which software package to make use of. Here Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) efficiency packages are reviewed, including those which undertake Malmquist productivity analysis. While most packages are commercially available, the one which is not a commercial product has an obvious initial advantage.     

城市化效率的时空测度与省际差异研究

城市化效率作为衡量城市化质量内涵的重要标准,已成为城市经济协调运转的逻辑起点。基于数据包络分析法(DEA),利用Malmquist效率指数,以2005—2010年为样本研究时段,对中国31个省区(市)的城市化效率分别进行了动态测算。同时,运用DEA-BCC模型对其规模报酬和非集约度进行静态测算。结果表明:天津、福建、青海等17个省区(市)城市化效率较低;河北、安徽、四川等19省区(市)仍处于非有效且投入要素非集约度状态。文章最后提出要提高土地利用效率、发展集约型产业、实施科技推动的城市化道路等提高城市化效率的政策建议。     

效率测度方法的发展及在我国银行业的应用

本文介绍了国外银行效率测度方法的发展历程及其最新进展,分析、评价、比较了效率测度的数据包络分析法、随机前沿法、自由分布法、厚前沿法及递归厚前沿法等。同时,本文还介绍了上述方法在中国的研究与应用情况,指出了我国学者在研究与应用过程中存在的问题及改进方向。     

参与国际分工对生产性服务业效率的影响

文章以2005—2016年中国30个省市为研究样本考察了近年来中国参与国际分工体系与生产性服务业效率之间的关系,结果发现:近年来中国参与国际分工体系对生产性服务业效率具有负向作用;基于门槛效应可知这种负向作用随着参与国际分工程度的提升不断减弱;基于中介效应的机制分析表明参与国际分工体系通过促进城市化进程、降低政府干预程度加剧了对生产性服务业效率的阻碍作用,而通过促进产业结构优化升级缓解了阻碍作用。     

动态效率、生产性公共支出与结构效应

利用1979-2008年三次产业的数据和误差修正模型,本文估算了我国政府生产性公共支出与经济动态无效的长期关系,考察了政府生产性公共支出对三次产业的生产要素积累所产生的影响。研究发现:在结构效应为正的条件下,当期公共支出的增加能够影响资本和劳动在三次产业之间,以及三次产业内部不同行业之间的要素积累方式,起到改善经济结构、优化资源配置的作用;我国经济的投资拉动型增长方式及与之相伴随的公共品供给机制,通过"租金"创造机制诱导特定产业的发展,从而能够提升产业结构,促进资源和生产要素的优化配置,符合赶超型经济的目标要求。     

我国区域金融效率测度及效率差异研究

运用数据包络分析法（DEA）测度了1995--2009年我国区域金融效率,并用基尼系数和泰尔指数分别从省际和区际层面衡量了我国区域金融效率差异。结果显示,我国金融效率整体水平较低,金融效率区域差异不大。金融效率及效率差异都呈现出了明显的两阶段特征,其中2002年是转折点。2002年后,各地区金融效率都有了一定程度的提高,与此同时,金融效率区域差异开始收敛。区域金融效率差异的分解结果显示,区域内金融效率差异是区域金融效率总差异的主要原因,平均贡献率超过了75％。     

中国省域旅游业发展效率测度及其时空演化

以1997—2011年的数据为例,运用修正的DEA模型对省域旅游业发展效率进行测度,进一步利用G指数、重心等空间统计分析方法,分析省域旅游业效率的时空演化规律。结果表明:1997—2011年省域旅游业发展的各项效率在波动中上升,总体上各项效率取得一定的进步,但仍需进一步提升。当前阶段省域旅游业综合效率由规模效率与纯技术效率交替驱动,旅游增长模式正处于由粗放型向集约化发展的转型阶段。1997—2011年旅游业综合效率与纯技术效率热点区主要位于东中部;而规模效率的热点区表现出相反的空间分布格局,主要位于西部地区。重心分析发现:综合效率与纯技术效率重心主要向西北发生偏移,而规模效率重心向东南方向发生偏移。未来省域旅游业发展应避免单纯追求旅游资源数量的增加,提倡集约化经营,增加对旅游业的资金、技术、人才投入,提升旅游发展效率。     

Measuring Productive Efficiency in Input–Output Models by Means of Data Envelopment Analysis

The goal of the present research is to evaluate productive efficiency in an input–output framework by means of data envelopment analysis (DEA). This mathematical programming technique allows researchers to assess potential efficiency improvements in the form of input requirements reduction. By constructing envelopment unitary isoquants corresponding to comparable sectors across different local, regional or national economies, e.g. agriculture and manufacturing, DEA identifies as productive benchmarks those economies that exhibit the lowest technical coefficients, i.e. lowest input amount to produce one unit of output. Once these reference frontiers have been defined, it is possible to assess what would be the potential efficiency improvements available to the inefficient economies if they were to produce according to the best practice technologies of their benchmark peers. From an equivalent perspective, these simulations identify the necessary changes that each productive sector needs to undertake in order to reach the efficiency levels of the most successful economies. Finally, within Leontief’s analytical construction, these calculations allow us to assess what would have been the economy‐wid,e benefits for the inefficient economies—in terms of intermediate consumption reductions and final demand increases—of producing with best practice technologies. The model is empirically illustrated using the input–output tables for a set of OECD countries.     

中国经济的动态效率--基于产业层面的分析

文章基于我国的投入产出表数据,使用AMSZ现金流准则分析了我国整体经济及产业层面资本积累的动态效率。实证研究结果表明,从1997-2010年这段时期内,中国经济处于动态有效的状态,但动态效率有减弱的趋势;从三次产业来看,1997-2010年三次产业的动态效率的变化趋势各不相同：第一产业和第二产业的动态效率在1997-2010年这段时期内逐渐减弱,以2007年为转折点,由资本积累不足转变为积累过度,第三产业资本积累的动态效率较高且比较稳定;从各产业内部来看,三次产业整体的动态效率与各产业内部的产业动态效率结构紧密相关;讨论经济资本积累是否过度的问题,除了从总量层面来考察外,需要从产业结构层面来考虑资本和投资结构问题,通过结构优化来缓解经济动态无效的状况。     

投资规模、投资效率与经济增长的动态关系研究

投资规模扩大和投资效率提高是推动经济增长的重要动力。通过向量自回归模型实证检验中国投资增长、投资效率与经济增长的动态关系,发现投资增长和投资效率提高均能促进中国经济增长,但中国经济发展长期高度依赖投资规模的扩张,投资效率没有得到相应提高,经济增长的可持续性正面临挑战。为实现可持续发展,中国经济需要转变发展方式,实现投资规模驱动型增长方式向投资效率提高驱动型增长方式的转变。     

Performance Indicators and Efficiency Measurement in Public Libraries

A sample of one hundred and sixty-eight New South Wales local government libraries is used to analyse the efficiency measures derived from the non-parametric technique of data envelopment analysis. Depending upon the assumptions employed, 9.5 per cent of local governments were judged to be overall technically efficient in the provision of library services, 47.6 per cent as pure technically efficient, and 10.1 per cent as scale efficient. The study also analyses the posited linkages between comparative performance indicators, productive performance and non-discretionary environmental factors under these different model formulations. The results indicate that the presence of exogenous factors and scale effects account for a major portion of the differences in observed efficiency between different groups of local governments.     

城市能源效率测度方法与评价研究

如何测量城市能源效率已经成为低碳城市研究中亟待解决的难题,这其中又在城市能源效率划分和数据空间范围界定等领域存在颇多争议。基于城市能源研究的分析框架,文章将城市能源效率测度划分为广义和狭义两个层面,结合国内外研究结果,分别对国内外所使用的能源效率指标、能源消费数据获取方法进行对比评价,从理论和实际应用两方面探讨了不同测度方法的适用范围及其在城市能源效率分析中的优势和局限,并指出如何增强国外相关研究方法的适用性以及明确相关研究结论的政策边界范围。     

试论一般生产力到服务生产力的演进与测量

从一般生产力到服务生产力概念的演进是适应现实需要的产物，有其客观必然性；对生产力及服务生产力概念有一个较为清晰的界定，是服务生产力研究的前提；服务生产力的概念及其测量应综合考虑效率、效益、企业投入的资源以及顾客投入的资源等要素，其虽然从内涵等方面有别于传统生产力的概念，但也并未脱离基本的投入产出模式。     

以三维视角观测中国经济增长的宏观效率

该文从生产效率、资源环境和金融效率三维角度对中国转型期经济增长的宏观效率进行了测度和阐析,结果显示倘若扣去资源环境所造成的损失和资源配置不当所形成的金融不良资产,中国的实际增长速度会大幅度缩小,同时也发现“粗放式”经济增长方式依旧在延续。另外,为了更准确地反映增长的宏观效率,该文还在新的数据和方法上重新测算了ICOR。