发展电子商务的两条途径

本文分析了电子商务的涵义和竞争优势。指出了发展电子商务可通过传统企业转型和企业创新模式两条途径来实现，对发展电子商务的方式，方法进行了论述。     

论传统价值链分析的创新

长期以来，企业在制定战略决策时，常用价值链分析法分析企业的竞争优势。然而，传统价值链分析只重视企业自身运作，忽视企业内部与外部的有机联系，使企业的战略决策不能建立在对外部环境的变动之上，因而影响战略决策的质量。近年来，一种基于定量分析视角的利润库分析法逐步形成，此方法克服了传统价值链分析法的种种局限，在企业战略决策中发挥着重要作用，它是对传统价值链分析的创新。     

路在何方 绩效管理的IT实现

随着IT技术和技术的发展，企业竞争日益变得全球化，在今天的信息时代，顾客需求多样化，市场对产品质量、性能要求提高，产品的寿命周期越来越短，产品更新换代加速：企业的生产，也由大批量生产转向多品种小批量的生产模式；企业内部流程逐渐趋向于客户导向，无形资产在企业形成竞争优势中的作用日益提高：企业在工业时代所采用的竞争模式和传统绩效管理，已经无法在信息时代发挥作用。     

从能力到动态能力：企业战略观的转变

能力由于其自身的惯性以及战略思维的局限，使得企业很难在动荡的超竞争环境中获得持久的竞争优势。为了克服能力的惯性，在标准能力论上发展起来的动态能力理论秉承了熊彼特的创造性毁灭的思想，以其改变企业能力的能力成为企业持久竞争优势的源泉。从能力到动态能力，代表了一种战略观的转变。     

中国-澳大利亚、中国-新西兰货物贸易特征的比较分析

澳大利亚与新西兰地缘相邻，资源禀赋、生产传统十分接近，经济发展水平、产业部门结构也基本相似，在国际贸易中两国具有竞争优势的产品均以资源密集型产品为主。由于自然资源相对缺乏，技术资金实力也不雄厚，中国资源密集型产品的生产不具有优势，但得益于充裕的劳动力资源，劳动密集型产品生产相对高效。进入21世纪以来，     

价值链会计对传统会计的影响

价值链会计是20世纪90年代在价值链及价值链管理基础上形成的。价值链会计使企业内部会计拓展到外部，突破了传统会计的局限；使会计信息更充实，能够更全面地反映企业经营状况；使企业充分发挥自身竞争优势，不断适应市场要求。     

基于价值链分析的地区旅游业竞争优势策略

一、价值链理论迈克尔·波特(1985)认为,企业的竞争优势来源于成本领先和差异化两种基本形式,但是每个企业都是用来设计、生产、营销、交货以及对产品起辅助作用的各种活动的集合,将企业作为一个整体来看无法认识竞争优势。为了有效地识别竞争优势来源从而获取竞争优势,波特提出了价值链这一有力的分析工具。波特认为企业的价值链由两大类价值活动组成。第一,基本活动,包括内部后勤、生产作业、外部后勤、市场和销售、服务五大类;第二,辅助活动,即采购、技术开发、人力资源管理、企业基础设施四个方面。成本优势地位和差异化优势都来源于企…     

云南比较优势动态化与"科技兴贸"竞争力

本文分析比较优势的局限和向竞争优势转化的必要性，针对云南的比较优势，分析其转化为竞争优势的机制和途径，提出实现这种动态化转变的基本对策及措施。     

商业生态系统在我国企业制定竞争战略中的应用分析

传统的竞争战略理论具有三个特点:基于某种产品的价值链分析企业间关系,是一种线性思维;企业与企业是纯粹的竞争关系;竞争主要关注企业内部实力.然而,企业的环境已经发生了巨大的变化:信息技术促进了网络经济的发展;全球经济一体化程度大大加强;企业之间的分工协作关系越来越密切.为了在激烈的市场竞争中占有一席之地,企业必须超越传统的竞争战略.采用商业生态系统的分析方法可以拓宽人们的视野,改变思维模式,发现新的问题.基于商业生态系统制定竞争战略可以使企业获取更大的竞争优势.具体分析我国商业生态系统中两种不同类型的企业应制定竞争战略的重点,并指出该竞争战略的竞争优势来源.     

变革时代的价值链新模式

在变革时代，企业内外部环境变化巨大，不确定性增加，竞争规则已经由传统的竞争成本、质量变为现在的竞争成本、质量和反应能力。基于时间竞争的价值链模式是在波特的价值链模式的基础上增加了时间因素。它既保留了波特的价值链模式的优点，又充分考虑了时问因素，是变革时代评价和分析企业竞争优势的重要战略工具。     

Time zones,shift working and international outsourcing

We build a trade model with two identical countries located in different time zones and one sector with intermediate differentiated goods produced in two successive stages. We introduce shift working disutility that raises night wage and firms that “virtually” outsource foreign labor. We found that firms only outsource if outsourcing costs are relatively low and shift disutility is high. When outsourcing occurs, it generates the highest level of welfare among production modes. Intermediate values of shift working disutility generate the lowest level of welfare. Outsourcing and domestic labor are substitutes at the firm level and complements at the economy level.     

Plant location and strategic environmental policy with inter-sectoral linkages

In recent debates on trade liberalisation the concern has often been expressed that with more competitive international trade governments will be worried that by setting tougher environmental policies than their trading rivals they will put domestic producers at a competitive disadvantage, and in the extreme case this could lead to firms relocating production in other countries. The response by governments to such concerns will be to weaken environmental policies (‘eco-dumping’). In competitive markets such concerns are ill founded, but there is a small amount of literature which has analysed whether governments will indeed have incentives for eco-dumping in the more relevant case of markets where there are significant scale economies; even here there is no presumption that the outcome will involve eco-dumping.In this paper we extend the analysis of strategic environmental policy and plant location decisions by analysing the location decision of firms in different sectors which are linked through an input-output structure of intermediate production. The reason why we introduce inter-sectoral linkages between firms is that they introduce an additional factor, relative to those already analysed in the literature, in the plant location decision, which is the incentive for firms in different sectors to agglomerate in a single location. This has a number of important effects. First, there is now the possibility of multiple equilibria in location decisions of firms. Following from this there is the possibility of catastrophic effects where a small increase in an environmental tax can trigger the collapse of an industrial base in a country; however there is also the possibility that a country which raises its environmental tax could attract more firms to locate in that country, because of the way the tax affects incentives for agglomeration. Finally, and again related to the previous effects, there is the possibility of a hysteresis effect where raising an environmental tax in one country can cause firms to relocate to another country, but subsequently lowering that tax will not induce firms to relocate back into the original country.We consider a simple model with two countries, two industries, an upstream and a downstream sector, and two firms per industry. The analysis proceeds through a three-stage game: in the first stage the governments of the two countries set their environmental policies; in the second stage the firms in both industries choose how many plants to locate and where; in the third stage firms choose their output levels, with the demand for the upstream firms being determined endogenously by the production decisions of the downstream firms. We assume that there are no limits to production capacity, so that firms do not build more than one plant in any country. However, firms may build plants in different countries because of positive transport costs. Although the model appears very simple, it cannot be solved analytically, so all the conclusions must be drawn from numerical simulations.     

中国对外直接投资企业的竞争优势与投资绩效研究

近年来,中国对外投资加速发展,这在一定程度上反映了所有权优势在中国公司中逐渐形成。本文通过实证研究,考察处于改革开放环境下中国对外直接投资企业所特有的竞争优势,并探讨中国企业特有的竞争优势和海外区位优势对其海外子公司经营绩效和竞争地位的影响。研究结果显示中国对外投资企业最重要的两项优势是产品质量与技术优势以及国内市场的支持与经验。优秀的国际化管理人才和良好的合作者与企业海外子公司的经营绩效显著正相关。企业商品的知名度与其全球竞争地位正相关。区位因素中与绩效显著相关的指标包括“政府官员及公众对外资的态度”、“外资企业税率”、“政治稳定性”、“许可证的获得手续”和“短期资金的可获得性”。区位因素中与企业竞争地位显著相关的因素是当地政府的激励措施。     

企业核心竞争力和非核心竞争力竞争追随与均衡

企业核心和非核心竞争力追随会导致其竞争力升级和竞争力趋同。构建了企业核心和非核心竞争力竞争追随模型,讨论了在竞争追随条件下的核心和非核心竞争力的发展追随规律。     

Dimensions of international expansions by US firms to China: Wealth effects,mode selection,and firm-specific factors

China's recent efforts to attract foreign investment have been viewed favorably by US firms, who have explored a variety of strategies for expanding to China. This paper provides evidence related to a comprehensive set of strategies used by US firms to expand to China. For the 302 announcements of expansion by US firms into the Chinese market, several firm-specific factors are found to affect both the choice of mode entry and the reaction of investors to the announcement of the expansion. The results suggest that firms with a high investment in proprietary assets prefer foreign direct investment (FDI) modes to non-FDI modes, as do firms with high levels of geographic diversification. Firms entering the Chinese market utilize non-FDI modes, while those who have established a presence in China prefer FDI modes. The reaction of the stock market to expansions to China is positive; average excess returns of 0.75% are observed for the two days surrounding the announcement. Both FDI and non-FDI categories of expansion have statistically significant excess returns. Analysis by mode of expansion shows that expansions through joint ventures (JVs) and contracts are the most desirable alternatives. Other modes of expansion do not result in significant excess returns. Finally, a firm's prior financial performance has a significant influence on its ability to profitably expand to China.     

The performance and objectives of public and private utilities operating in the United States

This paper compares the production efficiency of public and private utilities to determine if a significant cost differential results from different behavioral objectives under the alternative modes of ownership. The procedure is to estimate the cost and input demand functions simultaneously while accounting for differences in input prices and technology across firms. The parameter estimates are then employed to compare the efficiency and objectives of public and private firms. The results suggest that public firms minimize cost and have 24–33% lower per unit costs than their privately owned counterpart. This cost differential appears to result from rate-of-return regulation of the privately owned firms.     

Engineering Consultancy: An Assessment of IT-enabled International Delivery of Services

The delivery of engineering consultancy services in global markets has been dominated by a small group of firms located in Europe and the US. Like many other service industries, engineering consultants have depended on the movement of highly qualified people and establishment of local affiliates for rendering their services in overseas markets. However, the diffusion of new information technology (IT) and the use of advanced telecommunications have changed the patterns of production and delivery of engineering design services. This paper examines the role of IT in changing modes of internationalization in the sector, focussing in particular on the potential for IT-enabled delivery that would provide an increased tradability of services. It is argued that new technologies have led to integration of project work and new sources of competitiveness in major firms, but that the emerging capacity to deliver services in arms-length transactions across national borders does not appear to have been significantly exploited. Nevertheless, IT-enabled delivery of engineering consultancy services opens up possibilities for business process reengineering that may provide some firms new competitive advantages in global markets and lead to further integration of design and construction in partnerships or project consortia, or in the strengthening of design-build approaches in project execution.     

Physical productivity of new firms: it is not as high as it appears

This paper argues that the physical productivity of new firms is not as high as it is measured with conventional approaches. The overestimation is due to two reasons, both of which are related to the underestimation of production inputs of new firms. On the extensive margin, while conventional approaches implicitly assume the share of production costs in the total costs is the same for all firms, new firms spend a larger share of their costs on production. On the intensive margin, conventional approaches usually use capital stock as the proxy for capital input and tacitly assume a constant ratio between capital service and capital stock, whereas new firms tend to use their capital more intensively. Failure to incorporate the two facts leads to economically significant inflation in the measured physical productivity of new firms.     

Vertical alliance and vertical integration for the inflow of technology and new product development in the pharmaceutical industry

Pharmaceutical firms are increasingly seeking vertical alliance (licensing and joint venture) or bridges and vertical integration (merger and acquisition, M&A) or buffers. However, the question remains whether alliance and integration modes of organisation contribute to the clinical trials activities for a new product development. Using data on 250 pharmaceutical firms, this study examines the linkage between the external technology-sourcing modes and an increase in clinical trials activities, advancing new product development. The findings indicate that licensing mode may not be an effective in comparison to joint ventures and M&A modes of the organisation. Comparing the two modes – vertical joint venture (bridges) and vertical integration (buffer) – the former appears to be effective than the latter (M&A) in sourcing external technology acquisition in the pharmaceutical industry. Implications of these findings are addressed in terms of strategy and structure in a broader context.     

Delegation in Oligopoly: Managerial Schemes and Loan Commitments

This paper examines an industry in which firms must arrange financing for the production levels they plan to undertake in equilibrium. Financing can rely on the spot, or it can be obtained from options in the form of loan commitments. In that context, we analyze whether the owners of the firms centralize financing and output decisions or delegate these decisions to managers. We show a multiplicity of equilibria from a number of organizational modes under delegation. An organizational form where the owner decides on short-term financing but delegates production with a long-term managerial scheme is not an equilibrium organizational form. Received November 26, 2001; revised version received June 10, 2002 Published online: February 17, 2003 We thank María-Paz Espinosa and two referees for their helpful comments. We also acknowledge financial support from the Spanish Ministry of Education under projects SEC99-0820 (CICYT) and SEC2002-00266. The usual disclaimer applies.