中国高考招生的地域歧视、内生经济增长与福利分析

国家重点高校在各个省市的招生配额极不平衡，这不仅有失公平，也会扭曲人力资本的培养，从而影响经济增长。但改变现有的配额方式势必给配额较多的省市造成福利损失。本文建立了内生增长模型来估算取消这种不平衡配额会如何影响现在受惠省市的经济发展，以及会给受惠省市考生造成多少福利损失。文章的数值模拟给出了重新配额对经济增长速度的影响和对受惠者造成的、以现值货币衡量的福利损失，并讨论了社会福利问题，从而为中央政府是否改变现有的招生政策提供经济学上的理论依据。     

税收、财政支出与内生经济增长

构建了基于财政支出、税收的内生经济增长模型,并推导出在给定税收、财政支出政策的变化路径时,经济会达到"竞争性分散均衡",税率与经济增长存在"倒-U"型关系,政府投资性支出与经济增长之间正相关。利用中国省际面板数据进行实证检验显示,在我国经济运行中,总产出、消费、投资、政府投资性支出、税率、利息率、工资水平之间存在长期均衡关系。我国宏观税率为28.63%时达到最优值,政府投资性支出对经济增长率存在正向影响,但不同区域间存在较大差异性。     

内生增长理论与我国经济增长

对于一个发展中国家，欲实现快速的工业化和可持续的经济增长，就必须能够以最低廉的成本来获取技术的进步。半个多世纪以来，大量的经济增长理论和发展经济学文献均对该问题给予了高度的关注，也产生了各种各样的主张和学说。毫无疑问，技术的扩散和学习以及资本的引入在经济发展中起着至关重要的作用。因此，在梳理内生增长理论发展过程之后，着重从内生增长理论中的技术创新和资本积累的角度讨论我国当前的经济增长。     

收入差距与中国经济增长——福利分析的视角

卢卡斯(Lucas,2004)声称,对收入分配的关注是经济学中最具诱导性和危害性的倾向之一,因为与改进生产的无限潜力相比,通过分配当前的产出来改进穷人生活水平的潜能是微不足道的。因此,政府的主要任务就是维持尽可能高的经济增长速度,而不必关心收入差距问题。文章认为,卢卡斯的论断无法适用于中国的国情,一方面,经济增长的高速度并不意味着社会福利水平的最优,较大的收入差距对于社会福利水平具有较大的影响,另一方面,只关注经济增长而不顾收入差距的拉大不利于社会主义和谐社会的建立;通过修正的模型和数值模拟发现,对于合理的偏好参数和中国的宏观经济数据,收入差距拉大的福利成本并非微不足道。因此,如果政府关心中国经济的增长,那么也应该关心收入差距问题。     

经济与福利均衡增长的机制分析

通过对成功跨跃“中等收入陷阱”和陷入“中等收入陷阱”的两类国家经济与福利增长的机制分析可知：拉美在中等收入阶段过早实施了福利增长计划导致经济发展缓慢,未能进入高收入国家行列;日韩通过进口替代工业化成功实现了经济转型,在中等收入阶段保持均衡的经济与福利增长并成功跨越中等收入陷阱。因此,我国要想成功跨越“中等收入陷阱”就必须建立经济与福利均衡增长的机制。     

延迟退休、内生出生率与经济增长

本文构建了一个包含延迟退休和内生出生率的OLG模型,考察延迟退休对人口出生率和经济增长的影响。研究发现,在新古典增长框架和内生增长框架下,无论是现收现付社会保障制度还是完全基金社会保障制度,延迟退休都使得均衡状态出生率上升。延迟退休对内生人口出生率的影响主要通过以下两个渠道实现:一方面,延迟退休使得老年时期收入增加,这会减少年轻时期的储蓄,年轻时期选择更少的时间劳动,投入更多的时间抚育子女,这使得人口出生率上升;另一方面,延迟退休使得资本存量减少,为实现年轻时期的消费,个体必须提供更多的劳动,这使得人口出生率下降。在本文的框架下,延迟退休对人口出生率的正向影响大于负向影响。延迟退休对经济增长的影响依赖于经济增长模式。在新古典经济增长模式下,延迟退休通过提高人口出生率渠道使得经济增长率上升。在内生经济增长模式下,延迟退休通过人口出生率渠道对经济增长的正向影响不足以弥补其通过资本积累渠道对经济增长的负向影响。     

内生经济增长理论：一个文献综述

本旨在通过评述30年代至今的各种经济增长理论，进一步梳理经济增长理论的发展脉络，尤其是内生经济增长理论的内在演化逻辑，并在此基础上指出经济增长理论可能的发展趋势。     

金融市场与经济增长——寻求金融中介与经济增长的内生机制

论文运用内生经济增长理论，分析论述了金融中介与经济增长之间的关系及内生机制，金融中介能够通过改变储蓄率和部分投资渠道或投资的社会边际生产力来影响经济增长，而金融发展对经济增长的影响表现出一定的模糊性，要分析其对经济增长的作用。必须将金融市场加以区分。     

INVESTMENT IN PRIMARY, SECONDARY, AND HIGHER EDUCATION AND THE EFFECTS ON ECONOMIC GROWTH

This author analyzes the effects of primary, secondary, and higher education on per capita growth for flow measures of education: enrollment rates, public expenditures, and expenditures per student. Worldwide panels since 1960 and developing and developed country subsamples are examined. Secondary and higher education enrollment rates and expenditures per student in lower education stages and primary overall demonstrate significance. Public higher education expenditures overall and per student are disadvantageous. This study recommends raising enrollment rates and prioritizing public expenditures toward lower education stages, while ensuring that expenditures per student keep up with increases in student cohorts. Indirect effects of education are explored. (JEL O11 , H52 , I28 )     

PUBLIC EDUCATION, FERTILITY INCENTIVES, NEOCLASSICAL ECONOMIC GROWTH AND WELFARE

Using a simple overlapping generations model of neoclassical growth, we analyse the effects of both child allowances and the system of public education on the rate of fertility, the per capita income and the individual lifetime welfare. The essential message of the present paper is that developed countries plagued by below-replacement fertility and income stagnation may raise per capita income and the rate of fertility at the same time by increasing the public education expenditure rather than by resorting to child allowances. The latter, in fact, are found to be harmful for long-run neoclassical economic growth and, in contrast with the common belief, for the rate of population growth as well. Moreover, welfare analysis has shown the existence of a Pareto-efficient welfare-maximizing educational contribution rate.     

SPATIAL DISCRIMINATION,PRODUCT SUBSTITUTABILITY AND WELFARE

The paper examines a quantity–location duopoly game in a spatial discrimination model in which the delivered goods are assumed to be imperfect substitutes or complements. By extending the range of the unit transportation cost analysed in the existing literature, it is shown that a dispersed equilibrium arises in which the choice of the optimal locations is affected by the degree of product substitutability. The interaction between the latter and the size of the transportation cost is also discussed in order to verify its welfare implications. In particular, it is shown that in this spatial framework imperfect substitutability may increase welfare.     

REVERSE DISCRIMINATION AND EFFICIENCY IN EDUCATION*

This article shows that reverse discrimination policies can find a justification purely on efficiency grounds. We study the optimal provision of education when households belong to different groups, differing in the distribution of the potential to benefit from education among individuals, which is private information. The main result is that high‐potential individuals from groups with relatively few high‐potential individuals should receive more education than otherwise identical individuals from groups with a more favorable distribution of these benefits.     

中国教育规模与质量影响经济增长的内生路径分析

中国目前教育规模的扩大提升了经济增长率,但教育质量的滑坡降低了经济增长率,教育总体上还是促进了经济增长。从教育影响经济增长的内生增长路径来看,中国的教育还未达到最优规模,仍需继续扩大,同时要注意发展初等教育和职业技术教育等,平衡教育结构。教育质量的提高总是有利于经济增长,因此提高教育质量应成为教育政策的重点。     

SOCIAL STATUS,EDUCATION AND GOVERNMENT SPENDING IN A TWO‐SECTOR MODEL OF ENDOGENOUS GROWTH*

This paper extends the relative wealth specification of status preference to the two‐sector Uzawa (1965 )– Lucas (1988 ) model and examines the effectiveness of government spending on economic growth. It is found that the desire for relative wealth‐induced social status and/or the education component of relative wealth‐induced social status are important ingredients in determining the growth rate effects of government spending. Provided that the agent is concerned with his or her relative social position, the education‐induced social status plays a more important role than the physical‐asset‐induced social status in determining the validity of public spending on growth. If individuals do not care about their education‐driven social rewards, then an increase in government spending has no effect on the balanced growth rate regardless of the presence of the physical‐asset‐induced social status. A rise in government spending reduces the long‐run growth rate if the education‐induced social status is present.     

PROGRESSIVE TAXATION,ENDOGENOUS GROWTH,AND MACROECONOMIC (IN)STABILITY

In the context of a standard one‐sector model of endogenous growth, we show that the economy exhibits equilibrium indeterminacy and belief‐driven aggregate fluctuations under progressive taxation of income. When the tax schedule is regressive or flat, the economy's balanced growth path displays saddle‐path stability and equilibrium uniqueness. These results imply that in sharp contrast to a conventional automatic stabilizer, progressive income taxation may destabilize an endogenously growing macroeconomy by generating cyclical fluctuations driven by agents' self‐fulfilling expectations or sunspots.     

EXPERIENCE IN MEASUREMENT OF WELFARE COMPONENTS AND THEIR REGIONAL IMPLICATIONS

The paper relates the Swedish discussion and criticism of national accounting statistics, especially GNP, as a measure of welfare. It describes some results of recent Swedish attempts to find practicable measures of welfare components, i.e. the investigations of the Low Income Commission and of the Expert Group on Regional Development Research. In both cases the regional aspects of welfare are emphasized in the paper.
The results are presented as a sign of important needs for new methods and new systems of concepts in measuring welfare. The Expert Group has for instance in different ways tried to map and compare the "service structure" of separate parts of Sweden. The Low Income Commission has principally studied the position in Swedish society of low income recipients and has not been working particularly on the illumination of regional differences, but since different types of region are included as a background variable, the investigations also give certain measures of the regional aspects of welfare.
In the last part of the paper some of the risks that seem to be difficult to avoid in trying to use welfare measurements are pointed out.     

AVAILABILITY OF HIGHER EDUCATION AND LONG‐TERM ECONOMIC GROWTH*

In the present paper, we examine the economic growth effects of a limited availability of higher education in a simple endogenous growth model with overlapping generations. It is shown that this limited availability might promote economic growth by increasing aggregate savings. If the supply of human capital is restricted, its price remains high and a large share of aggregate output is distributed to young households, which need to save for their old age. When this growth‐enhancing effect is strong enough, an excessive increase in availability leads to a shortage of investable funds, which substantially reduces economic growth.