现代经济发展理论的九大新发展

现代经济理论自本世纪五十年代初产生以来,已经历了四十多年的发展。从八十年代中后期开始,现代经济发展理论进入了其发展的第三阶段,新理论、新模型不断被提出。现简单地分析如下。 (一)经济增长理论的新进展 在八十年代中期以来,一批经济学家动用新古典主义的分析方法,结合当前国际经济增长中出现的新问题,通过对传统经济增长理论的批判分析,构造了     

从经济增长理论看河北省经济增长因素

现代经济学从诞生起就开始关注和研究经济增长原因。主流经济增长理论先后经历了古典经济增长理论、新古典经济增长理论和内生经济增长理论,其中影响较大的是新古典经济增长理论和内生经济增长理论。     

浅析现代经济增长理论的演变

经济增长不仅是经济学研究的永恒主题,更是全世界都普遍关注的问题。从亚当·斯密开始,经济学家就不断地对经济增长进行探索。正是由于经济增长与全世界人民的福利息息相关,所以我们对经济增长的研究就显得格外重要。然而随着经济全球化的发展,传统经济增长理论已经不能解释现代社会经济发展过程中出现的种种现象。理论和现实之间的矛盾促使我们探求现代经济增长理论,以更好地解释世界。因此,对现代经济增长理论的演变进行探索,具有积极的理论和现实意义。本文从经济增长的事实入手,首先界定了现代经济增长的概念,然后对现代经济增长理论的发展脉络进行梳理和阐述,分别对哈罗德一多马模型、新古典经济增长模型（外生增长理论）和新增长模型（内生增长理论）进行了详细分析。通过分析可见现代经济增长理论经历了由技术外生增长到内生增长、市场结构由完全竞争到垄断竞争的演变。     

论新经济增长理论与虚拟经济增长之间的鸿沟

本文分析了新经济增长理论发展动因及其缺陷,同时讨论现代经济的环境对于新经济增长理论成立条件之间的鸿沟.突出人的主观能动性对于新经济增长理论的挑战,最后简要分析和展望了新增长理论模型的发展方向.     

谈经济增长理论的演化

鉴于经济增长对人类福祉的重要性,对经济增长理论的演化过程进行了梳理.从古典的经济增长理论入手,引出现代经济增长理论的主题,按照理论发展的时间脉络依次介绍了新古典的增长理论模型及内生增长理论,并对各种理论进行了评析.在介绍理论脉络的基础上,总结有关经济增长经验研究的成果,重点考察了收敛问题的经验研究.     

新经济增长理论前提批判

新古典增长理论在经济增长要素分析中忽略了自然资本要素,无法给出经济社会可持续发展的理论基础,无法解释经济增长与自然环境恶化并存的现实矛盾,从而削弱了新经济增长理论的现实解释力。因此有必要在批判新经济增长理论前提的基础上运用演化经济学理论与方法,构建一个自然资本约束下的可持续经济增长的理论分析框架,探讨经济可持续增长的理论依据,为经济可持续发展给出新的理论解释。     

新经济增长理论与中国经济增长

新经济增长理论是21世纪80年代以后最主要的经济增长理论,新增长理论考虑了技术作为经济系统内生变量对经济增长的重要作用,随着科技研发和传播速度的加快,我国的经济增长也越来越依赖于科技的进步。文章通过对新增长理论的介绍及对中国经济增长的影响来说明新增长理论的理论适用性和解释力,并对其进行简要评价。     

区域经济增长理论述评

传统区域经济增长理论主要包括区域经济均衡增长理论、区域经济非均衡增长理论以及区域经济均衡增长理论和非均衡增长理论融合的理论,文章在阐述传统区域经济增长理论的基础上,进一步探讨了区域经济增长理论的新发展,最后对区域经济增长理论进行评析,以期对其有一个全面的认识。     

区域经济增长理论演变及其最新进展

在经济全球化和区域一体化的浪潮下,区域经济增长问题变得越来越重要,区域经济增长主要表现为区域经济均衡增长与非均衡增长,二者处于矛盾统一之中。因此,区域经济均衡和非均衡增长理论也就成为区域经济学研究和争论的热点问题之一。一、区域经济增长理论演变、发展区域经济增长理论和主流经济学的发展是一脉相承的,随着经济发展和技术进步,先后出现了区域均衡增长理论和非均衡增长理论,以及均衡和非均衡的协调统一论。区域均衡增长理论主要由新古典区域均衡增长理论和发展经济学的均衡增长理论所组成,前者的主要成果是索罗—斯旺增长模型,…     

现代经济增长理论的演进历程

本文以现代增长模型的演进为主线,考察了各个阶段的理论对经济增长动力的阐释,并以内生增长理论（包括“准内生增长”理论）为研究重点,试图通过其理论核心与成就（即技术内生化）、它的发展（即分工理论）以及不足（缺乏对制度因素的考察）找到经济增长的源泉与动力。     

On the theory of risk aversion and the theory of risk

Relationships between the theory of risk aversion and the theory of risk have been noted by Diamond and Stiglitz [12], Kihlstrom and Mirman [24], and Leland [29]. The main result of this paper is a characterization of the Pratt and Kihlstrom-Mirman [24, 46] relation “more risk averse” between utility functions in terms of a stochastic dominance or “riskier” relation between certain probability measures derived from these utility functions. This result is used in the comparison of risk-adjusted portfolio yields to extend to the several risky asset case the intuition provided by the Arrow-Pratt [1, 46] portfolio theorem that “more risk averse” means “will take less risk.”     

On the theory of aggregation

Kenneth Arrow's famous General Possibility Theorem, which describes logical restrictions on the possible ways of aggregating individuals' preference orderings into a social preference ordering, is extended and proved in general for aggregation procedures on arbitrary domains.     

On the opportunism-independent theory of the firm

Previous developments in the opportunism-independent theoryof the firm are either restricted to special cases or are derivedfrom the capabilities or resource-based perspective. However,a more general opportunism-independent approach can be developed,based on the work of Demsetz and Coase, which is neverthelesscontractual in nature. This depends on ‘direction’,that is, deriving economic value by permitting one set of actorsto direct the activities of another, and of non-human factorsof production. Direction helps to explain not only firm boundariesand organisation, but also the existence of firms, without appealingto opportunism or moral hazard. The paper also considers theextent to which it is meaningful to speak of ‘contractual’theories in the absence of opportunism, and whether this analysiscan be extended beyond the employment contract to encompassownership of assets by the firm.     

On the theory of DRC criteria

Srinivasan and Bhagwati (1978) show total and direct DRC are identical in a two-good, two-factor model with an additional, small project. This result is shown here not to extend to the case of more goods than factors, the usual empirical context of DRCs. For first-best solutions the direct DRC is appropriate, the total DRC is biassed against production and the so-called ideal variant biassed toward production. The total DRC is often advocated when areas of control are limited. If production or trade constraints compel obtaining materials from domestic producers, a particular, total DRC decomposition does provide valid guidelines, but its measure requires prior knowledge of the solution. The direct DRC, measured in second-best shadow prices, does convey limited information, even when areas of control are restricted, but in general a total formulation diminishes this information content.     

破坏性创新理论研究述评

破坏性创新理论是20世纪90年代初提出的一种创新理论和战略管理理论,该理论站在全新的视角系统阐述了企业如何通过破坏性创新以赢得长期竞争优势,受到了企业家和学者们的普遍关注.本文从破坏性创新理论的概念提出、深化发展及应用拓展研究三个层面进行综述性探讨,总结破坏性创新理论研究的进展及存在的问题,并对未来研究作出展望.     

On the theory of cost sharing

This paper investigates efficiency and equitability issues given a cost sharing method in an economy with a public commodity. We study the concept of a -cost share equilibrium and examine the set of all equilibrium allocations. Finally, we devise a mechanism to implement -cost share equilibria as strong equilibria of an associated non-cooperative game.This paper was written while Shlomo Weber was visiting the University of Bonn. Financial support from theSonderforschungsbereich 303 is gratefully acknowledged. We also would like to thank Dieter Bös for valuable comments.     

On the theory of macroeconomic quasi-equilibria

Conclusion It has been shown that for the Classical System a quasi-equilibrium cannot exist, unless we make the ad hoc assumption of inflexible nominal wages⁸. The equilibrium in the classical regime corresponds to the general competitive equilibrium, and of course the validity of Walras' Law cannot be questioned. At the same time, however, it has been shown that to extend these conclusions to the Keynesian system as well is not justified. The Keynesian system has, in general, a quasi-equilibrium. The model constructed in this paper and the resulting conclusions are significant because the model: (a) Incorporates the Keynesian notion of effective demand, which includes the demand for capital goods (investment) as being performed by a group of people distinct from the consumers (and so, answering Negishi's point, there is a prince in Hamlet!), (b) Unlike other models (like the recent paper by Glustoff), it does not rely on nominal wage rigidity to explain unemployment, but instead, again answering Negishi's remark, it explains rather than postulates why real wages do not adjust in the presence of unemployment so as to eliminate it. (c) It verifies the validity of Clower's proposition that in the Keynesian System Walras' Law holds only in equilibrium. (d) It reconsiles Bent Hansen's original quasi-equilibrium model with the Keynesian proposition of an unemployment equilibrium, against the apparent view of Hansen that to do that would require the assumption of a Phillips curve, a view also shared by Arrow and Hahn, and many others.An earlier version of this paper was presented in the December 1974 meeting of the Econometric Society in San Francisco. The author wishes to thank Prof. R. Clower, Prof. B. Hansen, Prof. S. Black, and Dr. G. Winckler for their valuable comments, but he obviously claims any errors for himself.     

On the theory of reference-dependent preferences

A theory is proposed in which preferences are conditional on reference points. It is related to Tversky and Kahneman’s reference-dependent preference theory, but is simpler and deviates less from conventional consumer theory. Preferences conditional on any given reference point satisfy conventional assumptions. Apart from a continuity condition, the only additional restriction is to rule out cycles of pairwise choice. The theory is consistent with observations of status quo bias and related effects. Reference points are treated as subject to change during the course of trade. The implications of endogeneity of reference points for behaviour in markets are investigated.