基于山东省面板数据的FDI工资效应分析

本文首先回顾了国内外FDI工资效应的研究状况,并描述了FDI在山东省的分布现状,然后利用山东省2000～2009年的FDI与工资等面板数据,对山东省FDI工资效应建立计量模型进行回归分析。实证结果表明,山东省5市和总体数据外商投资规模对劳动力工资水平呈正效应,但由于FDI的区域分布不均衡,各市FDI对劳动力工资水平的影响程度也不同。     

汇率的不确定性、投资区位选择与公司内贸易

本文通过建立投资国一受资国一国际市场的三国框架,分三种投资区位的国际生产模式,就汇率冲击对垂直型FDI的区位选择和公司内贸易的影响进行分析。研究表明：（1）当区位成本优势不能抵消汇率不确定性导致的损失时,跨国企业将会调整投资区位决策,考虑撤资回母国;（2）当汇率相对波动幅度处于某一范围时,跨国企业具有较强烈的倾向将投资从原东道国转移到其引资竞争国;（3）汇率不确定性对出口价格的传导效应,具有不完全性特点。出口价格的汇率波动风险弹性取决于国际市场的外部竞争度以及子公司组装成本占国际市场该产品价格的比重;（4）汇率波动风险对公司内贸易余额的传导程度具有不确定性。随着汇率风险程度的逐步加大,其对公司内贸易余额的影响作用渐强,逐步从弱弹性转化为较强弹性的传导。     

对外直接投资与贸易品技术结构提升:韩国的经验及启示

本文基于韩国近20年来的经验数据分析证实,韩国通过对外直接投资实现了要素的全球优化配置,从而为贸易品技术结构提升创造了条件。     

FDI和加工贸易的关系:替代、互补或其它?

本文对我国FDI与加工贸易之间的关系进行了考察.首先从我国加工贸易的发展历程和特点出发,分析了加工贸易的FDI导向,指出加工贸易的发展受到FDI的推动而快速发展,然后采用面板数据计量分析方法和我国1993-2003年闻28个省市的数据,将多个因素考虑进内分析了我国FDI与加工贸易之间的关系.分析结果表明,加工贸易(进口和出口)的发展明显地受到FDI的推动,同时也受到我国经济发展水平、交易效率和工资水平的影响,前二者对其起促进作用,而后者对其起限制作用;反过来,加工贸易的发展也对FDI起着显著的引致作用,相应地,经济发展水平、交易效率对FDI起显著的吸引作用,而工资水平则起着限制作用.为了说明计量分析的结果,本文建立了一个加工贸易和直接投资一体化的模型对加工贸易和直接投资的关系进行了分析.     

Asian Currency Unit (ACU), deviation indicators and exchange rate coordination in East Asia: A panel-based convergence approach

Employing the panel convergence method of Phillips and Sul (2007) to the nominal deviation indicators of two recent unofficial constructions of an Asian Currency Unit (ACU) index, this paper examines the existence and extent of convergence in the movements of East Asian currencies against the ACU. Empirical results reveal that intra-East Asian exchange rate movements have not converged to form one, cohesive and unified bloc where currencies share homogenous movements, regardless of whether one examines the data on intra-East Asian exchange rate movements before or after the collapse of Lehman Brothers in September 2008. Instead, a separate number of convergent clubs or blocs in the region have formed in recent years. Finally, and most importantly, we observe at the end of the period of our examination that economies in the region are, generally, converging at different speeds to two opposing poles of convergence, that is, groups of relatively depreciating currencies and, on the other, groups of relatively appreciating currencies.     

The relationship between globalization and insurance activities: A panel data analysis

This study applies a Bootstrap Panel Granger causality test to investigate whether there is causal relationship between globalization and insurance activity. We examine data from sigma reports of Swiss Reinsurance Company for 8 Eastern Asian countries over the period of 1979–2008. Empirically, results for one-way Granger causality show the influence of total insurance activity, life insurance activity, and non-life insurance activity on globalization only in Korea. However, there is strong causality from globalization to insurance activity for Thailand, Malaysia, and the Philippines. In our research, the results show that the causality between globalization and insurance activity varies across countries with different conditions. The findings of this study could provide important policy implications for the 8 Eastern Asian countries under study, namely India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, and Thailand.     

对中国国际贸易与FDI相互关系的重新检验

自从Mundell（1957）首次正式探讨国际贸易和FDI（外国直接投资）之间的关系并提出“替代模型”以来，已有众多学者相继提出了“互补关系论”、“不确定性关系论”和“一体化关系论”等各种其他理论。为检验国际贸易与FDI相互关系在中国的实际情况，本文采用协整检验的方法，分别运用外资企业数据、全国数据以及江苏省数据重新检验了国际贸易与FDI之间的长期相互关系。实证结果表明，外资企业的国际贸易与FDI之间存在长期稳定的相互促进关系，基于全国数据的国际贸易与FDI之间没有相互促进关系，基于江苏省数据的国际贸易和FDI之间只具有单向促进作用。本文在解释上述实证结果原因的基础上，给出了相关结论和启示。     

Robust determinants of growth in Asian developing economies: A Bayesian panel data model averaging approach

This paper investigates the determinants of growth in the Asian developing economies. We use Bayesian model averaging (BMA) in the context of a dynamic panel data growth regression to overcome the uncertainty over the choice of control variables. In addition, we use a Bayesian algorithm to analyze a large number of competing models. Among the explanatory variables, we include a nonlinear function of inflation that allows for threshold effects. We use an unbalanced panel data set of 27 Asian developing countries over the period 1980–2009. Our empirical evidence on the determinants of growth suggests that an economy's investment ratio is positively correlated to growth, whereas government consumption expenditure and terms of trade are negatively correlated. We also find evidence of a nonlinear relationship between inflation and economic growth, that is, inflation impedes economic growth when it exceeds 5.43% but does not have any significant effect on growth below that level.     

国外服务业贸易与FDI演进:文献综述及引申

国外学者关于服务贸易与产品贸易的联系与区别、影响服务贸易的因素、服务贸易的生产率效应和福利效应、服务业FDI流动、服务业FDI对生产率的影响及其福利效应、服务业贸易和服务业FDI对劳动力市场的影响等代表性研究成果表明:随着专业化分工的进一步深化以及科学的飞速发展,一些服务行业将从原有的制造业或者农业中分离出来。这就要求进一步深入对服务业贸易和服务业FDI的研究。     

Analysis of regional productivity growth in China: A generalized metafrontier MPI approach

This paper analyzes the dynamics of China's productivity for the period 1996–2004 with a newly developed methodology — generalized metafrontier Malmquist productivity index (gMMPI). Implementing the gMMPI, this paper reviews the inequality of the coastal and non-coastal provinces, as well as the latent impact of scale efficiency change (SEC) for China. Using provincial data for the years 1996–2004, the empirical results are as follows. On average, China demonstrates an annual 3.191% productivity change, which is lower than 4.729% for the conventional MPI and accounts for about 26.508% of output growth over the period 1996–2004. Most of this change is propelled by technical progress, while a fraction is driven by the adjustment in production scale, and the efficiency change has an adverse effect. Furthermore, regional inequality is also found in this empirical work, and the productivity change of the coastal region is actually stronger than that of the non-coastal region. This paper also casts some focus on the China Western Development policy. Indeed, we do not find any outstanding achievement from the policy in the sample period, except that the west region sustained its rate of productivity change after 2000. Moreover, the SEC is found to be trivial in the advanced coastal region, but plays an important role in the relatively laggard non-coastal region. The implication of the positive SEC in the non-coastal region means that China's Western Development policy will improve the scale efficiency and the TFP growth of the west region.     

European exports and outward foreign direct investment: A dynamic panel data approach

European Exports and Outward Foreign Direct Investment: A Dynamic Panel Data Approach. — This paper implements a panel data approach for studying the determinants of and relationships between bilateral economic activities in terms of both trade and foreign direct investment between the EU member states. The familiar equation for testing the determinants of bilateral exports is reformulated to reflect recent theoretical work. It is specified as a dynamic panel data model designed to answer questions about their relationship according to changes in different exogenous determinants. Exports and stocks of outward FDI are found to be substitutes with respect to changes in transport costs and complements with respect to most of the other determinants.     

FDI, exports, and GDP in East and Southeast Asia—Panel data versus time-series causality analyses

Using time-series and panel data from 1986 to 2004, this paper examines the Granger causality relations between GDP, exports, and FDI among China, Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, and Thailand, the eight rapidly developing East and Southeast Asian economies. After reviewing the current literature and testing the properties of individual time-series data, we estimate the VAR of the three variables to find various Granger causal relations for each of the eight economies. We found each country has different causality relations and does not yield general rules. We then construct the panel data of the three variables for the eight economies as a group and then use the fixed effects and random effects approaches to estimate the panel data VAR equations for Granger causality tests. The panel data causality results reveal that FDI has unidirectional effects on GDP directly and also indirectly through exports, and there also exists bidirectional causality between exports and GDP for the group. Our results indicate that the panel data causality analysis has superior results over the time-series causality analysis. Economic and policy implications of our analyses are then explored in the conclusions.     

Trade policy and specialization in developing countries

This paper examines the impact of trade policy on specialization patterns in ten Latin American countries over the period 1985–1998. These countries are natural case studies because in the last decades they implemented comprehensive trade liberalization programs, both generally and preferentially, starting from relatively high tariff protection levels. Our econometric results suggest that reducing own most favored nation tariffs is associated with increasing manufacturing production specialization. Furthermore, we find that preferential trade liberalization and differences in the degree of unilateral openness have resulted in increased dissimilarities in manufacturing production structures across countries. These results are robust across specialization measures and estimation methods.

Bank productivity in China 1997–2007: Measurement and convergence

This study examines the productivity growth of the nationwide banks of China and a sample of city commercial, banks for the ten years to 2007. Using a bootstrap method for the Malmquist index, estimates of the total factor productivity growth are constructed. Five different models of inputs and outputs based on variants of the Intermediation and Production approaches and non-performing loans are treated as a bad output, are examined for the purpose of arriving at a robust measure. The productivity growth of the state-owned commercial banks (SOCBs) is compared with the joint-stock banks (JSCBs) and city commercial banks (CCBs). In general, average TFP growth has been neutral over the period for the SOCBs and JSCBs but positive for the CCBs in the second part of the period. Efficiency gains (catch-up) were obtained through cost reduction and technical innovation was associated with greater diversification of revenue away from interest earnings. The opening up of the banking market has not led to a discernible improvement in bank productivity growth.     

贸易开放是否改善了能源效率:基于省区间比较优势非线性的实证分析

我国作为能源消费大国和对外贸易大国,能源消费与经济增长的矛盾日益凸显,成为了我国在实现可持续发展目标的过程中的新难题。本文运用了Antweiler等提出的理论模型,使用31个省份1995-2008年的数据、采用面板固定效应进行计量回归,探讨贸易自由化与我国各省份的能源消费情况的关系。结果显示,对外贸易通过规模、技术和结构效应对能源的消费产生了程度和效果各异的影响。其中,贸易引致的结构效应则由各省的比较优势所决定并通过对外贸易影响当地的能源消费情况及变化趋势。     

FDI and productivity convergence in Central and Eastern Europe: an industry-level investigation

This paper presents empirical evidence of the effect of FDI inflows on productivity convergence in Central and Eastern Europe, using a new and harmonized industry-level data set. Four conclusions stand out. First, there is a strong convergence effect in productivity, both at the country and at the industry level. Second, FDI inflow plays an important role in accounting for productivity growth. Third, the impact of FDI on productivity critically depends on the absorptive capacity of recipient countries and industries. Fourth, there is important heterogeneity across countries, industries and time with respect to some of the main findings.     

Trade facilitation in ASEAN member countries: Measuring progress and assessing priorities

This paper reviews progress and indicators of trade facilitation in member countries of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations. The findings show that import and export costs vary considerably in the member countries, from very low to moderately high levels. Tariff and non-tariff barriers are generally low to moderate. Infrastructure quality and services sector competitiveness range from fair to excellent. Using a standard gravity model, the authors find that trade flows in Southeast Asia are particularly sensitive to transport infrastructure and information and communications technology. The results suggest that the region could make significant economic gains from trade facilitation reform. These gains could be considerably larger than those from comparable tariff reforms. Estimates suggest that improving port facilities in the region, for example, could expand trade by up to 7.5% or $22bn. The authors interpret this as an indication of the vital role that transport infrastructure can play in enhancing intra-regional trade.     

加工贸易提高了环境全要素生产率吗——基于Luenberger生产率指数的研究

为系统考察加工贸易对经济增长、环境污染的影响,本文依托中国30个省份2000—2009年的数据测算出考虑坏产出的Luenberger生产率指数,并在此基础上对加工贸易的环境全要素生产率效应展开深入分析。研究表明,加工贸易和环境全要素生产率之间存在着显著的倒U形关系,当加工贸易占货物贸易的比重超过0．35时,加工贸易将对中国环境全要素生产率产生负效应。与此同时,出口和进口在环境全要素生产率的决定中有着完全相反的作用。在以上结论的基础上,本文提出了调整外贸模式、完善产业政策、协调区域发展的若干政策建议。     

FDI、经济增长与工业污染——基于安徽省1993—2012年数据的EKC检验

基于协整理论、格兰杰因果检验和EKC假说,考察了安徽省利用FDI发展经济背后的环境风险。研究结果显示：FDI和工业废气、工业固体废物均存在协整和因果关系,但无论在长期还是短期,FDI对工业废水排放的影响都不明显,这很大程度上取决于FDI在安徽省的行业分布状况。此外,样本期间安徽省不存在严格的“倒U”型EKC,工业废气和工业固体废物仍随着经济增长而不断增加,工业废水减排的管制效果明显,其与经济增长的关系呈“U＋倒U”型,而外资的流入则进一步加大了安徽省跨越EKC顶点的难度。     

Price convergence among Indian cities: A cointegration approach

Price dynamics in Indian cities were examined using cointegration analysis. We identified and calculated a common trend for prices in 25 major cities in India. Impulse response functions were obtained to calculate the rates of convergence to the prices and we found that the half-life of any shock is very small for Indian cities. Although a close to 3-month half-life seems too fast, there is some indication in the literature that half-life can be much smaller than the conventional rates of 3–5 years. We have calculated half-life using the panel unit root method, and found that estimates of half-life from cointegration analysis provide a faster convergence rate than estimates using the panel unit root method. We also analyzed how shock can be transmitted from one city to another and found no systematic behavior of transmission from one city to another.