我国个人所得税改革效果评析及对策建议

以提高工薪所得费用扣除标准为特征的个人所得税改革,减税效果明显,但调节居民收入分配差距的作用不大。此次改革存在以下误区:不符合我国提高直接税比重的税制改革趋势;"聚财"与"调节"功能错位;存在"头痛医头"的片面做法。进一步深化个人所得税改革应该顺应提高直接税占税收总收入比重的趋势,在大幅度提高居民的收入所得的基础上,采取建立综合税制体系、采取有效手段使隐性收入显性化、加强征管等综合改革措施,增加富人的个人所得税比重,发挥个人所得税的调节功能。     

“十四五”时期的个人所得税改革展望

个人所得税在调节收入分配、实现社会公平方面具有重要作用。“十四五”时期的改革部署中明确提出了健全直接税体系,提高直接税比重的要求。因此,“十四五”时期个人所得税改革的重点在于提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重,同时实现税收公平目标。对比近两年国外个人所得税发展趋势,发现我国个人所得税存在收入占比较低、劳动所得税负较重等问题。可以从多方面入手解决问题。一是将资本所得纳入综合所得计税范围,同时推进现代化税收征管,避免税收流失,以提高个人所得税收入占税收总收入的比重。二是通过完善专项附加扣除政策,进一步降低中低收入群体的税收负担,实现税收公平。三是优化高端人才税收优惠政策,提高人力资本积累对高质量发展的贡献。     

直接税促进共同富裕的内在逻辑与优化路径北大核心CSSCI

优化直接税制度是改善收入分配格局、促进共同富裕的重要制度保障。直接税制度改革应以扎实推进共同富裕为导向,从系统性视角厘清其与共同富裕之间的内在逻辑关系。直接税能够通过影响国民收入的再分配和第三次分配影响共同富裕。尽管直接税在国民收入分配环节的收入调节作用正在发挥,但对标共同富裕目标,直接税还有诸多不完善之处。为充分发挥直接税促进共同富裕的积极作用,应进一步完善税制结构,提高直接税占比,筑牢分配链条,改革个人所得税、财产税,完善慈善捐赠所得税优惠政策,充分发挥各税种在收入分配中应有的作用。     

提高我国直接税比重的难点与对策北大核心CSSCI

逐步提高直接税的比重是我国深化财税体制改革的重要内容之一。提高直接税比重改革是一个系统工程,受到经济发展水平、税收征管水平、传统文化等因素的影响与制约。本文分析了提高直接税比重的难点,并提出了相关建议。     

直接税与间接税税负水平和税收结构的国际比较

高税负国家人均收入水平比较高,其税负和税收收入中直接税所占的比重较大;中等税负国家税收结构表现出以直接税为主或者直接税与间接税并重的特点;低税负国家税收结构表现出直接税与间接税并重或者以间接税为主的特点.直接税税负水平比较高的国家都是高收入国家,间接税税负水平比较高的国家都是低收入国家,随着经济的发展、总体税负水平的上升,直接税税负水平呈上升趋势.     

提升直接税比重强化调节功能

提高直接税比重是税制改革所需迫切解决的重要议题,构建直接税体系,更符合税负公平和量能纳税为原则的现代税法核心,但是,由于征管手段、既得利益者阻力等原因,至今未取得实质性突破,因此必须破除种种障碍,逐步提高直接税比重,发挥直接税和间接税的各自优势。     

税制结构变迁对企业投资行为的影响研究——基于税负转嫁视角

在经济转型发展的背景下，企业“稳投资”对于确保经济平稳健康发展具有重要意义。笔者以2008—2016年沪深A股非金融类上市公司为研究样本，基于税负转嫁视角研究了税制结构变迁对企业固定资产投资行为的影响及其作用机制。研究发现：提升间接税比重对企业固定资产投资没有显著影响，而提升直接税比重则显著促进了企业固定资产投资。进一步的异质性分析结果表明，提升直接税比重对企业固定资产投资的影响效应主要来自大型企业、国有企业和融资约束程度低的企业。作用机制分析结果表明，直接税比重的提升在降低企业现金流水平的同时通过增加企业债务融资来促进企业固定资产投资水平的增长。本文研究为近年来固定资产投资增速快速下滑的现象提供了微观解释，为制定有助于企业实现“稳投资”目标的政策提供了参考。     

从税制结构演变中得到的启示

所谓税制结构是一个国家税收制度中税种的构成。通常以主体税为标准,把税制结构划分为以直接税为主和以间接税为主两种税制结构。历史上,税制结构的演变经历了一个由以原始的直接税为主到以间接税为主,再到以近代的直接税为主这样一个发展演变过程。从现今各国的税制结构来看,仍存在着以直接税为主和以间接税为主这样两     

对提升直接税比重 均衡税制结构的思考

提高直接税比重是税制改革所需迫切解决的重要议题,从而实现税种配置上的大致均衡。但是,由于征管手段等原因,至今未取得实质性突破。构建直接税体系,更符合税负公平和量能纳税为原则的现代税法核心,因此逐步提高直接税比重,并扬长避短,发挥直接税和间接税的各自优势。     

论直接税与间接税的合理搭配

直接税与间接税搭配问题是税收理论与实践中的一个基本问题,但目前国内外对于两者的理解和认识仍然存在诸多分歧。本文围绕直接税与间接税搭配的理论依据和发展演变展开研究,分析了直接税与间接税的定义、范围和优缺点,总结出两者相互搭配关系的演变规律。在此基础上,本文提出了我国推进税制改革、优化税制的建议。认为,我国正处在提高直接税比重、削减间接税比重的阶段中,但优化税制结构是一个较为长期的过程。本文从近期和中长期两个方面提出了推进税制改革的措施。     

个人所得税改革对居民消费的效应评价与完善路径

当前我国居民消费不足的最主要原因在于居民收入水平不高、国民收入分配失衡,所以2018年个人所得税改革的重点是提高费用扣除标准、调整税率结构,降低纳税人负担,增加纳税人可支配收入,提高居民消费水平。要进一步促进居民消费,个人所得税有必要继续减税,同时进一步调节收入分配差距,使收入分配更加公平。具体对策包括:将专项附加扣除中的子女教育支出范围扩大为子女养育支出,增加家庭合并征税模式,费用扣除标准指数化动态调整,进一步优化税率结构,建立负所得税制度。     

《企业所得税法》源泉扣缴上的几大变化

本文对"两法合并"后所得税源泉扣缴政策的重大变化进行了归纳总结:预提所得税减按10%征收;法定扣缴日期由五日变为七日;对税务机关指定扣缴新设定了三种情形;新增特定情况下的欠税追缴;非居民企业取得权益性投资收益不再免税;利息所得的免税范围有变化;转让财产所得减除项目由"原值"变为"净值"等。     

Tax Responses at Low Taxable Incomes: Evidence from Germany*

The desirability of a particular tax system depends on how different taxpayers react to it. Exploiting the personal allowance threshold and detailed German tax administration data, this paper examines responses at low taxable incomes to extend previous findings. Taxpayers bunch at the allowance threshold, and more so with non-wage income. Unlike in other studies, wage earners also bunch, at least if they file a tax return, while incomes gross of deductions do not. Deductions account for a sizeable share of the sharp bunching mass of taxpayers with non-wage income. A machine learning analysis identifies which deduction items predict such sharp bunching. The pattern of results suggests that local intensive-margin real responses induce moderate deadweight loss.     

Simplifying the personal income tax system: lessons from the 1998 Spanish reform

Governments often try to reduce the complexity of personal income tax systems by decreasing the number of tax filings. The 1998 reform of the Spanish income tax system has followed this approach by adjusting withholding on earned income to the income tax liability. In this paper, we assess to what extent the reform has fulfilled its purposes, making use of a micro‐simulation tax‐benefit model for Spain, ESPASIM. The number of individuals exempt from filing a tax return has been reduced to around half of the total number of taxpayers. However, the quantity of tax returns sent to the tax administration has not changed so much because the new withholding system adjusts taxes for only 29 per cent of those exempt. Moreover, the new system increases the overall excess of tax withholding by 1.5 billion euro. We also study alternative reforms that could achieve better results than the one implemented.     

我国个人所得税后续改革中必须考虑的若干问题

我国工资薪金个人所得税扣除额宜实行分地区浮动制度,而扣除额的调整必须与扣除方式的改革相结合才具有实质意义。从目前的征管实践来看,加强个人所得税管理、有效控制税源是确保改革目标实现的关键。此外,单纯追求个人所得税的公平功能而忽视其效率的作用,对我国社会政治经济的发展将产生不利的影响,也不符合改革的目标。     

A hybrid consumption-based direct tax proposed for Bolivia

In 1994 the authors designed a consumption-based direct tax for the government of Bolivia. The proposal combined yield exemption treatment (exemption of interest income and no deduction for interest expense) of individuals with consumed income tax treatment (taxation or deduction of the net proceeds of borrowing and lending, as well as interest income and expense) of business. This article explains why taxation based on cash flow has administrative and economic advantages over a conventional income tax and why the hybrid system proposed is preferable to either pure form of consumption-based tax.     

回归调节功能：消费税抵扣范围重构

抵扣是实现消费税调节功能的税制工具,消费税通过允许抵扣鼓励有益于社会的生产行为、不准抵扣抑制有害于社会的生产行为。但当前我国消费税抵扣范围界定缺乏基准,调节逻辑不清晰;抵扣范围选择缺乏弹性,调节效果欠佳;抵扣范围设计技术落后,调节共识缺乏,很难发挥应有的抵扣功能。究其根源,在于未明晰消费税抵扣的应然机理、没有凝练抵扣范围设计的基准。对此,需围绕消费税调节生产行为的主线,以范围设计基准为依据,统一调节逻辑,按照允许抵扣为原则、不准抵扣为例外的要求具体界定抵扣范围,形成逻辑自洽、范围清晰、合理有序的消费税抵扣体系,以充分保障纳税人权益。     

Compliance costs for personal income tax in a transition country: the case of Slovenia

The evaluation of taxpayers' compliance costs has grown in significance within tax system research over the last 15 years. In 2001, two surveys of VAT and personal income taxpayers were conducted in Slovenia to evaluate compliance costs for the 2000 fiscal year. This paper presents the results of research into compliance costs for personal income tax in Slovenia. The results show that compliance costs for personal income tax are relatively low, primarily because most taxpayers consider filing their tax declaration to be a simple procedure, which means that consultancy costs are low.     

Cost Uncertainty and Taxpayer Compliance

The existence of a private cost borne by audited taxpayers affects the tax enforcement policy. This is so because tax auditors will face now two sources of uncertainty, namely, the typical one associated with taxpayers’ income and that associated with the taxpayers’ idiosyncratic attitude towards tax compliance. Moreover, the inspection policy can be exposed to some randomness from the taxpayers’ viewpoint due to the uncertainty about the audit cost borne by the tax authority. In this paper we provide an unified framework to analyze the effects of all these sources of uncertainty in a model of tax compliance with strategic interaction between auditors and taxpayers. We show that more variance in the distribution of the taxpayers’ private cost of evading raises both tax compliance and the ex-ante welfare of taxpayers. The effects of the uncertainty about the audit cost faced by the tax authority are generally ambiguous. We also discuss the implications of our model for the regressive (or progressive) bias of the effective tax system.     

新个人所得税法对扣纳双方的影响及应对——基于扣缴人义务及纳税人行为视角

新个人所得税法在实践中的运行效果取决于征纳双方在税收征管过程中的耦合作用.一方面,作为联系税务机关与纳税人的中介与桥梁,扣缴人在个税预扣预缴及汇算清缴方面发挥着重要作用;另一方面,税制结构变化与缴税申报模式转变对纳税人影响深远.在新个人所得税下,扣缴人的扣缴清缴合规、沟通保密及判定审查等义务均有不同程度的增加、拓展或提...