坚持和发展劳动价值论及其重要的现实意义

坚持和发展马克思的科学的劳动价值理论,仍然是一个关系重大、需要深入研究的基础理论问题。为此,要首先认清马克思创立科学的劳动价值论的历史出发点,全面把握理论的主要观点。结合现时国内外实际,说明劳动价值论的核心思想必须坚持,劳动价值论的一些内容需要发展。强调坚持和发展劳动价值论具有重要的理论和实践意义。     

劳动价值论的坚持与发展问题

对于劳动价值论问题,我既不赞同错解、曲解和否定马克思劳动价值论的观点,也不赞同用本本主义、教条主义的态度固守只有物质生产劳动创造价值的理论观点,而是主张坚持和发展劳动价值论,如商业劳动和某些精神生产劳动可以创造价值。我认为,不应该区分资本主义社会的劳动与劳动价值论和社会主义社会的劳动与劳动价值论,劳动价值论是统一的。经济学的价值概念是商品经济概念,所以创造价值的劳动应该体现商品经济关系,劳动的重要性不能用是否创造价值来衡量。     

劳动价值理论在中国经济实践中发展——兼评刘诗白《现代财富论》的劳动价值新论

在知识经济时代和社会主义市场经济条件下需要坚持、丰富和发展马克思劳动价值论诸多价值概念的内涵与外延,使劳动价值一元论成为指导当前知识经济条件下推动我国高科技创新的基础理论。     

劳动价值论需要创新与发展

本文认为,坚持和发展马克思的劳动价值论,需要拓宽生产劳动和创造价值的劳动范围;在不违背劳动价值论基本原理和实质的前提下,加强对生产工具特别是先进工具和机器设备在财富及价值创造中的地位和作用的认识。     

劳动价值论的继承、求索和发展

改革开放以来,特别是2000年以来,有些学者错解、曲解马克思劳动价值论,否定和批驳马克思劳动价值论,造成理论上的混乱。比起生产要素价值论、供求价值论、效用价值论和边际效用价值论,马克思劳动价值论是科学的理论,但它需要发展和创新。对马克思的劳动价值论,既要继承与坚持,又要发展与创新。当前理论界对马克思劳动价值理论问题认识上存在三方面的非科学观点:一是毫无理论与事实根据地任意错解、曲解马克思的有关观点和理论体系,搬用早被马克思批判过的庸俗经济学的观点来否定和批判劳动价值论。二是由于理论素养和思想方法方面的问题,对劳动价值论进行无理批判。三是本本主义地、句句是真理式地坚持马克思主义经济学,不赞同离开物质生产劳动领域讨论劳动价值问题,并用大批判的语言反对拓宽劳动价值论的范围。对待这些问题,要认真面对并予以澄清。     

广义劳动价值论:商品经济的基本正义论——兼论坚持、发展劳动价值论的必然性

商品的价值是商品对其交换者的价值,也就是商品能够满足人的交换需要的效用,而商品的使用价值则是商品对其使用者的效用.马克思的劳动价值论从广义看即指劳动创造使用价值与价值.在马克思的广义劳动价值论中,劳动创造使用价值的价值论是马克思主要的归宿正义论,劳动创造价值的价值论主要是马克思的交换正义论.马克思的劳动价值论认为,财富主要由劳动创造,由于财富之源的生产资料并不会提出分配财富的要求,因此,按劳分配是唯一的分配正义.劳动价值论是马克思经济学的核心理论,事实上也是其经济正义论的核心理论.从经济正义的角度看,必须坚持、发展马克思的劳动价值论.     

关于深化劳动价值论的几个问题

马克思在对资本主义深刻认知的基础上,批判继承了英国古典政治经济学的理论成果,创立了科学的劳动价值论。劳动价值论是马克思经济学的理论起点,坚持马克思主义就必须坚持劳动价值论。21世纪我们所面临的劳动环境、劳动关系、劳动内容和劳动形式都发生了巨大变化,这些变化使马克思劳动价值论既面临着挑战,也面临着发展契机。要保证理论的生机,就必须使理论与变化的实践相结合,坚持与时俱进,坚持深化对劳动价值论的认识。阐述了在深化劳动价值论的过程中几个值得探讨的问题。     

从劳动划分角度坚持和发展劳动价值论

在我国社会主义市场经济发展的新时期 ,马克思传统的劳动价格理论受到了许多新情况新问题的挑战。要想更好地坚持劳动价值论 ,就必须从与价值创造密切相关的生产劳动和非生产劳动入手 ,不断发展原有的理论 ,赋予劳动价值论新的生命力和时代内涵 ,使其能对某些经济现象做出科学合理的解释。     

对马克思劳动价值论的再探讨

劳动价值论是马克思主义经济学体系中的重要内容。在新的时代背景下,深入研究马克思劳动价值论具有重要理论价值和现实意义。坚持和发展马克思劳动价值论需要从马克思经济学研究方法论的视角,对马克思劳动价值论作进一步的探讨和认识;需要从历史与现实的纬度,分析马克思劳动价值论中的价值及其与当代现实的关系;需要从理论本身的原创含义和现实价值出发,准确理解和认识马克思劳动价值论。     

劳动价值论:把创新写在自己的旗帜上

马克思的劳动价值论是“民创、民有、民享”的价值论和财富论。“劳动本体论”和“价值创造一源论”① ,是马克思劳动价值论的基本理论立场 ,也是我们深化对马克思劳动和劳动价值论认识的理论底线。马克思的劳动价值论首先是革命的、批判的理论武器。坚持马克思的劳动价值论但不能把它锁定在 19世纪。发展和创新劳动价值论的基本任务是要创造一个“社会主义建设的劳动价值论”。文章深入挖掘了马克思为发展和创新劳动价值论留下的理论空间 ,提出了发展和创新劳动价值论的技术路线 ,并提出了生产要素的所有权及其权重理论 ,以其分析了收入分配问题     

论收入分配理论的历史演变和劳动价值论的实践价值

马克思的劳动价值论继承和发展了斯密、李嘉图等人承认人类财富主要来源于劳动的理论 ,既表明了劳动与物的共性 ,又表明了劳动与物的区别 ,为我们结合现代实际建立适合我国先进生产力发展要求和最广大劳动人民根本利益的收入分配理论 ,奠定了最重要的理论基础。在马克思劳动价值论的基础上 ,创立适合中国实际和需要的能够解放劳动、保护劳动的收入分配基础理论 ,是顺应历史发展潮流 ,符合经济学现代趋势 ,适应中国发展要求 ,是一项具有重要实践价值的工作。     

试论劳动价值理论与均衡价格理论的融合

马克思的劳动价值理论和马歇尔的均衡价格理论是马克思主义政治经济学和当代西方经济学分析价值与价格时的基本根据。在坚持马克思劳动价值论的基础上，吸收马歇尔对需求曲线和供给曲线分析中的合理成分，可实现马克思的劳动价值论和马歇尔的均衡价格理论的融合，形成建立在劳动价值论基础上的均衡价格理论。     

The Emergence of the Law of Value in a Dynamic Simple Commodity Economy

Abstract

A dynamic computational model of a simple commodity economy is examined and a theory of the relationship between commodity values, market prices and the efficient division of social labour is developed. The main conclusions are: (i) the labour value of a commodity is an attractor for its market price; (ii) market prices are error signals that function to allocate the available social labour between sectors of production; and (iii) the tendency of prices to approach labour values is the monetary expression of the tendency of a simple commodity economy to allocate social labour efficiently. The model demonstrates that, in the special case of simple commodity production, Marx's law of value can naturally emerge from multiple local exchanges and operate ‘behind the backs’ of actors solely via money flows that place budget constraints on their local evaluations of commodity prices, which are otherwise subjective and unconstrained.     

社会功能工资模型的构建

马克思经济学的劳动力价值工资理论、新古典经济学的边际生产力工资理论和利润分享工资理论等,在解释私有制经济中的劳动者报酬方面,都具有一定的优势,同时又都有一定的局限性。以劳动者报酬社会功能工资理论为标准,以马克思经济学的劳动力价值工资理论为起点,综合新古典经济学的边际生产力工资理论和利润分享工资理论,构建劳动者报酬社会功能工资模型,能为提高我国私有制经济中的劳动者报酬提供理论基础。     

Values, prices of production and market prices: some more evidence from the Greek economy

This paper extends the empirical investigation of the relationbetween labour values and different price forms in the caseof the Greek economy. Subjecting the labour theory of valueto empirical tests with data from various countries helps inthe derivation of general conclusions regarding its empiricalvalidity and practical usefulness. Our results on the closenessof values and prices as measured by their absolute deviationand correlation, the shape of the wage–profit curves,the predictive power of labour values over market prices comparedwith other ‘value bases’, and the comparison offundamental Marxian categories when estimated in value and priceterms provide further support for the empirical strength ofthe labour theory of value.     

The employment contract with externalised costs: the avatars of Marxian exploitation

Abstract

The paper pursues two aims. The first is to argue that the foundation of Marx’s theory of capitalist exploitation is to be found, not in the labour theory of value, but rather in the contract of employment, the legal frame of the capital-labour relation. The second is to suggest that the partial externalisation of the reproduction cost of labour power has been an important source of relative surplus value, along with the productivity increase, emphasised by Marx, in the industries supplying wage goods.     

Value and Exploitation: A counterfactual approach

A deconstruction of the Marxian theories of value and exploitation is attempted by arguing, first, that the labour theory of value is logically and methodologically inconsistent as a basis for a theory of capitalist exploitation and, second, that it is founded on an ontology of the social being which is not plausibly justified. A counterfactual model economy is then built, called Utopia, in which the workers receive the whole net output while commodities exchange at labour values. This model is used as a benchmark to evaluate a capitalist economy where commodities exchange at production prices and workers are exploited. It is shown that the factor of exploitation can be expressed as a ratio between the labour commanded by, and the labour contained in, the net output, or between the value added produced in a capitalist economy and that produced in Utopia. The resulting theory of exploitation entails a weak ontology of the social being, expressing a worker's point of view.     

Smith,Marshall and Young on division of labour and economic growth

The aim of this paper is to reconstruct the theory of division of labour and economic growth proposed by Adam Smith and developed by Alfred Marshall and Allyn Young. In their approach division of labour is the main engine of growth and plays a central role in capital accumulation and technological progress. We suggest that, according to their theory: 1) economic growth is endogenous; 2) it has the nature of a cumulative, path-dependent process; and 3) it can be described as a disequilibrium process, supported by competitive forces. We argue that these aspects make the contributions of Smith, Marshall and Young still insightful for the development of growth theory, even in the light of the modern approach of endogenous growth theory.     

The positive relation between average labour productivity and labour intensity

Conclusion In this paper an attempt has been made to reconcile the phenomenon of a simultaneous increase in average labour productivity and labour intensity with neo-classical theory. Under certain technical and psychological conditions, this phenomenon can indeed be generated by a neo-classical model, once it has been assumed that production does not only depend on labour and the number of capital goods but on the operating-hours per machine as well. A necessary condition is that the elasticity of substitution is less than unity. Moreover, the elasticity of the degree of overtime aversion with respect to the number of operating-hours per machine has to be negative and smaller in absolute value than the substitution coefficient.Today almost everybody agrees that in reality the elasticity of substitution is less than unity. So, the technical condition may be called realistic. However, it is doubtful whether this is the case with the psychological condition. It seems rather unrealistic that the aversion against overtime work decreases if one has to work at more inconvenient hours.Thus, we may conclude that it is doubtful whether amended neoclassical theory is able to give a realistic explanation of the phenomenon of simultaneously increasing labour intensity and labour productivity. In this respect approaches which discern the phenomenon of labour hoarding [5] or employ U-shaped short-run cost curves [2], may be more promising.I wish to thank Professors F. Hartog, F. J. de Jong, and G. F. Pikkemaat, and Mr. J. W. Gunning for making useful comments on a first draft of this paper.     

Why do diplomas pay? An expanded Mincerian framework applied to Mexico

We compare four explanations for the value of diplomas, each of which has implications for unemployment and wage variation amongst graduates, most of which have not previously been tested for when seeking to explain the effects of diplomas. We test for these implications using a refined econometric framework, exploiting idiosyncrasies in Mexican labour market and educational institutions. Premiums in Mexico appear to result from diplomas tied to jobs with downwards rigid wages?–?an uncommon but simple explanation. The standard explanations, including screening, are not suggested by Mexican data. Our results illuminate how labour markets segmented by diplomas clear. This depends upon the nature of the labour market rigidities exactly as predicted by neoclassical theory.