信息不对称下数量折扣和返回措施对三层供应链的协调

文章研究了信息不对称下三层供应链的协调订购问题,即随机需求下供应商、制造商、零售商追求利润最大化问题。首先建立供应商、制造商、零售商三者互不合作分散决策的利润模型及三者在供应链下集中决策模型和采用数量折扣与返回措施完全合作下集中决策的利润模型,并给出三种情况下零售商的最优订购量的一般通式,得出采用数量折扣和返回措施契约措施时供应链的利润最大;其次得出制造商和零售商批发价格和利润与各自的目标利润率有关的;最后通过需求服从均匀分布和正态分布的实例验证了供应商-制造商-零售商在采用数量折扣和返回措施三者完全合作时供应链上的利润最大。     

确定性需求下库存供应链契约研究

文章构建了确定性需求下的库存供应链契约模型,分析了库存供应链整体利润和销售商利润的最优构成形式,研究表明,只有与制造商合作的销售商所选定的最优订货量与供应链整体运作绩效达到最优时的订货量相等时,才能使单方和整体同时实现最优。     

不对称信息下废弃物再利用决策分析与对策

以博弈论为研究方法,对由两个制造商为核心的关联供应链的生产性废弃物再利用问题进行研究,其中,制造商l为废弃物供应商,制造商2为废弃物购买商.通过分析在废弃物回收成本信息对称和不对称情况下两核心制造商的主产品产量和策略,得出在废弃物回收成本信息不对称情况下,制造商1承担更大的风险.因此,制造商1需要防范废弃物回收成本信息不对称带来的风险.文章进一步给出了制造商1的成本分摊合同,通过合同制造商1可以降低由废弃物回收成本信息不对称带来的风险,同时增加双方的收益.     

考虑知识共享的逆向供应链定价策略研究

针对由单一制造商和单一第三方回收商组成的逆向供应链,建立了考虑知识共享的逆向供应链定价模型。基于该模型得出知识共享前后制造商和回收商的最优定价策略、最优知识共享量和最优利润。进一步研究了回收商的初始回收再利用率、知识吸收能力和制造商的知识共享成本系数对制造商和回收商的回收价格的影响。最后对两种情况下双方的定价和利润进行比较分析,得出知识共享可实现多赢的结论。     

基于博弈论的闭环供应链差别定价协调问题

研究一个制造商与一个销售商组成的闭环供应链差别定价协调问题。利用博弈理论对两种差别定价模型进行了分析,得到了闭环供应链系统成员的最优定价策略和最终利润。并对两种模型的效率进行了分析,发现分散式决策使得整个闭环供应链系统效率损失了25％,最后提出一种收益共享差别定价协调策略,使得分散式闭环供应链的效率与集成式闭环供应链的效率等同。     

政府补贴下考虑公平关切的双渠道绿色供应链定价决策

政府采用不同补贴策略引导传统单一销售渠道的供应链向绿色供应链转型升级,补贴策略与因此而产生的供应链成员公平关切行为共同作用于双渠道绿色供应链决策和利润。基于研发补贴和价格补贴两种不同策略,考虑公平关切因素,构建“制造商线上销售—零售商线下销售”的二级双渠道绿色供应链博弈模型,探究不同补贴水平和公平关切程度对产品绿色度、最优定价以及利润的影响。结果表明：两种补贴策略均对供应链利润产生积极的影响,同一补贴水平下价格补贴策略的效果更好,但随着补贴水平的提高,两个渠道的绿色产品销售价格均会提高,这与政府实施补贴的目的是相悖的,因此,需要将补贴水平控制在合理的范围;研发补贴策略下零售商的公平关切会提高零售商的利润、降低制造商的利润,但价格补贴策略下制造商的公平关切对双方利润均不利。     

考虑个性化服务的双渠道供应链决策与协调

针对由单一制造商和单一零售商构成的双渠道供应链,研究了制造商直销渠道个性化服务的最优决策问题,并分析了在零售商渠道面临随机需求的情况下服务水平对零售商决策的影响。研究表明:在均衡状态下,随着线上消费者对个性化服务的偏好程度的提高,线上售价会提高,线下价格先降低后上升;当该偏好程度高于一定阈值后,供应链双方的利润都会大幅增加,双方从服务改进中获益;随着需求不确定性的增强,价格竞争加剧、利润降低;签订两部定价合同可实现双渠道供应链的协调并缓和渠道间的横向竞争。     

不同环境规制下基于微分博弈的供应链低碳协调策略研究

针对制造商及零售商的低碳行为,建立微分博弈模型,研究市场、政府和供应链三种环境规制下成员的最优策略。结果表明:不同环境规制下,制造商低碳投入、零售商促销努力及双方所得利润之间存在差异,且以供应链为基础时可实现最大化。进一步通过灵敏度分析,得出不同环境规制下,产品绿色度、商誉及成员利润都随时间的推移显著增加但增加速率不同;不同环境规制比较下,政府及制造商补贴都能促进成员利润的增加,但其差异增加速率不同。说明政府及制造商补贴分别在不同环境规制下起作用,因此,政府环境规制下制造商应做出更大的低碳投入努力,而供应链环境规制下零售商需做出更大的促销努力。     

供应链质量控制的SD模型构建及仿真研究

研究销售商居于主导地位的二级供应链质量控制系统,运用系统动力学方法,构建供应链质量控制模型。仿真结果表明,供应链双方的质量投资决策在合理范围内取值时,可以实现各成员付出较少的质量投资而获得最大收益的目的;要使供应链各级成员利润水平及系统整体绩效得到最大限度的提高,供应链双方应共同努力进行质量改进投资。     

再利用比例对企业开展再制造生产的影响

采用stackelberg博弈的方法,以单个制造商和单个销售商组成的二级闭环供应链为模型,在比较开环供应链和闭环供应链利润和成本的基础上,分析研究了再利用比例对企业开展再制造生产的影响。经过分析论证得出只有当再利用比例达到一定条件时,企业开展再制造生产才是有利可图的。     

Demand disruption and coordination of supply chain via effort and revenue sharing

This article explores the equilibrium behaviour of a basic supplier–retailer distribution channel under demand disruption via effort and revenue sharing contract. This differs from the traditional supply chain coordination model. Firstly, demand is simultaneously affected by retail price and nonprice marketing effort from manufacturers and retailers. Secondly, when the demand is disrupted, this article considers disruptions in the market scale and price sensitivity coefficient. Thirdly, the supply chain coordination model is proposed via effort and revenue sharing contract. In this way, the manufacturer reduces the wholesale price as an incentive for the retailer to share revenue. Finally, the total supply chain profit is greater with contract than no contract. This also constitutes another incentive for the players to follow the effort and revenue sharing contract.     

An Incentive Contract With Asymmetric Information

This Paper considers the problem of designing an optimal incentive contract between a retailer and a manufacturer when the former has private information about demand and its own cost. Based on a multi-period framework, we show that the incentive franchise contract can bring about the fist-best outcome of vertical integration when the retailer has complete information about consumers' preferences. [L42, D8]     

The bullwhip effect on inventory: a perspective on information quality

In recent years, there has been a vast increase in the quantity of information shared across supply chain. We investigate how the timeliness and accuracy of information quality affect the value of information sharing. We use the inventory bullwhip effect (BWE) to measure the value of information sharing in a two-level supply chain consisting of one retailer and one manufacturer. The retailer faces a price-sensitive demand and the price is an AR (1) process. Our study shows if customer demand and retailer’s immediate order are delayed, using retailer’s historical order quantity to forecast can decrease manufacturer’s BWE. If information errors happen, during delivery and utilization, information sharing is not always valuable for the manufacturer. Sometimes, no information sharing can decrease much more of BWE. If information errors occur when the retailer collects demand information, value of information sharing is more significant than when there are no information errors.     

Corporate social responsibility and marketing channel coordination

We analyze a simple linear demand bilateral monopoly situation where one of the firms, either the up-stream manufacturer or the down-stream retailer, is socially concerned in terms of its desire to enhance its end-customers’ welfare in addition to the traditional profit motive. Two cases are explored: the up-stream producer exhibits corporate social responsibility (CSR) in one case and the down-stream retailer in the other. In the two-stage game, the retailer makes their quantity-setting decision in stage-two, given the two-part tariff (wholesale price and fixed franchise fee) set by the stage-one producer. In this setting, among other things, we find that the optimal channel-coordinating tariff is very different from the standard pure profit-maximizing two-part tariff. For example, if either firm in the supply/marketing chain exhibits CSR, we show the optimal wholesale price does not equal the manufacturer’s marginal production cost, nor does the fixed fee equal the monopoly profit earned by the retailer. Finally, we find that our two-part tariff CSR model provides a theoretical rationale for the empirical finding of little to no correlation between CSR and firm profits.     

免费商业模式下厂商盈利机制的激励相容研究——基于对网络游戏产业的分析

笔者在对免费商业模式下网络游戏厂商及消费者行为特征进行分析的基础上,对网络游戏厂商盈利机制以及消费选择机制进行了构建,在激励相容理论框架下,通过厂商利润模型以及理性消费选择模型的最优化求解,认为在免费运营模式下,网络游戏厂商利润空间及消费者个人收益皆优于计时收费模式,且在最优化机制安排下,厂商及消费者收益具有一致性,从而在理论上验证了免费商业模式下的厂商盈利优势。     

Pricing decisions in a dual channels system with different power structures

This paper investigates the effect of product substitutability and relative channel status on pricing decisions under different power structures of a dual exclusive channel system where each manufacturer distributes its goods through a single exclusive retailer but two goods are substitute. A linear demand based on the utility function of a representative consumer is assumed, and three game scenarios(Manufacturer Stackelberg, Retailer Stackelbeg and Vertical Nash) are examined under symmetric and asymmetric related channel status. It is shown that no power structure is always the best for the entire supply chain though all members on supply chain have incentive to lead the Stackelberg game. Meanwhile, the vertical Nash game is an equilibrium for the members, however, a Prisoner's dilemma necessarily incurs for the entire supply chain because the Retailer Stackelberg or the Manufacturer Stackelberg can gain the better performance than that in vertical Nash for the entire supply chain when the product substitutability is moderate or higher and the asymmetric relative channel status is moderate, while consumers always get the most welfare from the vertical Nash game.     

Channel competition and coordination of a dual-channel supply chain with demand and cost disruptions

The impacts of simultaneous disruption of demand and cost on pricing, production and coordination of a dual-channel supply chain with one manufacturer and one retailer are examined. First, coordination of the dual-channel supply chain without disruption is proposed, by using a revenue sharing contract. Furthermore, the effects of simultaneous disruption of demand and cost on pricing, production and profit are examined from the perspective of partners and the whole supply chain. Optimal prices and quantum of production in the event of disruptions occurring are derived. Suitable changes and improvements in revenue sharing contracts can help coordinate the dual-channel supply chain with disruptions. Finally, the proposed models are further analysed through numerical examples.     

Discount Chains and Brand Policy

Retail chains are observed in many industries. The question addressed here is whether retail chains can exploit buyer power by excluding some brands. In a theoretical model with two differentiated producers and a single retailer, we show that a retailer will require exclusivity (exclude a brand) if the brands are sufficiently symmetric in demand potential. Exclusivity will increase welfare if the excluded brand is a close substitute for the brand carried by the retailer. Our theoretical results are also set in relation to some findings from the Norwegian grocery industry.
JEL Classification : L 12; L 42     

Upstream Market Power and Wasteful Retailers*

We provide a novel explanation for the wasteful product disposal by retailers. In our model, after purchasing a quantity of a product from the manufacturer, the retailer exerts a costly effort to sell the product to the final users. The manufacturer’s production cost and the outside opportunity associated with it is private information. We show that, when the manufacturer has the upstream market power, the retailer sells all units purchased from the manufacturer. However, when the retailer has the market power, it might deliberately purchase more than it sells to the final users (thus wasting the unsold amount).     

多关系条件下多代理人行为分析与激励机制设计

针对多个代理人之间存在多种关系———竞争、合作和中立的情况,建立了信息对称和信息非对称条件下的多代理人行为选择模型,通过模型求解与模拟计算分析多关系条件下多代理人的行为选择和委托人的最优选择或激励机制。结果表明:信息对称条件下,员工薪酬与员工间的竞争程度无关,但合作关系更能激励员工努力工作;信息非对称条件下,员工间关系影响其薪酬和企业利润,合作关系下的企业总收益比其他关系下的企业收益高,员工间的合作关系会影响并提高处于其他关系下员工的努力程度。最后提出:企业面对多员工管理问题时应尽量构建合作的工作环境,以减小员工工作努力程度的不确定性、实现利益最大化。