资产减值与盈余管理关系的实证研究

在总结已有的研究成果的基础之上,从资产减值的视角,选取了在上海证券交易所上市的50家有代表性的A股上市公司作为研究样本,分析了样本公司总的资产减值准备的计提与转回状况,包括资产减值准备计提数、资产减值准备转回数、资产减值准备转销数、资产减值准备净计提数等绝对数,也包括资产减值准备净计提数与资产总额、净利润的比率等相对指标。并对资产减值准备计提数分项目进行研究,确定了固定资产减值准备、坏账准备、存货跌价准备为计提数额较大的减值项目,运用特定应计模型,选取2009年、2010年的数据对上述三项减值准备进行实证研究。结果表明,上市公司存在着利用存货跌价准备等流动资产减值准备进行盈余管理的现象,而固定资产等长期资产减值准备则没有成为企业盈余管理的手段。     

亏损上市公司盈余管理的实证研究——基于资产减值政策的视角

本文选取了2009—2011年亏损上市公司的有关数据,采用相关性分析和T检验的方法,以资产减值准备为切入点对亏损上市公司的盈余管理进行研究。检验表明,我国亏损上市公司存在明显的利用减值准备进行盈余管理的现象,亏损上市公司减值准备的计提与其经营状况的恶化程度有关。并且得出结论,扭亏成功的亏损上市公司,在扭亏当年计提的减值准备明显低于亏损年度计提的减值准备,扭亏成功的公司在扭亏年度计提的资产减值明显低于未扭亏成功的公司。这将使我们认识到资产减值对盈余管理的重要性,能够更好地防范基于资产减值手段的盈余管理行为。     

新资产减值准则的变化对上市公司盈余管理的影响研究

2006年颁布的新资产减值准则在制定过程中充分考虑了现在上市公司利用资产减值准备进行盈余管理的实际情况,在计提基础、确认标准、计量标准和操作步骤方面较现行准则作出了更加详细的规定,尤其是关于禁止资产减值准备转回的规定必然会在一定程度上影响现行会计准则下公司的盈余管理方式,抑制一部分盈余管理手段。通过新资产减值准则颁布前后上市公司计提和转回各项资产减值准备的对比,对上市公司在新资产减值准则颁布后可能出现的新的盈余管理手段进行探讨。     

新会计准则对长期资产减值准备的影响分析

在原会计准则和会计制度下,资产减值准备的计提和转回可以使上市公司在年度之间转移利润,因而成为某些公司调节利润、管理盈余的"法宝".2007年起实施的<企业会计准则第8号--资产减值>(以下简称)规定,"资产减值损失--经确认,在以后会计期间不得转回".这就意味着上市公司通过长期资产减值准备的计提和转回来进行盈余管理这条通道被关闭了.那么上市公司会不会开始执行前突击转回或减少计提长期资产减值准备?     

资产减值新政:遏制了还是转变了盈余管理方式?——基于2005—2008年上市公司的实证研究

资产减值政策对上市公司的盈余管理具有重要的影响。2006年新会计准则在上市公司已执行两年,在这一背景下,研究我国上市公司利用资产减值政策进行盈余管理方式是否发生变化具有重要的学术价值。本文根据沪深市场上市公司2005—2008年的财务报告中关于资产减值的信息进行配对样本t检验,得出新会计准则在资产减值方面的变化给上市公司盈余管理行为造成的影响。结果表明,新的资产减值政策的确在非流动资产减值准备的转回方面遏制了上市公司的盈余管理行为,但是上市公司却更多转向通过流动资产的资产减值准备的计提与转回来进行盈余管理。因此,新的资产减值政策是否真正地遏制了盈余管理行为值得我们思考和进一步研究。     

资产减值准备对盈余管理影响的实证研究

文章通过对2006—2010年的样本统计,运用多元回归及相关性检验,发现长期资产减值准备计提跟企业盈余管理水平并不显著相关,认为新准则抑制盈余管理空间的效果有限,上市公司有利用流动性资产减值准备进行盈余管理的新倾向。     

《存货》准则、《资产减值准备》准则对上市公司盈余管理的影响

资产减值准备的计提和转回一直是企业进行盈余管理的重要手段，随着我国新《存货》准则、《资产减值准备》等准则的颁布，为上市公司盈余管理提供了空间和可能。随着新会计准则的实施，新的盈余管理手段和方法也会随之产生，文章针对《存货》准则、《资产减值准备》准则对盈余管理的影响进行了探讨。     

资产减值准则对盈余管理的影响——来自中国上市公司的经验证据

长期资产减值损失对资产的账面价值和会计收益都有较大的影响,于是中国一些上市公司利用原相关具体会计准则和会计制度中存在的某些漏洞,将资产减值准备的计提和冲回作为常用的盈余管理手段。新会计准则体系的实施有望从制度上压缩上市公司的此种盈余管理空间。本文的实证研究结果表明:2006年新资产减值准则颁布的当年,我国上市公司中确实存在着大量转回以前年度计提的长期资产减值准备的现象;2007年新资产减值准则的实施抑制了上市公司的此种盈余管理行为。因此,应进一步加强会计准则体系建设的严密性和科学性。     

浅谈新资产减值准则

资产减值准备对于遏止利润操纵，更加真实客观地反映企业资产的公允价值和收益、规范证券市场信息披露行为、保护广大投资者的利益具有重要的意义。然而，资产减值准备本身又为利润操纵提供了可乘之机。我国现行的多个具体会计准则规定企业应该计提坏账准备等八项资产减值准备。但由于种种原因，许多企业计提资产减值准备的随意性很大，甚至有些企业利用计提八项准备进行盈余管理。因此．认识新准则下的资产减值准则就显得很有意义。     

中国亏损上市公司资产减值准备计提行为研究

文章以<企业会计制度>的颁布实施为背景,以2001～2003年亏损的上市公司为研究样本,对影响上市公司资产减值准备计提行为的两大因素--经济因素与盈余管理因素进行了研究.文章的研究得出结论:亏损上市公司资产减值准备的计提在一定程度上反映了公司所在行业和公司自身经营环境的不利变化.在控制经济因素的影响后,文章找到了亏损上市公司存在大清洗行为的证据.     

Institutional Quality and Public Debt Accumulation: An Empirical Analysis

The question of public debt management for both developed and developing economies has generated an enormous amount of political as well as academic interest. This study examines how governance affects public debt accumulation in the MENA countries during the 1996–2015 period. The six Worldwide Governance indicators (voice and accountability, political stability and the absence of violence/terrorism, government effectiveness, regulatory quality, rule of law and control of corruption) were used to measure the quality of governance in these countries. The results show that only three governance indicators support well the hypothesis that poor governance leads to higher accumulation of MENA public debt. Moreover, the estimates suggest a significant indirect impact of bad governance operating via decreased GDP growth. These findings have important implications for policy makers of these countries, which are currently facing major fiscal and external imbalances due to the high cost of war and terrorist attacks, low oil prices and a decline in trade. Sound public debt management represents an urgent task especially that public debt management problems often find their origins in the lack of attention paid by policymakers to the costs of bad governance and weak macroeconomic management.     

家族文化与中国家族制企业融资行为分析

中国文化中最突出的是家族文化，其具有家族本位主义、家长制权威主义、泛家族主义的特征，具体反映到家族企业融资行为中则表现出内源融资偏好，首先接受的外部融资是负债。针对上市的家族企业中家族控股比例过高的倾向，融合社会金融资本的路径是对中国家族文化进行扬弃。     

金融企业呆账处理宜采取的会计和税收政策

金融企业呆账处理的会计和税收政策,直接影响到企业的经营成果和税收负担.通过对我国金融企业现行呆账处理的会计和税收政策进行分析,就发现其存在的问题.应当根据我国国情,借鉴国际经验,在会计政策上进一步细化有关规定,以提高其可操作性;在税收政策上,宜用注销法代替准备金法确认和扣除企业呆账损失,以体现税收中性原则.     

A role for preferred stock in the financing decision of a public utility

Summary We have shown that preferred stock has a unique role in the financing of public utility capital expenditures, particulary when returns allowed by regulatory commissions are perceived to be inadequate. From the firm's perspective there is no tax advantage for debt because the commission effectively passes the tax savings through the consumers. If allowed returns on common stock are inadequate and the firm has exhausted its perceived debt capacity, then preferred stock becomes the optimal financing instrument. The regulatory commissions compute the costs of debt and preferred stock so that companies can expect returns to cover payments on debt and preferred stock if the assets being financed are necessary and will be included in the rate base. During extremely bad years when revenues are much less than expected, the companies can delay or miss preferred stock dividends without running the risk of default. The data on new capital sources for the electric and gas utilities indicate that these companies made adjustments which are consistent with the implications of our model, but they did not follow the extreme policy of using only debt and preferred stock when market-to-book ratios for common stock were below one. Regulators have, on occasions, used capital structures for rate-making that differ from actual capital structures, and a utility might be penalized for using an extreme capital structure policy. The main emphasis of regulatory review of capital structure, however, has been on the debt component. One strategy would be to use a debt level that satisfies the regulatory commission and then adjust equity between preferred stock and common stock to maximize value for common stockholders.     

DO GOOD OR DO WELL? PUBLIC DEBT MANAGEMENT IN A TWO-PARTY ECONOMY*

Governments facing elections may strategically manipulate policy instruments in order to increase their re-election chances. The incentives for strategic manipulation are studied in the context of a debt management model, in which two parties with different inflation aversion compete in elections. It is shown that the inflation-averse party may issue nominal debt in order to make its opponent “look bad” to voters, thus getting closer to the median voter. Nominal debt artificially enlarges the ex-post inflation tax base, causing higher inflation. Conversely, an inflation-prone government may issue indexed debt in order to reduce inflation incentives.     

Foreign currency debt, risk premia and macroeconomic volatility

This paper studies the relationships between foreign currency debt, macroeconomic volatility, and risk premia in a model of a small open emerging market economy. The external value of the local currency is counter-cyclical, so that foreign currency debt requires larger repayments than local currency debt in bad states of nature. The level of foreign currency-denominated debts, therefore, affects the volatility of aggregate demand and by extension of the exchange rate. Exchange rate volatility is in turn an important determinant of the risk premium on local currency debt. Finally, this risk premium is a major factor in the choice of local versus foreign currency for emerging market borrowers. The mutual endogeneity of foreign currency debt, risk premia, and macroeconomic volatility creates important feedback effects in the economy: small increases in international risk aversion may entail large amplification effects on macroeconomic volatility since domestic borrowers substitute towards cheaper but riskier foreign currency debt finance.     

The impact of debt restructuring on firm investment: Evidence from China

This paper empirically investigates the causal effects of debt restructuring on firm investment using the propensity matching score with difference-in-difference (PSM-DID) method based on the panel data of listed companies in China from 2005 to 2016. The results show that the impact of debt restructuring on firm investment are heterogeneous among different property rights, industry natures, restructuring payment modes and amounts, and debt renegotiation characteristics. Our analyses indicate that debt restructuring has a more significant impact on promoting investment efficiency for state-owned enterprises (SOEs), firms in industries with excess capacity, and debt-restructuring firms that pay off debts with assets. Debt restructuring significantly aggravates overinvestment when the amount of debt restructuring is large. When shareholder bargaining power is higher than that of debtholders in the debt renegotiation, debt restructuring has a significant inhibitory effect on underinvestment. Smaller debt renegotiation frictions exacerbate underinvestment and help mitigate overinvestment. This paper provides a new perspective for understanding the rationality of debt restructuring and has implications for policymakers and corporate decision makers aiming to improve debt governance and investment efficiency.     

公司治理与中小企业融资方式

与银行等债权融资方式相比,风险投资等股权资金提供者更偏好于直接参与公司治理,并且更多地集中在风险较高的高新技术产业。本文从债权和股权资金提供者收益结构的差异出发对这些现象提出理论分析:第一,债权资金提供者希望降低项目收益低于偿债水平的概率,故偏好以监督方式间接参与公司治理;第二,由于高于债务偿还水平的项目收益并不能为债权资金提供者获得,故其参与公司治理的强度低于股权资金提供者;第三,预期到资金提供者的最优公司治理方式和强度后,中小企业应该为风险较大的项目寻求股权融资,为风险较小的项目选择债权融资,以求企业期望价值的最大化。这个理论框架也有助于进一步理解如何加强对我国中小企业的公司治理。     

债权与股权的转换比率:市场原则与方法

在我国目前情况下，债转股是银行剥离不良资产、企业减轻债务负担的重要举措，受到银行、企业以及各级政府的多方关注。然而，撇开我国目前的特殊情况不论，在企业正常的资本运营中、债转股、股转债也属于常见的操作。本认为，在正常情况下，应该依据市场的原则与方法来确定转换比率。为此，本引入期权方法评估企业债权和股权的价值。由于期权模型以有效市场假设为前提，并且直接考虑了债权和股权的收益与风险，这种方法更为有效地体现了等价交换的市场原则。     

外汇储备、银行危机与政府政策

本文探讨了在实行固定或钉住汇率制度条件下,面对商业银行清偿能力危机时,政府是否应该救助的问题。经研究发现:在外汇储备充足时,当商业银行的不良资产较多,或该国的信贷市场处于不断发展与扩张的阶段,政府应该救助;在外汇储备不充足时,当该国的信贷市场处于不断发展与扩张的阶段,政府应该救助;当商业银行的不良资产较多时,政府是否救助视该国具体情况而定;当该国外债规模较大时,政府不应该提供救助。