中国会爆发“银行危机”吗？

有很多原因促使银行危机成为最近一段时期理论界研究的热点。这些原因包括银行危机在国际范围内的频繁爆发,银行危机和货币危机、债务危机交织在一起,以及银行危机对一国生产造成的巨大损失等方面。本文将结合国际社会对于银行危机的判定标准以及我国银行体系的实际情况,重在阐述这样一种观点：虽然目前银行危机由于政府提供了大量的隐性担保而得以抑制,但在长期内,银行危机仍有可能从越来越多的银行失败蔓延开来。消除隐藏在我国银行体系内潜伏的巨大风险,将银行危机扼杀在萌芽阶段,将是下一步金融体制改革的一项重要任务。     

制造业比重、生产的垂直专业化与金融危机

对于制造业比重与金融危机的关系,本文整理了1970年到2011年160个国家的跨国面板数据,建立金融危机预警模型研究后发现:一国制造业产值占GDP比重越高,其爆发货币危机和主权债务危机的可能性就越高,但制造业比重与银行危机无显著关系。进一步的理论和实证分析表明,在当前全球生产垂直专业化分工的背景下,同一产品的不同生产环节被配置在不同的国家和地区。这使得一国制造业产值占GDP的比重越高,其参与垂直化分工程度就越深,该国贸易中中间品的比重就越高。这会使得国外经济波动更容易传递到国内,本国经济波动中受到世界因素的影响越大。由于主权债务危机和货币危机受外部因素的影响更大,因此爆发危机的可能性更高。     

美国居民低储蓄率之谜和美元的信用危机

理解近20年来全球经济失衡现象和此次全球金融危机之所以爆发的最佳切入点是美国居民储蓄率的系统性下降。本文利用美国的资金流量表,分析了财富效应和信贷便利性对美国居民储蓄行为的影响,同时,还研究了由此导致的美元信用基础的变化,以及复杂金融体系下包括中央银行和各类银行、非银行金融机构在美元信用创造过程中的作用。由此可以发现,此次危机不仅是美国居民过度负债的危机,而且也是美元信用基础坍塌、信用创造机制瓦解的危机——这意味着此次危机的持续时间或许会非常长。无论如何,全球经济失衡和当前的危机都反映了信用本位制下国际货币体系面临的另一种形式的“特里芬两难”：世界货币需求的增长和单个储备货币国维持货币信用之间的矛盾。因此,需要推动储备货币的多元化,以改革国际货币体系。     

货币危机理论评析

对投机者攻击一国的货币导致固定汇率体系解体的机理,理论界提出了货币危机的第一代模型、道德风险模型,货币危机的第二代模型,流动性危机模型和货币危机的羊群行为模型第五种最有影响的理论解释,前两种理论认为货币危机是由危机发生国实际经济恶化引发的,后三种解释则认为这是一咱与实际经济无关的多重均衡现象,这几种理论都是具体针对过去几十年中在拉美,特别是欧洲和亚洲爆发的货币危机而提出的,这些理论很好地对每一个具     

共生危机理论研究述评

20世纪90年代以来,新兴市场爆发的金融危机一般以共生危机(twin crises)的形式出现,即货币危机和银行危机在一段时期同时存在。单独的货币危机理论或者银行危机理论都不能很好地解释共生危机现象,特别是亚洲金融危机。原因在于目前流行的货币危机理论中没有加入银行部门和金融体系,亚洲金融危机中有一点货币危机理论没有提及的就是资本市场和房地产市场的泡沫及银行部门的     

我国银行体系脆弱性治理及银行危机防范策略

银行体系脆弱性是由高负债率的行业特点决定的。但一国银行体系脆弱性的高低取决于该国国民经济和银行治理两个层面。脆弱性累积到一定程度便会引发银行危机,在银行危机＂传染效应＂的作用下,对本国经济乃至全球金融体系造成负面影响。本文基于银行脆弱性和危机理论,分析我国银行体系脆弱性生成机理及其现状特性,提出治理我国银行体系脆弱性、防范银行危机的策略建议。     

相关链接

<正>债务危机是金融危机的一种类型。由于发展中国家国内金融市场、银行系统不健全、债务一旦爆发往往都会引起货币危机,银行危机等各种金融危机的集中爆发,最终导致经济陷入严重衰退。回顾历史,我们发现拉美危机、墨西哥危机、俄罗斯危机等等从1980年代以来爆发的历次债务危机都不离这一窠臼。     

基于金融体系视角的银行危机的传导机制分析

世界各国的金融体系可简单的分为市场主导型金融体系和银行主导型金融体系，银行在金融体系中为全社会提供流动性、管理支付清算，银行的稳定对一国金融体系的稳定至关重要。传统的银行危机传导理论并不能有效解释近期银行危机传染事件。运用三期模型比较了不同金融体系下银行挤兑在区域间的传导条件，对发展中国家、转轨国家频繁爆发的银行危机的原因给出体系层面解释。     

对亚洲地区外资回流现象的思考

对亚洲地区外资回流现象的思考詹慧怡继泰铢危机后爆发的亚洲金融危机，使得该地区大部分国家的货币出现了不同程度的贬值。为避免因手中持有的资产贬值而带来损失，大量外资在危机爆发前和爆发初期从该地区撤离，从而也加剧了这场危机的严重性。随着时间的推移以及在各国...     

银行危机与货币危机共生性关系的实证研究

1 997— 1 998年的亚洲金融风暴中 ,银行危机与货币危机的同时爆发 ,即共生性危机的发生引发国际社会与学术界对这种现象的重新思考 :这种共生性现象是否确实具有普遍性 ?从理论的角度来看 ,银行危机与货币危机之间的确存在着一定的联系 ,但到目前为止 ,很少有研究从实证的角度来证明这种联系的确存在。正是基于此 ,本文从实证的角度出发 ,旨在揭示出银行危机与货币危机之间的确存在着相互影响 ,换言之 ,共生性危机的发生是具有显著性的。具体来说 ,本文以 1 975— 2 0 0 0年期间 53个国家危机的发生情况为研究对象 ,分别运用频率分布、信号法 ,以及概率回归模型来分析两种危机的共生性 ,并得到非常一致的结论 :在新兴市场国家中 ,银行危机与货币危机之间的确存在着明显的相互关系 ,同时银行危机更趋向于作为货币危机即将发生的同步或预警指标 ,而反之则不然。     

中央银行在应对经济危机中的作用及局限——马克思的论述及其当代价值

马克思以英格兰银行为例,深入地研究了中央银行在应对资本主义经济危机中的作用,其主要思想可以概括为三个方面.一是中央银行具有国家货币管理机构和信用枢纽的双重性质,这决定了中央银行有应对经济危机的内在职能.二是存在两种货币危机,即货币资本运动引发的"特种危机"和"任何危机的一个阶段".针对"特种危机",中央银行的应对措施既...     

The Government's Foreign Debt in the Argentine Crisis

Though the government had adopted a currency board regime since 1991, the Argentine economy suffered a currency crisis in 2002. It is shown that currency crises can arise, even under currency board systems in which the central bank has enough international reserves to respond to arbitrary withdrawals by individuals. The model implies that a government's rapid accumulation of foreign debt should be included as a major predictor of currency crises.     

Stock Market‐Induced Currency Crises—A New Type of Twins

This paper explores the link between currency crises and the stock market in emerging economies. By integrating foreign stock market investors in a currency crisis model, we reveal a new fundamental inconsistency as a potential crisis trigger: since emerging economies' stock markets often have high returns, whereas central bank reserves grow slowly or decline, the amount of reserves foreign investors can deplete when selling their stocks and repatriating the proceeds grows over time and is considerably higher than funds that have been invested in the stock market. Capital withdrawals of foreign stock market investors can trigger currency crises by depleting central bank reserves, particularly in successful countries with booming stock markets and large foreign investment.     

Balance Sheet Effects, Growth, and Crises

This paper addresses two questions: are currency crises predicted by increases in a central bank’s external and contingent liabilities relative to assets, and do these “balance sheet effects” generate persistent output losses following a crisis? I find empirical evidence that the answer to both questions is yes. I use data on stocks of gross external assets and liabilities for 167 countries over 1973–2003, in an unbalanced panel probit regression to obtain robust estimates of the probability and determinants of a post‐crisis recession. Several single and simultaneous equation specifications support the idea that the output cost of a currency crisis depends on its transmission mechanism. Specifically, a recession is likely to be severe if it is preceded by a crisis that works its way through the financial sector. In addition, the results show that measures of contingent liabilities, capital flight, and lack of financial depth are significant predictors of costly crises.     

Credit in Times of Stress: Lessons from Latin America during the Global Financial Crisis

The 2008–2009 global financial crisis disrupted the provision of credit in Latin America less than in previous crises. This paper tests whether specific characteristics at both the bank and country levels at the onset of the global crisis contributed to the behavior of real credit growth in this region during the crisis. As shown, financial soundness characteristics of Latin American banks, such as capitalization, liquidity, and bank efficiency in the pre‐crisis period, played a role in explaining the dynamics of real credit during the crisis. We also found that foreign banks and banks that had expanded credit growth more before the crisis were also those that cut credit the most. Among country‐specific characteristics, we found evidence that balance sheet measures such as the economy's overall currency mismatches and external debt ratios (measuring either total debt or short‐term debt) were key variables in explaining credit growth resilience.     

Does the stock market cause economic growth? Portuguese evidence of economic regime change

The relationship between stock market and economic growth is tested for Portugal (1993–2011), which is a small open economy dependent on bank financing. The relationship between economic growth and bank financing is also appraised. Using Vector Autoregressive (VAR) modeling, Granger causality, variance decomposition and impulse response function are discussed. The physical replacement of the currency, as a consequence of the integration in the European Monetary Union, proves to be an economic regime change. The effect of the subprime crisis was also proved. There is evidence of Granger bidirectional causality between the stock market and economic growth. Meanwhile, there was no evidence of causality running from bank financing to economic growth.     

Liberalisation,Financial Risk,and Formal Financial Participation in Pakistan: Hyperinflationary Microeconomic Responses to Moderate Volatility in a Developing Economy

With formal financial inclusion much lower than its neighbours, Pakistan has been the focus of intensive efforts to ‘bank’ the ‘unbanked’. Yet, after a drop in deposits in the wake of Pakistan’s 2008 crisis, deposits are still struggling to return to their mid-1990s’ levels. Focusing on distortions in the banking sector, the Central Bank attributes this to ‘crowding out’ amidst a steep rise in the propensity to consume. This study draws on extensive fieldwork, identifying heightened financial risk driven by multifaceted monetary instability since the liberalisation of the rupee and of Pakistani markets. It proposes that heightened monetary risk has translated into a broad-based shift out of the rupee akin to hyperinflationary responses, but revealed in relatively moderate monetary conditions. It argues that, exposed to global markets, national currency itself has become a risky asset, pushing store-of-value and transactional holdings into unconventional liquid assets. This suggests that monetary stability, expressed in the currency itself and in broader pricing patterns in the economy, is key to the uptake of financial intermediation. The issue at the root of disintermediation in Pakistan, it is argued, is less one of ‘crowding out’ than of disruption to the role of national currency as money itself.     

存款保险制度的产生发展及其理论基础

本文通过对存款保险制度在国际上产生发展的背景分析 ,发现该制度在实践中有内在的必然性 ,在理论上有坚实的基础 ,银行的存在是金融效率所在 ,尽管挤兑可能会发生甚至迅速演化为银行危机 ,但不能否定银行的客观必要性。相反 ,需要防止挤兑和银行危机发生的制度安排 ,其中没有任何一种安排能够取代存款保险制度。中国现在比以往任何时候都需要采纳这一制度以适应市场化金融改革开放的需要 ,当然相应的技术问题仍需要解决。     

货币危机预警理论及实证比较研究——兼对中国的模拟分析及启示

随着我国汇率制度改革的不断深入,人民币汇率浮动的幅度扩大,汇率对经济的调节功能日益显现。这同时也增大了我国的货币风险。文章在论述东南亚金融危机后货币危机理论最新发展的基础上,从理论和实证角度比较了五种货币危机预警模型的预警效果、优缺点,并对预警模型在我国的模拟应用作了探讨。     

Economic Volatility and Capital Account Liberalization in Emerging Countries

Economic volatility has increased drastically in the age of financial liberalization. The tendency among mainstream economists has been to explain this trend by government misdeeds and various market imperfections. For instance, government overspending was the main culprit in the first generation models of currency crises. Following the Asian crisis the emphasis shifted onto capital flow reversals, and arguments based on the ‘moral hazard’ problems began to replace the emphasis on the monetized government deficits. This paper outlines an explanation of economic volatility that is not based on moral hazard problems or other market distortions. Two stylized facts associated with the aftermath of financial and capital account liberalization are singled out for emphasis and brought together in the context of a macroeconomic framework that draws from Keynes’ Treatise. These are: (i) liquidity preference becomes intertwined with currency substitution, producing a macroeconomic destabilizer that explains procyclical changes in bank credit independently of moral hazard problems; and (ii) asset prices become fairly easy to predict, stimulating destabilizing ‘trend’ speculation by foreign investors, which means that profit seeking and market rationality might lie behind erratic shifts in capital flows.