旅游小企业的创业机会识别研究——桂林阳朔西街案例

旅游小企业由于其生活方式动机而区别于其他行业企业,现有的创业机会识别模型的解释力度有待进一步验证.文章通过对阳朔西街36家旅游小企业创业者的半结构性访谈资料的质性编码,发现旅游小企业的创业机会识别经历了机会感知、识别和创造三个过程,机会评价贯穿于机会识别过程的始终.环境因素是旅游小企业创业机会识别的动力源泉,先前知识经验及社会网络的影响突出.创业动机不同,机会识别过程的考虑因素也有所不同.生活方式型创业者注重自身兴趣爱好及经验知识的运用,追求精神回报；维持生计型创业者属于市场追随者；商业型创业者注重投资回报率,会进行一定的分析考察.但是,旅游小企业创业者的机会识别过程并不是一个简单的线性过程,它更大程度上是基于创业者个人及亲戚朋友的知识经验进行的思想分析.     

从消费到生产:大理古城生活方式型旅游企业主移民的生存特征

伴随着全球化的发展,人口流动性不断增强.以度假、养老、休闲等为目的的旅游移民迅速发展.生活方式型旅游企业主移民为了追求一种新的生活方式迁移到旅游目的地,为了维持在目的地的新生活,他们需要创造收入,为了平衡工作与休闲,一般会选择经营旅游小企业,他们集生产与消费于一体.但关于生活方式型旅游企业主移民的研究有限.文章采用定性研究方法,综合运用深度访谈、非参与式观察和二手资料等方法,重点分析生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的生产和生活特征.研究发现:(1)生活方式型旅游企业主移民主要是来自北上广深的白领和金领;(2)旅游企业主移民将个人的兴趣爱好、价值观及生活方式与企业的经营相结合,使他们既能维持生存,又能按照自己的想法经营企业,平衡工作与生活;(3)生活方式型旅游企业主的日常活动和社会交往集中于住所-旅游小企业的小范围区域内,形成了基于共同兴趣爱好的移民内部“交往圈子”.总之,生活方式型旅游企业主移民在大理古城的聚集形成了小型的流动的移民社区,他们一直保持“在路上”,区别于根植于当地的传统社区居民和典型的游客.     

生活方式型旅游小企业的特征及研究启示

近年来,生活方式型旅游小企业已成为国际学术界关注的热点,西方学者对生活方式型旅游小企业的研究较为丰富,但国内对此领域的研究极少。文章首先对生活方式型旅游小企业的概念进行了界定,从创立动机、经营目标、信息媒介、地点选择、主体来源、经营业态、经营业主七大方面揭示其特征;其次,指出在发达经济体和发展中/转型经济体下生活方式型旅游小企业意义和价值的差异性,并从经济、社会、文化三方面阐释生活方式型旅游小企业对旅游目的地的影响;最后,作者对国内外该领域现有文献进行了回顾与梳理,并在此基础上指出了未来可能发展的走向。     

农业文化遗产旅游地不同类型农户的农地利用行为演变分异——以哈尼梯田为例

农户生计多样化与维持传统农业生产之间的矛盾是当前农业文化遗产保护的核心问题,旅游发展被认为是弥合二者关系的有效路径。遗产旅游地农户生计与农地利用问题的研究,可从实践层面揭示旅游发展环境下农户生计变化对农业生产的影响。文章基于元阳县12个村寨401家农户的研究表明:(1)劳动力就业呈现非农化转移,农户生计由此分化形成务农主导、务工主导、均衡兼营、旅游参与、旅游主导5种发展类型;(2)非农化发展总体上对农地保护与利用形成负面影响,对旱地的利用变化主要表现在种植结构上,对水梯田的利用变化则表现在弃耕撂荒、农地流转、劳动力投入等多个方面;(3)不同类型农户的农地利用行为改变存在差异,生计旅游化转型的农户其传统农业生产维持不及留守务农农户,劳动力投入与省工性的物质要素投入行为改变明显,但在农地保有与劳动力投入方面优于外出务工农户;(4)旅游的弥合效应与遗产保护学界的理论构想存在差异,研究区弥合效应仅在旅游从业农户群体中有所体现,这类农户根据旅游从业特点、遗产保护要求形成了旅游化兼业模式,生计压力之下对家庭劳动力的充分利用促成了农户兼顾传统农业生产。遗产保护须多方审视旅游的正反向效应,在遗产保护基础和前提下,维持适度旅游发展规模以保持农户多产兼业才是可持续发展之路。     

旅游非正规就业:职业发展的末端还是通道

现有研究一般认为旅游非正规就业低收入、低门槛、不体面,仅能维持生计或增加收入.非正规就业是职业发展的末端,就业者是被“降级的劳动力”.文章通过珠海拱北口岸的实地调查和对44位旅游非正规就业者的访谈指出,旅游非正规就业是许多就业者的职业发展通道.就业者以中青年低层次劳动力为主,但也包括较高学历和丰富工作经验的企业白领、个体经营户和大学生,他们通过亲缘或地缘组织介绍从事旅游非正规就业.文章进一步归纳总结了7种从业动机、6种从业规划和4种职业发展路径.研究表明,大多数旅游非正规就业者具有较为明确的从业动机、从业规划和职业发展路径.相较于其他非正规就业,旅游非正规就业提供更多的职业出口,更利于积累资源和能力,是一条低层次劳动者向高层次城市就业者转变的职业通道.     

经济发达地区农村妇女参与乡村旅游的动机研究——以中山市新伦村为例

工作动机是指直接引起、推动并维持人的工作,以实现一定职业目标的内部动力.文章通过对中山市新伦村妇女参与乡村旅游的心理特征进行深度访谈,发现当地妇女在参与乡村旅游过程中,由于受到家庭经济条件、地区经济环境、就业心理、地区传统文化等多方面的影响,表现出为孩子树立榜样、逃避紧张工作、展示兴趣爱好、提高家庭收入等工作动机,具有明显的地域特殊性.这些就业动机导致了当地妇女低层次、高流动率的参与,在一定程度上阻碍了乡村旅游的升级与发展.     

农业文化遗产地农户区位对生计旅游转型的影响——兼论区位条件的生计资本意义

农业文化遗产地农户生计旅游转型与空间地理位置存在关联，旅游环境下区位条件已成为农户生计发展不可忽视的重要因素。遵循顺序解说型设计，该研究采用逻辑回归评估区位条件对生计旅游转型的影响，并通过质性分析探究区位条件对生计发展的作用机理，结果发现：（1）旅游视角下农户生计分化类型在空间上存在一定的分布规律，生计旅游化程度随农户与景区距离的增加而下降，农户区位对生计旅游化转型具有显著影响；（2）既靠近景区又靠近公路的住宅具有旅游经营优势，优势区位助推农户发展形成旅游经营生计，且住宅区位已呈现资本化，成为旅游经营生计中需要投入的资本要素；（3）住宅区位资本形成源于农户住宅的功能转换及外部辐射增值，游客在空间上的集聚及扩散决定了住宅位置的消费市场可达性，形成住宅区位的资本交换与极差地租；（4）景区对邻近社区具有农地、人力资源依赖性，邻近社区投入资源并参与景区旅游生产，社区农户为此获得旅游发展的制度性红利，旅游参与机会及发展福利伴随制度安排的演进而变化。研究有助于认识区位条件对农户生计的影响，对把控旅游地生计资本结构也具有重要意义。     

基于出游半径的自驾车旅游市场特征差异分析——以苏州市为例

自驾车旅游成为休闲旅游的重要方式。自驾出游半径不同市场需求存在一定差异,根据市场需求差异开发适应市场需求的自驾车旅游产品,对自驾车旅游市场发展具有重要意义。本文通过市场抽样调查方法,分析苏州市出游半径不同的5类自驾车旅游市场特征差异。结果表明,5类自驾车旅游市场在旅游动机、信息渠道、出游方式、出游时间、停留时间和旅游消费等6个方面存在一定差异性,但差异程度不同;研究还发现,影响自驾车旅游市场发展的主要限制性因素是道路标识系统不完善、旅游服务设施建设滞后、自驾车旅游经济成本高以及驾车安全隐患等4个方面;最后针对不同类型自驾车旅游市场特征以及影响其发展的因素,提出科学合理的自驾车旅游市场开发对策。     

乡村旅游创业动机的性别差异研究——以台湾为例

以往有关乡村旅游经营者创业动机的研究主要局限于拉力创业动机和不同性别创业者拉力创业动机研究。旅游研究学者提出应该对乡村旅游经营者动机进行更为理论化和系统的研究,并对乡村旅游经营动机的性别差异做进一步的探讨。该研究以台湾地区为例,比较性别差异下中小型乡村旅游经营者的创业动机模式。探索性因子分析结果显示,乡村旅游经营者拉力创业动机包括善用农业资源、社交、更换工作与政府政策鼓励等4个因子;推力创业动机则包括工作压力、自我压力与生活压力等3个因子。后续的多元方差分析(MANOVA)结果表明,女性的拉力创业动机明显高于男性,而男性的推力创业动机则明显高于女性。研究表明,女性从事乡村旅游产业经营主要是为了追求理想的生活方式与获得利益,而男性从事乡村旅游产业经营主要是因为对过去生活不满意。     

乡村旅游经营实体创业影响因素研究

在乡村旅游开发中,开办小型经营实体是社区参与的最主要形式,其健康发展直接影响到乡村旅游开发目标的实现.通过在广西乡村旅游地区对乡村旅游经营者创业影响因素的实地调查,经T检验和因子分析,得出乡村旅游经营实体创业受增加经济收入、自我实现、家庭生活需要、兴趣爱好、外部支持和投资风险的综合影响,并且随创业者个体差异、实体差异在多方面表现出显著不同.     

Perceptions of tourism promotion and business challenges: A survey-based comparison of tourism businesses and promotion organizations

Tourism is an important economic development driver in the U.S. especially in rural areas. Most US regions have tourism-related economic development organizations to assist the local industry. Despite such assistance, however, many tourism-based businesses struggle. One possible reason is a disconnect between business needs and the activities of related organizations. This study uses survey data from tourism-based businesses and tourism promotion and economic development organizations in rural western Pennsylvania and West Virginia to compare how the various actors perceive the most pressing tourism promotion efforts and business challenges. In general, tourism businesses and support organizations agree on the promotional needs of tourism-based businesses and hold similar perceptions about industry problems. However, tourism promotion agencies underestimate the role of the internet in promotions and perceive workforce issues differently than do businesses. Better alignment of priorities within tourism partnerships should enhance promotional and educational efforts as well as the integration of tourism into overall economic development efforts.     

Avoiding panic during pandemics: COVID-19 and tourism-related businesses

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought devastating impacts of an unprecedented scale to tourism-related businesses due to governments instituting mobility restrictions and business closures worldwide. In this research, we present the results of a survey involving 1212 tourism-related businesses in Jiangxi province, China, in late February 2020. The survey covered various topics, including (1) self-evaluated effects of COVID-19, (2) business responses, (3) social responsibility behavior, and (4) anticipated government policies. Findings from mixed-effects (ordered) logit models revealed that small-sized businesses appear particularly vulnerable to the pandemic. Social responsibility behavior is determined by business size, local pandemic circumstances, and local tourism dependence. Different businesses favor distinct government aid policies. Based on estimation results from our econometric models, we plotted a policy positioning matrix to identify appropriate policy measures for diverse businesses.     

国外旅游小企业研究进展

随着旅游小企业的迅速兴起与发展，国外学术界已经初步形成关于旅游小企业的研究体系，并将其视为旅游目的地可持续研究的重要内容。相对于国外研究而言，国内学术界对于旅游小企业的研究还是一片空白。为此，本文对国外旅游小企业研究的兴起与发展的历程，重要的研究文献，以及当前国外学者研究的主要内容等进行了具体的介绍，并对国外现有研究文献进行相关评述。希望借此文以促进国内旅游小企业的研究。     

Business resilience in times of growth and crisis

Natural disaster, economic recession and political turmoil pose major challenges to local tourism in developing countries. To address such challenges, this article investigates the multiple ways in which local tourism businesses respond to crises and the resources these businesses employ to build resilience in an unpredictable business environment. The data underlying this article have been generated in a longitudinal study of small-scale businesses in the accommodation sector in the city of Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Based on qualitative research, comprising ethnographic methods, the study reveals that local tourism businesses show remarkable resilience during the decade of crisis that affected the Indonesian tourism industry. This resilience has to be understood in terms of the businesses’ embeddedness in a package of livelihood strategies.     

Small tourism business networks and destination development

This paper is based on ongoing research into networking between small tourism businesses and its contribution to destination development. The fieldwork is being carried out in a peripheral rural location. A detailed conceptual framework comprising of a literature review, background to an ongoing study and the methodology being implemented is discussed. The review finds an increased awareness of the importance of networks in mainstream business research, however, research within small tourism businesses is still underdeveloped. Furthermore, there is little or no direct research in terms of collective tourism business networks within a destination. Destination development research is also reviewed and particular consideration given to the rural context. Destination models are discussed with the recent chaos-based theories providing new understandings. Networks are established within the destination concept. Finally, the location for the data collection is discussed with a justification of the qualitative, in-depth interview approach.     

Social capital and entrepreneurial mobility in early-stage tourism development: A case from rural China

Early-stage tourism destinations often seek external capital to establish, invest and participate in tourism businesses at various levels. Entrepreneurial mobility at these destinations is thus an important phenomenon in need of further exploration both empirically and theoretically. This study uses an early-stage destination in rural China as a case to explore the experiences of inward entrepreneurial migrants in tourism development and associates their mobility, geographical and organisational, with dimensions of social capital, including institutional support, community openness and personal social networks. Primary interview data were collected from inward tourism entrepreneurs, key local community members and government officials related to tourism projects. The findings suggest that the inward entrepreneurs had unrealistic perceptions of the tourism industry before they entered. Entrepreneurial mobility in tourism development is influenced by all three social capital dimensions. The integration with the locality enhances the potential contribution of entrepreneurial mobility to tourism development.     

“You know that's a rip-off”: policies and practices surrounding micro-enterprises and poverty alleviation in South African township tourism

Supporting the development of small tourism businesses has been seen by policy-makers as a valuable means of alleviating poverty in South African townships. This perspective has been endorsed by several “responsible” tourism businesses and academics. Following a literature review, this paper reports the findings of an empirical study that examined the practices of 80 micro-business owners and the factors that shape their behaviour in two South African townships. In spite of significant visitor numbers, it finds that their narrow social networks, the imbalances of power between them and intermediaries such as travel agencies and tour operators, ideas of Ubuntu and Umona, and complex family and ethnic ties all represent barriers that prevent them from developing their businesses and sharing in the material gains available through tourism. This analysis has important implications for local policy-makers and those advocating responsible tourism. For the former, it suggests a cessation of current initiatives in favour of greater regulation and alternative forms of investment. For the latter, it implies a need to reassess the utility of advocating responsible tourism to consumers in a context where they do not understand the dynamics which fashion what is on offer or the implications of their choices.     

旅游电子商务研究述评

旅游电子商务是当前旅游业发展的新趋势,也是学术界关注的一大热点。本文对国内外旅游电子商务的研究现状进行了回顾,着重评述了当前研究的几大方面：现状与对策、信息技术、电子商务在旅游企业的应用、旅游网站、旅游者消费行为,并在此基础上总结了目前国内研究的薄弱环节,对今后研究的发展方向提出建议。     

Family Vs. Non-Family Business Owners’ Commitment to Their Town: A Multigroup Invariance Analysis

This study examines differences between family-owned and non-family-owned small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs) operating in regional tourism destinations. The research focuses on SMTE owners' commitment to stay in the town in which they are embedded. Based on samples of family (N?=?157) and non-family (N?=?141) businesses in regional South Australia, was used to test the construct validity of SMTE owners' “commitment to stay”. Multigroup invariance was used to test the factorial equivalence of scores from the commitment model across family and non-family businesses. Results support the validity of the “commitment to stay” CFA model. Multigroup invariance analysis suggests family business owners have a greater commitment to staying in their town. These results contribute to our understanding of the unique objectives and behaviours of family businesses in tourism as well as present important implications to destination managers aiming to support sustainable entrepreneurial development.     

多元化类型与旅游企业价值关系研究

文章以2003~2010年17家旅游上市公司为研究对象,采用关联比例作为多元化类型的代理变量衡量相关多元化程度,以资产收益率衡量企业价值,运用面板数据回归和二阶段最小二乘法,探讨哪种多元化类型更有利于促进旅游企业价值,以及哪些因素影响旅游企业多元化类型的决策选择。实证表明:股权集中度、企业价值对旅游企业相关多元化具有显著正向影响,国有股比例、资源可转移性、公司规模和公司年龄对旅游企业相关多元化具有显著负向影响;在外生性视角下,相关多元化对旅游企业价值具有正向影响,存在2.6%的相关多元化溢价效应;在内生性视角下,相关多元化对旅游企业价值的正向促进作用进一步提升,相关多元化溢价效应为9.7%。