实物地质资料管理标准化研究

我国在长期地质工作中,产生了大量的具有重要保存意义和开发利用价值的实物地质资料,但对实物地质资料缺乏统一规范管理.推进实物地质资料管理标准化研究,建立完善的实物地质资料管理标准体系,是实现实物地质资料统一管理的关键措施.     

浅议我国实物地质资料管理与社会化服务

实物地质资料与成果地质资料和原始地质资料一样,是地质工作成果的重要组成部分。在对实物地质资料管理与社会化服务基本认识的基础上,分析了我国实物地质资料管理现状与制约其社会化服务的问题,提出了加强我国实物地质资料管理与社会化服务的对策建议。     

实物地质资料属性特点、重要性及研究意义

实物地质资料是地质工作产生的重要资料信息资源类型之一。对实物地质资料的含义、资料属性特点、重要性的判别标志等进行系统的理论总结和研究,是建立实物地质资料筛选收集与服务体系的基础,有助于开展科学化的实物地质资料管理工作,发挥实物地质资料信息资源的服务作用,逐步形成系统的实物地质资料管理科学。     

国内外实物地质资料管理现状对比研究

实物地质资料是一种宝贵的社会资源，具有重要的经济价值和科学研究价值。本文从管理体制、管理政策及实物地质资料馆藏机构等几个方面对国外实物地质资料管理现状作了全面介绍，并针对造成我国实物地质资料管理较差的根本原因提出了七点建议。     

省级实物地质资料管理服务的实践与思考——以辽宁省为例

当前,文章以辽宁省实物地质资料管理为例,分析了辽宁省实物地质资料管理工作现状,介绍了辽宁省实物地质资料企业化管理的实践经验,剖析了存在的问题,进而探讨了实物地质资料管理服务的发展方向和保障措施：①深化制度改革,强化服务能力建设;②加大资料馆建设规模,提高馆藏实物质量;③加强人才队伍建设;④提高信息化建设程度;⑤整合三大地质资料,强化数据集成开发。     

新时期实物地质资料管理的指导思想

实物地质资料是国家花费巨大投入取得的宝贵信息资源,对其进行充分利用,可以提高地质工作效率,取得显著的社会效益和经济效益。实物地质资料管理属公益性地质工作。新时期实物地质资料管理的指导思想是:统一领导,分级负责;与成果地质资料管理等相关工作协调配合;以藏品为基础,以信息技术为手段,以服务为目的;打破资料封锁,推进信息共享;有效保护与充分利用相结合;实现规范化、科学化、现代化。以这些思想为指导,把我国实物地质资料管理推进到新的阶段,为地质工作和国民经济发展发挥应有的作用。     

我罗斯实物地质资料的管理与服务

俄罗斯实物地质资料的管理包括建立、管理和组织使用联邦级和地方级信息库中的国家实物地质信息资源。俄罗斯实物地质资料由进行地质工作的科研单位以及生产性地质企业将所得的实物地质资料汇总到地质资料信息管理的相关部门,制成不同的服务信息产品,为决策层和地质企业科研部门服务。俄罗斯有五个主要岩心库：（1）科拉半岛超深钻研究院附属岩心库;（2）俄罗斯乌赫塔岩心库;（3）全俄石油地质勘探科学研究院附属岩心库;（4）汉特曼自治区国立岩心库;（5）俄罗斯天然气公司综合岩心库。目前俄罗斯在实物地质资料管理方面很难做到私有地质企业的实物资料共享化并向各个联邦主体或者联邦行政大区的自然资源部分支机构统一汇交。     

推进实物地质资料目录数据库建设工作的思考

实物地质资料目录数据库主要为用户提供实物资料信息数据源,帮助用户了解地质工作中产生的实物地质资料类型及数量、保管现状、获取方式等信息。当前实物地质资料目录数据库建设存在部分单位领导重视程度不够、实物地质资料基础设施建设不均衡、业务人员缺乏、业务工作资金不足、历史遗留问题负担重等问题。推进全国实物地质资料目录数据库建设工作的建议:(1)统筹三大地质资料协调发展;(2)强化工作认识,落实项目资金,部署实物地质资料目录数据库建设;(3)提升业务人员能力;(4)解决实物地质资料历史遗留问题;(5)及时发布实物地质资料目录数据信息。     

地质大调查实物地质资料状况调查及管理建议

地质大调查项目开展以来,获取了十分丰富的实物地质资料。问卷调查显示,大调查项目实物地质资料的主要类型为钻孔岩心、岩石标本、岩石薄片、古生物标本及各种地球化学样品,来源于固体矿产勘查评价、区域地质调查、区域地球化学调查等项目。据数据统计显示,大调查项目实物地质资料管理现状堪忧,主要表现在管理体系尚未建立、经费不足、人员匮乏等方面。应借鉴先进国家经验,建立实物地质资料分级管理体制,保障其经费,建立奖励机制,加强人才队伍建设。     

我国金矿床实物地质资料保管体系建设

金矿床实物地质资料保管实施应考虑到确定采集目的、制定金矿床目录的筛选条件、制定矿床内实物地质资料保管规范、实施实物地质资料采集等四个方面,其中制定金矿床目录筛选条件和矿床内实物地质资料保管规范是重点。金矿床目录筛选条件包括空间分布、矿床类型、矿床规模、成矿时代、找矿热点区。根据该筛选条件国家实物地质资料馆在全国范围内确定了30个代表性金矿床作为保管对象。实物地质资料包括实物(岩心、标本、光薄片及相关副样)及相关资料(与实物密切相关的成果资料、原始资料及影像资料等),其收集保管应具有系统化、规范化的特点,以使实物地质资料的价值最大限度地发挥。     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.