常德市土地利用/覆被变化分析

通过GIS空间分析功能,选取常德市的四个县市:桃源县、汉寿县、临澧县、津市市,从土地利用现状、土地利用时空变化、土地利用类型动态度、土地利用程度变化以及土地利用变化区域差异等五个方面对常德市2009年和2012年土地利用、覆被变化进行定量、定性分析比较。研究结果表明:12009-2012年期间,四个县市的城镇、交通水利等建设用地需求持续增加;2 2009-2012年期间,土地利用程度综合指数呈增长的趋势;3常德市2009-2012年间土地利用程度变化不大,并且区域不平衡;4 2009-2012年期间,四个县市中相对变化最大的为临澧县城镇建设用地。     

高分辨率卫星遥感影像数字化更新县级土地利用基础图件的试验研究

高分辨率卫星的出现和商业化使快速更新大比例尺土地利用基础图件成为可能。本文采用实证研究的方法,分别在北京市房山区和吉林省安图县建立了两个试验区,形成了一套基于遥感的县级土地利用基础图件数字化更新的技术流程,并对这一技术流程和方法进行了验证。     

Land use transitions: Socio-ecological feedback versus socio-economic change

The concept of land use transition highlights that land use change is non-linear and is associated with other societal and biophysical system changes. A transition in land use is not a fixed pattern, nor is it deterministic. Land use transitions can be caused by negative socio-ecological feedbacks that arise from a depletion of key resources or from socio-economic change and innovation that take place rather independently from the ecological system. Here, we explore whether the sources of land use transitions are mostly endogenous socio-ecological forces or exogenous socio-economic factors. We first review a few generic pathways of forest transition as identified in national case studies, and evaluate the varying ecological quality of expanding forests associated with these pathways. We then discuss possible explanatory frameworks of land use transitions. We use the case of the recent forest transition in Vietnam as an illustration. Socio-ecological feedbacks seem to better explain a slowing down of deforestation and stabilization of forest cover, while exogenous socio-economic factors better account for reforestation. We conclude by discussing the prospects of accelerating land use transitions in tropical forest countries.     

基于GIS的农用地分等研究——以广东省顺德市为例

本文思路是以国土资源部颁发的《农用地分等规程》为依据，应用GIS技术，以各标准耕作制度下的指定作物的光温生产潜力为基础，通过对土地自然质量、土地利用水平、土地经济水平逐级订正，综合评定土地等别。     

Forest transitions: An introduction

When people speak about ‘forest transitions’, they generalize about the ways in which the extent of forested land changes as societies undergo industrialization and urbanization. Alexander Mather coined the term ‘forest transition’, outlined a theory to explain it, and carried out a series of careful historical studies to illustrate the idea. The papers assembled in this special issue both extend and deepen Mather's pathbreaking work. They suggest that the idea of the forest transition, like the much critiqued idea of a demographic transition in population studies, has become a useful theoretical tool for understanding contemporary land use changes.     

基于CA-Markov模型的大连市旅顺区土地利用变化及预测研究

实时监测土地利用及其变化(LUCC)的状况对于经济增长、社会进步、环境保护以及生态文明建设具有重要的意义。本文基于IDRISI软件中的CA-Markov模型,分析了大连市旅顺区1994年-2014年的土地利用变化,同时预测了2024年的土地利用状况。结果表明:旅顺自1994年来,建筑用地面积逐年增加,并主要集中在中南部和西部沿海地区,与此同时,耕地面积也逐年增加,但由原来的西部逐渐演退至北部区域的丘陵地带,林地面积逐步萎缩,面积大幅下降,其主要被开垦为耕地或建筑用地,在本区域中南、西南部,林地大多直接转变为建筑用地或先转变为耕地再转变为建筑用地,而北部则主要转变成了耕地和相对较小的居民点,水域(湖泊、河流)的面积逐年减少,湖泊、水库面积萎缩,随着城镇化的加快和人口数量的不断增加;由于不断地城市用地开发和林地的砍伐以及耕地的弃用等综合因素导致,未利用地减少。总体上,旅顺的土地利用变化由于经济建设的力度不断加大,人工自然景观用地越来越多,生态安全压力不断增大,未来十年间,旅顺土地利用将持续20年来的趋势,但变化速度放缓。     

区域土地利用/覆被时空动态变化研究——以四川省金堂县为例

土地利用/覆被变化动态监测是掌握土地资源数量、进行土地利用评价的重要依据。基于遥感和GIS技术提取金堂县2001、2007、2010和2013年4期土地利用变化信息,并应用模型对研究区土地利用时空变化进行分析。结果表明:(1)土地利用类型以耕地和林地为主,建设用地和林地的单一土地利用动态度为正,面积显著增加;耕地、草地、水体和其他的土地利用动态度为负,面积减少;综合土地利用动态度由6.12%增加到13.81%,土地利用变化强烈。(2)土地利用空间变化显著,土地利用空间变化主要发生在金堂县城、赵镇、三星镇和淮口镇等地;土地利用转化明显,耕地和建设用地的变化最强烈,建设用地、耕地和林地之间的相互转化尤其显著。(3)地形因子对土地利用变化具有较大影响,土地利用变化随高程、坡度的增加而减少,且表现较强的相关性,符合二次变化曲线的特征;阳坡较阴坡对土地利用变化的影响大。这一研究结果为区域土地利用评价提供重要依据,有利于实现土地利用的合理布局和调控管理,对区域土地资源的合理开发利用具有重要意义。     

普湾新区土地利用动态监测及预测分析

以大连市普湾新区作为研究区,利用2000,2007,2014年3个时期的遥感影像数据,对研究区14年间的土地利用动态变化过程以及各土地利用类型间的相互转化情况进行分析,获得研究区各年份间土地利用变化的转移矩阵和土地利用类型变换图。然后运用IDRISI的CA-Markov模型对研究区未来土地利用演变趋势进行模拟及预测,得到研究区2021年土地利用类型预测图及统计数据。结果表明:2000-2014年的14年期间研究区的建设用地明显增加,耕地和水体不断减少,林地后期出现减少趋势,未利用土地呈现波动变化的趋势。而且到2021年建设用地和耕地、水体之间的矛盾将更加突出,应合理利用土地资源、保护生态环境,减少对海洋生态的危害。     

大连金石滩土地利用时空分异研究

以1992、1998、2004、2009年的金石滩地区土地利用数据为基础,运用GIS软件的叠置分析,空间分析对研究区土地变化时空分异研究。本文通过单一土地利用动态度和综合土地动态度分析研究区内图地类型变化的速度和趋势,同时将土地利用扩展强度指数带入分析土地利用规模的变化,以此探究其土地利用变化的驱动因素。研究表明,土地利用数量变化模式呈现耕地面积大量减少,建设用地迅速增加:1992-2013年各土地利用类型单一动态度中耕地和未利用地减少速度相对较快,分别为-4.36%和-4.37%;城乡建设用地增加最快,为21.37%,其次为交通水利用地,为17.99%;1998-2004年综合土地利用动态度最大,为3.63%,这期间土地利用变化最为迅速,旅游开发活动剧烈。扩展强度指数计算各土地类型得出,耕地的扩展强度指数最低,为-1.48,城乡建设用地的扩展强度指数最高,为1.42%。研究结果可信。     

Changes in land use, land tenure, and landscape fragmentation in the Tijuana River Watershed following reform of the ejido sector

Changes in land use and land tenure can influence both physical fragmentation and ownership fragmentation of landscapes, with implications for biodiversity. In this study, we evaluated changes in land use and land tenure in the Tijuana River Watershed, a region of high biodiversity and endemism, following the implementation of a new Agrarian Law which allowed for privatization and sales of communal land (ejidos) beginning in 1992. In order to understand changes in land use and cover, we constructed maps from aerial photographs and Aster images and measured changes between 1994 and 2005. In order to understand changes in land tenure, we collected data from Mexican government sources on ejido land size, ownership, and sales, and we conducted 55 structured interviews with ejidatarios in the watershed. Our results demonstrate that land-use/cover change between 1994 and 2005 was dominated by an increase in urban area and grasslands, and a decrease in coastal sage scrub, chaparral, and, to a lesser degree, agriculture. In particular, the conversion of coastal sage scrub has left a far more fragmented landscape than existed in 1994. In addition, most of the ejidos in the watershed, as well as individuals interviewed, had participated in some stage of the land certification and titling process allowed by the new Agrarian Law, resulting in substantial changes in land tenure. However, land tenure security appeared to play a larger role than a desire to sell land and, contrary to studies from other regions, full title to the land was obtained in a range of urban and rural settings, rather than primarily on land closest to urban zones. Our results suggest that past predictions regarding future urban growth and fragmentation of native vegetation in the region have proven accurate and highlights regions of change that merit further study.     

Mapping changes in land use/land cover and prediction of future extension of bowé in Benin,West Africa

Desertification and land degradation are worldwide problems affecting soil, vegetation and the livelihoods of rural populations. Bowal (plural bowé) is a particular form of degraded land that occurs in tropical regions and leads to the exposure of ferricretes, which are unsuitable for farming. Bowé are more common on farmland and degraded savanna. Changes in land use/land cover were used to map a region of 6.7 million ha in northern Benin, West Africa in 1975, 1990 and 2010. The changes observed during these periods (1975–1990, 1990–2010 and 1975–2010) were used to predict the occurrence of bowé in the period up to 2050 using Markovian chain analysis. The results showed a considerable change in land use/land cover during the three periods. The types of land on which bowé occur (farmland and degraded savanna) increased in northern Benin by 5.4% per year during the period 1975–1990 and 9.5% per year during the periods 1990–2010, while the natural vegetation (forest, woodland and tree savanna) decreased by the same amount. The future scenarios also predicted the same trend. In the period 1975–1990, 1.28 million ha (26%) of natural vegetation was converted to degraded savanna and farmland while 2.23 million ha (53%) of natural vegetation was converted to degraded savanna and farmland in the period 1990–2010. Based on the dynamics recorded during the period 1975–1990 and 1990–2010 respectively, a total of 1.28 million ha (26% of the natural vegetation that was present in 1975) and 1.29 million ha (31% of the natural vegetation that was present in 1990) will be converted to farmland and degraded savanna in the study area by 2050.Thus bowalization will persist and increase in the period up to 2050. The natural vegetation could disappear if protection and restoration measures are not taken. It is thus important to take measures to stop the degradation and to implement programs to restore soils on bowé based on the soil and water conservation techniques used on highly degraded West African soils, such as zaï pit and stone rows with grass strips. Some native plants species adapted to bowalization and resistant to climate change in northern Benin (e.g. Asparagus africanus, Andropogon pseudapricus and Combretum nigricans) should be used in association with soil and water conservation techniques on bowé.     

近10年崇州市土地利用变化基本特征与空间格局

[目的]土地利用变化研究是揭示土地利用对人类活动响应程度的重要途径,通过对其变化特征及空间格局的研究讨论人地关系在不同地域空间上的强度与作用模式。[方法]基于2002年、2014年TM/ETM+影像,在RS和GIS技术的支持下,采用人机交互图像处理方法提取了崇州市土地利用信息,应用土地利用动态度、土地利用程度、空间转移图谱、城市扩展指数、缓冲分析模型和方法对崇州市近10年来土地利用变化时空特征进行了研究。[结果](1)土地利用类型以林地、耕地、建设用地为主,建设用地动态度最大达到5.72;整体土地利用程度由254.25增长到260.93,各乡镇变动值差异较大。(2)土地空间转换面积达1.850 85万hm~2,占研究区总面积的16.94%;增长面积最大的图谱单元依次是新增建设用地、新增耕地和新增林地;建设用地、耕地、水体与高程、坡度之间负相关性显著,坡度0°~6°是人类活动最频繁的区域。(3)中心城区建设用地面积大幅增长,缓冲范围内建设用地面积增加了2 120.76hm~2,城市中心自河流向东、东南、东北3个方向扩展。[结论]崇州市土地利用整体处于快速发展时期,地域差异明显,受人类活动影响显著。     

基于GIS和Logistic回归的环首都经济圈土地利用变化机制研究

运用GIS技术与Logistic回归模型,采用2000~2005年环首都经济圈区域土地利用数据、基础地理数据以及社会经济数据研究了影响该区域土地利用类型变化的驱动机制。分析结果显示,耕地、林地、草地变化模型具有较高的拟合水平,且进入模型的因子与各土地类型变化情况有很高的相关性。该区域耕地、林地变化受自然、社会经济、通达性三大类因素的影响,而草地变化则主要受社会经济及通达性的影响。