农业生产性服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响研究基于微观数据的实证分析

[目的]探究农业生产性服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响,引导农业生产性服务精准化发展,有助于维稳国家粮食安全,尽早实现农业现代化和乡村振兴发展目标。[方法]文章利用对黑龙江省13市47村298个玉米种植户的微观数据,构建随机前沿生产函数模型对玉米生产技术效率进行测算,并在此基础上构建技术无效率模型,实证检验农业生产性服务对玉米生产技术效率是否产生重要影响。[结果]目前玉米生产技术效率平均值在75%左右,有较大提升空间;农资供应服务、农业技术服务、农业信息服务、农机作业服务均能够显著提高玉米生产技术效率,但影响程度存在一定差异,其中农业信息服务对玉米生产技术效率的作用效果最为明显,其次是农机作业服务、农业技术服务和农资供应服务;性别、年龄、受教育程度、是否担任村干部、是否有农地流转、玉米收入占比对提高玉米生产技术效率有显著正向影响,是否兼业对提高玉米生产技术效率有显著负向影响。[结论]提高玉米生产技术效率要从完善农业生产性服务体系、建立农村信息服务平台、提高农户认知水平等方面入手。     

经营规模、分工深化对小农户化肥减量施用的影响——以黄河流域玉米种植户为例

[目的]通过分析黄河流域3省区玉米种植户化肥施用强度与减施情况,探析经营规模与化肥施用强度非线性关系及纵向分工深化的中介作用。[方法]文章基于扩展回归模型,使用2020年黄河流域中甘肃、宁夏以及陕西3省区玉米种植户问卷调查数据,分析经营规模和分工深化对农户化肥使用量的影响及作用机制。[结果]（1）扩大经营规模可以显著抑制农户化肥的过量施用,但当达到一定规模后,这种抑制效应消失,继续扩大经营规模将不再降低农户化肥施用强度。（2）经营规模与纵向分工卷入程度之间也存在“U型”的非线性关系,在达到一定规模之前,经营规模的扩大会显著提高农户服务外包的程度。（3）扩大经营规模可以通过提高纵向分工卷入程度进而降低农户化肥施用强度。[结论]玉米种植农户经营规模与化肥施用强度间存在“U型”的非线性关系,且纵向分工卷入程度在经营规模与化肥使用强度间存在完全中介作用。     

Eco‐efficiency of high‐yielding variety rice cultivation after accounting for on‐farm environmental damage as an undesirable output: an empirical analysis from Bangladesh

This study computes the eco‐efficiency of high‐yielding variety (HYV) rice production by including an on‐farm environmental damage index (OFEDI) as an undesirable output using data envelopment analysis. It then identifies its determinants by applying an interval regression procedure on a sample of 317 farmers from north‐western Bangladesh. Results reveal that the mean level of the OFEDI‐adjusted production efficiency (i.e. eco‐efficiency) is 89 per cent, whereas ignoring OFEDI adjustment (i.e. with OFEDI = 0) reduces the mean level of efficiency to 69 per cent, implying that the production of undesirable output or on‐farm environmental damage induces an efficiency loss of 20 per cent with significant differences across regions. The proportion of farmers’ income from HYV rice agriculture, land ownership, extension services and socio‐environmental living standard are the significant determinants of improving eco‐efficiency. Policy implications include investments in extension services and land reform measures to increase land ownership, which will synergistically improve eco‐efficiency of HYV rice production in Bangladesh.     

FACTORS AFFECTING FERTILIZER ADOPTION IN LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES: AN APPLICATION OF MULTIVARIATE LOGISTIC ANALYSIS IN MALAŴI

Fertilizer is one of the critical inputs used in improving smallholder food and agricultural productivity in Mala?i. However, analytical studies to identify factors influencing fertilizer adoption have so far never been conducted in Mala?i and effects of policy changes relating to fertilizer adoption appear to be assessed subjectively. In this paper, a logit model is employed to identify the main factors influencing fertilizer use in farms surveyed in the Lilongwe Rural Development Project. In descending order, crop, farming system, crop variety, credit access, income from off-farm employment and regular labour are the main factors influencing fertilizer adoption, thus, policies impinging on these variables would be expected to have most effect on the number of fertilizer adopters, especially wholly subsistence and groundnut cash-crop farmers most of whom use no fertilizer at present.     

Fertilizer Use, Risk, and Off-Farm Labor Markets in the Semi-Arid Tropics of India

A two-period model is developed in which a risk-averse farmer uses off-farm labor to smooth consumption, leading to greater use of fertilizer. Fertilizer demand is shown to increase with the depth of the off-farm labor market. Controlling for exogenous weather risk, farmers use more fertilizer the lower the unemployment rate and the higher the share of nonagricultural work in total off-farm labor. The results suggest that off-farm labor markets and own-farm production may be complementary in risky production environments, so that policies which promote the depth of the off-farm labor market in low-income areas may also bolster farm productivity.     

中国循环农业发展评估——政策回顾与对辽中县的调研案例

循环农业涉及农业废弃物的循环性利用和资源保护等方面,在中国获得了越来越多的关注。当前对循环农业的政府干预手段较多,但目的和手段都不尽相同。因此,有必要对这些政策系统化,并进行深入了解,提出具体建议,以促进循环农业发展。研究总结中国有关循环农业发展的现行政策,揭示影响其发展的关键因素,选择辽宁省沈阳市辽中县为案例,通过比较分析循环农业和非循环农业的农业管理方式差异,揭示农民培训的重要性。研究结果表明,循环农业生产者使用农家肥的比例(38%)明显高于非循环农业生产者(6%),使用化肥的比例(90%)低于非循环农业生产者(98%)。每种作物的U-STAT和模式都显示循环农业生产者比非循环农业生产者使用更少的农家肥和化肥。循环农业生产者玉米的产量明显高于非循环农业生产者。许多循环农业生产者使用化肥,其数量与非循环农业生产者使用的并没有很大的区别。因此,为了推动循环农业发展,传授循环农业技术,开展具体技术培训和信息服务比简单的宣传更为重要。     

基于玉米种植的农地规模对化肥减量增效的影响分析

目的 探讨农地规模对化肥施用强度和化肥利用效率的影响。方法 文章基于1 135个玉米种植户的调查数据,运用普通最小二乘法、工具变量法以及分位数回归法分析农地规模对化肥施用强度和化肥利用效率的影响,并利用2003—2018年20个玉米主产省份面板数据进行检验,最后探索并分析农地规模变化的驱动因素及其对化肥使用的短期和长期影响。结果 （1）农地规模对化肥施用强度具有显著的负向影响,农地规模每扩大1%,化肥施用强度随之降低0.1%～0.2%,且农地规模对化肥施用强度较低的农户的影响相对较大;（2）农地规模对化肥利用效率具有显著的正向影响,农地规模每扩大1%,化肥利用效率随之提高0.2%～0.3%,且农地规模对化肥利用效率较低的农户的影响相对较大。结论 鼓励适度扩大农地规模,有助于降低化肥施用强度,提高化肥利用效率;通过推广农业生产托管服务和联耕联种,可以有效解决地块狭小、土地分散等问题,促进化肥减量增效。     

Scale Economies,Technical Efficiency,and the Sources of Total Factor Productivity Growth of Quebec Dairy Farms

Canada's average cost for milk production is among the highest in the world. This paper focuses on specific potential causes by estimating economies of scale and technical efficiency for a panel of Quebec dairy farms that spans the 2001–10 period. Additionally, this paper investigates the sources of total factor productivity growth. The stochastic frontier analysis, based on an input‐distance function, is used to estimate returns to scale relationships across dairy farms. The results show that there is significant economies scale to be exploited and that cost of production could also be reduced by improving technical efficiency. Accordingly, the paper indicates that input‐mix effect is the main source of total factor productivity growth. The results have important implications for Canada's supply management policy, and more specifically for the trading of production quota between dairy farmers, as well as for the delivery of targeted extension services.     

Supply response in Ethiopia: accounting for technical inefficiency

Few empirical studies of supply response using the profit function have accounted for technical inefficiency. Using farm‐level panel data from Ethiopia, this study examines the effect of incorporating technical inefficiency in estimating the supply response of peasant farmers. Two systems of output supply and input demand equations are estimated and compared: the conventional model in which technical efficiency is assumed and another in which technical inefficiency is explicitly incorporated. The model with technical inefficiency is preferred on grounds of theoretical consistency and improved estimates, although model comparison tests are not conclusive. Incorporation of inefficiency generally increases the magnitudes and the statistical significance of own price elasticities, substantially so in the case of fertilizer and fertilizer‐intensive crops, and alters the priority attached to nonprice factors. An important result is that only the specification with inefficiency reveals a significant effect of access to extension services on output. Only this specification finds that output increases with household size, which one expects as the farms in the sample are largely subsistence and producing for own consumption. Furthermore, the results demonstrate that farmers' response to incentives is considerably restricted by inefficiency, suggesting that the traditional model would overstate response by excluding the efficiency variable.     

Nonparametric analysis of technical,pure technical,and scale efficiencies for food crop production in East Java,Indonesia

Nonparametric analysis of technical efficiency for irrigated farms in the Madiun regency in the west-central part of East Java, Indonesia is conducted using linear programming techniques. This procedure allows the relative technical efficiency for each farm to be determined and for inefficiencies to be decomposed into pure technical inefficiency and scale inefficiency and does not require restrictions or assumptions regarding functional form to be placed on the data. Farmers in Madiun generally are efficient relative to each other. Farmers operating inefficiently do so more often because of scale inefficiencies rather than pure technical inefficiencies. A majority of the farms operate in the region of decreasing returns to scale rather than increasing returns to scale. Farmer age, the level of diversification of cropping activities, and high school education were found to be related to technical efficiency in the rainy season under irrigated conditions. Other socioeconomic factors were not statistically significant. The results imply that inefficient farms use excessive levels of inputs, particularly nitrogen fertilizer. This is perhaps due to the lingering effects of past input subsidization policies, particularly of fertilizers, in Indonesia, or to risk-reducing behavior. The results also imply that current government policies to encourage diversification of cropping practices in Java may lead to greater technical inefficiencies in production. In addition, extension education targeted to younger farmers with low levels of formal education would improve efficiency.     

关中—天水经济区政府主导型农地流转对转出户 非农就业的影响 ——基于DID模型的实证分析

研究目的:在市场主导型和政府主导型农地流转并存的背景下,以关中—天水经济区为例,分析农地流转中政府干预力量对农户非农就业的影响效果,为政府制定农地流转政策提供依据。研究方法:以市场主导型作为参照,利用两期截面数据,采用DID模型方法将政府主导型农地流转与之比较。研究结果:在关中—天水经济区,政府主导型农地流转在提高农户家庭非农就业人数和人均非农就业收入方面都显著优于市场主导型农地流转,但家庭中非农务工者的人均非农收入却比市场主导型低了2251元。研究结论:政府主导型农地流转确实能够推动非农就业,但就业质量不高,反映出政府主导农地流转的"强推力"导致农户"强制外出"后非农就业技能不足。     

农户减少化肥用量和采用有机肥的意愿研究——基于洱海流域上游面源污染防控的视角

[目的]过量施用化肥导致水体富营养化是造成洱海流域上游面源污染的主要原因之一,调查分析农户减少化肥用量和采用有机肥的意愿有助于了解其调整施肥结构的行为。当前研究忽视了农户减少化肥施用强度和采用有机肥的意愿间的替代性,未能开展联立研究。[方法]基于洱海流域上游397个水稻种植户的问卷调查数据,通过Bivariate-Probit模型对农户减少化肥用量和采用有机肥两种意愿进行分析。[结果]年龄负向影响农户减少化肥量的意愿,农户对有机肥好处的认知正向影响其减少化肥量的意愿,农户参加农业社会化服务对其减少化肥用量和采用有机肥的意愿均产生正向影响,相比之下,对农户采用有机肥意愿的促进作用更大。[结论]引导农户参加农业社会化服务以及加强宣传和培训,提高农户对有机肥作用的认知可能是加强其减少化肥用量和增加有机肥施用量意愿的有效途径。     

Adoption of New Technologies in Ethiopian Agriculture: The Case of Tegulet-Bulga District,Shoa Province

Adoption of agricultural production technologies in developing countries is influenced by a wide range of economic and social factors as well as physical and technical aspects of farming and the risk attitude of farmers. It is important to understand the role of these factors to ensure the development of appropriate technologies and the design of successful development projects. This study examines the impact of such factors on the adoption of single-ox, fertilizer and pesticide technologies as part of a post-drought recovery project in Tegulet-Bulga district in Ethiopia. Models to evaluate the probability of adoption are specified for the respective technologies and are estimated using a logit maximum likelihood procedure, results indicate that the most significant variable affecting the probability of adoption of all three technologies is farm size; the impact is negative for single-ox technology and positive for fertilizer and pesticide use. Economic factors such as income, wealth and debt generally exhibit statistically significant influence on the adoption of single-ox and pesticide technologies as do family size, access to outside information, education and experience. The effect of socio-economic factors on adoption of fertilizer and pesticide technologies is greater in the area which has more access to outside information and off-farm activities (Ankober) than in more ‘self-contained’ area (Seladengay). The impact of the degree of risk aversion of farmers is found to be significant and negative for single-ox technology in both areas, and for fertilizer and pesticide technologies in only one area. The predicted probabilities of technology adoption by an average farmer are found to increase dramatically with the level of education and access or exposure to outside information.     

基于MOA理论的农民技术采纳行为研究——以水稻化肥减施技术为例

[目的]随着化学肥料在全球范围的大量使用,所引起的农业面源污染问题不仅对整个生态系统造成的破坏难以估量,还直接影响了农民的切身利益。化肥减施增效技术是目前协调农业生产与环境保护的重要途径,但先进技术与生产应用之间存在不同程度上的脱节现象,这就需要将技术进一步物化,开展对技术“载体”的研究。[方法]农业经营主体是肥料施用最直接的载体,农户施肥行为的规范程度直接关系肥料利用的效率及对环境的污染程度,文章以采用化肥减施技术的水稻种植农户为研究对象、从技术增效角度入手、运用MOA理论构建分析框架,借助结构方程模型和mplus7.0软件、对角加权矩阵伴均值-方差校正卡方检验（WLSMV）方法对样本农户技术采纳行为的决策过程进行实证分析。[结果]（1）采纳机会、采纳动机、抗风险能力都对农户采纳技术的行为规范在1%的显著性水平上具有正向影响;（2）技术认知对其行为规范的路径系数为负,假设未通过验证;（3）行为规范对行为效益的路径系数高达0.97,行为效益对采纳意愿的系数为0.9。[结论]影响农民行为的主客观因素中采纳动机是最显著的,行为执行的规范程度是决定其行为效益最直接、最重要的因素,行为效益又是...     

基于非同质DEA的稻虾共作土地经营模式成本效率分析

研究目的:探究实践中稻田综合种养这一土地经营模式相对于传统的水稻单作是否是成本有效的,以及哪些因素妨碍了这一土地经营模式效果的进一步提升.研究方法:利用湖北省荆州市和潜江市2018年稻虾共作这一稻田综合种养典型模式的农户调研数据,采用非同质决策单元的效率测算方法和效率损失模型,在计算农户亩均成本收益的基础上,分析稻虾共作和水稻单作模式下农户的成本效率.研究结果:(1)稻虾共作户的成本效率(0.376)略高于水稻单作户(0.336),但二者都处于较低水平;(2)农户成本效率与土地经营规模呈"倒U型"关系,土地细碎化、人力资本和社会资本的不足、合作社流于形式是引起农户效率损失的重要原因.研究结论:稻虾共作的土地经营模式能够保证水稻产量,但增效作用有限.通过适度扩大土地经营规模、提高农户的人力资本和社会资本等来消除效率损失,可大幅(60%以上)降低单位生产成本,助力农户提质增效.     

农业技术培训、经营规模对农业生产效率的影响——以水稻栽培技术为例

目的 提高农业生产效率是推进农业现代化建设的重要指标。方法 文章基于江西省512份微观调研数据测算出农户的农业生产效率,运用Tobit模型、PSM模型以及分位数回归模型分析了农业技术培训、经营规模对农业生产效率的影响。结果 研究结果表明,农业技术培训对农业生产效率的提高具有显著促进作用,且参与农业技术培训可使农户的农业生产效率提高9.32%;不同经营规模农户参与农业技术培训对农业生产效率的提升效应存在差异,规模户提升效应为28.18%,显著高于小农户的6.97%;农地经营规模对农户农业生产效率具有显著影响,并呈现出“倒U型”关系;农业技术培训、经营规模对不同分位点的农户农业生产效率均具有显著正向作用,并有递增趋势,同时对高效率组的促进作用要明显高于低效率组的农户。结论 政府应积极拓宽农业技术推广渠道,加快转变技术推广方式,同时鼓励适度规模经营,进一步提高农户农业生产效率。     

Impact of land fragmentation and resource ownership on productivity and efficiency: The case of rice producers in Bangladesh

The paper analyzes the impact of land fragmentation and ownership of resources on productivity and technical efficiency in rice production in Bangladesh using farm level survey data. Results reveal that land fragmentation has a significant detrimental effect on productivity and efficiency as expected. The elasticity estimates of land fragmentation reveal that a 1% increase in land fragmentation reduces rice output by 0.05% and efficiency by 0.03%. On the other hand, ownership of key resources (land, family labour, and draft animals) significantly increases efficiency. The mean elasticity estimates reveal that a 1% increase in family labour and owned draft animal improve technical efficiency by 0.04% and 0.03%, respectively. Also, a 1% increase in the adoption of modern technology improves efficiency by 0.04%. The mean technical efficiency in rice production is estimated at 0.91 indicating little scope to improve rice production per se using existing varieties. Policy implications include addressing structural causes of land fragmentation (e.g., law of inheritance and political economy of agrarian structure), building of physical capital (e.g., land and livestock resources), improvements in extension services and adoption of modern rice technology.     

农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响研究

[目的]农业现代化离不开农业生产效率的提升,研究农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率的作用效果,从而推动农机社会化服务与粮食生产的共同发展。[方法]文章基于2019年对12省区农户调查数据,通过随机前沿模型和倾向得分匹配法(PSM),分析农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率的影响效果。[结果]目前整体上我国农户玉米生产技术效率较高,不同农户间技术效率差异较大;农机社会化服务对玉米生产技术效率存在正向影响效应,Rosenbaum边界估计结果与敏感性分析说明变量的选择性偏差控制在合理范围之内,即使无法完全避免遗漏变量,其研究结果依然稳健可信。[结论]农机社会化服务对玉米种植技术效率的影响净效应为11.2%～11.6%。因此在玉米种植中进一步推广农机社会化服务,确实将有助于我国玉米种植的技术效率、提升要素配置水平,有效实现小规模农户和现代农业发展有机衔接,助力我国实现农业现代化与保障粮食安全。     

农资市场规范性感知对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳的影响

目的 农资市场经营的不规范极易引起农户对技术的认知偏差。为此探究农资市场规范性感知、技术认知和农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为间的关系,为明晰农户技术采纳行为机制提供借鉴。方法 文章通过二元Logit模型和中介效应模型,利用鄂、赣、浙3省790份水稻种植户的微观调研数据进行实证分析。结果 （1）农资市场规范性感知能促进农户测土配方施肥技术采纳,农户的农资市场规范性感知每提高一个单位,测土配方施肥技术采纳率将增加8.6%。（2）技术易用性认知对农户测土配方施肥技术采纳行为产生了正向影响,而技术有用性认知对农户测土配方肥技术采纳行为的影响则并不显著。（3）农户技术认知在农资市场规范性感知和测土配方施肥技术采纳行为之间发挥中介作用,农户的农资市场规范性感知不仅直接影响测土配方施肥技术采纳,还间接通过提升技术易用性认知,进一步促进农户测土配方施肥技术采纳。结论 对此,应加强测土配方肥市场监管,减少因市场经营不规范而引致的农户技术认知偏差,同时提高农户的技术易用性和有用性认知,促进测土配方施肥技术的推广应用。