Prices,policies, and place: What drives greenfield development?

While the recent global financial crisis heightened awareness of the linkages between global financial capital and urban spatial pattern, the timing of urban development – largely thought to be market driven – is not fully understood. Parcel-level studies of urban land-use change, which often use hazard models to investigate if and when development occurs, offer an opportunity to juxtapose the extent to which decisions to develop individual plots of farmland into housing are driven by market forces, the unique characteristics of the land and its intraurban location, or policies such as transportation infrastructure and municipal annexation. Using residential completion data in the Phoenix, Arizona region from 1992 to 2014, a period of dramatic commodity, fuel, and home price swings, and land cover imagery, we develop a parcel-level hazard model to gauge the relative impacts of market, policy, and place-based drivers of land change. We find limited evidence of induced development associated with freeway planning, that annexation and development are closely linked and moreso during economic booms, high fuel prices spur development in the region's core, and agricultural and urban land rents affect the timing of development. This study advances our understanding of development decision- making, policy impacts, and urban land-use change modeling and provides an empirical connection between local and global drivers of Greenfield development.     

Promoting planning for housing development: What can Sweden learn from Germany?

In the years 2006–2014, urban planning reform was seen as the major remedy against housing shortage in Sweden. The present government has the continuation of such reform on its agenda, but as of yet has made no proposals; instead, other housing policy measures have been introduced.In light of the uncertainty as to the future course of urban planning reform, possible future steps can be discussed. This article accordingly investigates whether German urban planning law and implementation could provide interesting reference points for discussion of further urban planning reform in Sweden, and if so, what parts of the German experience should be the center of attention.The article covers three aspects of German planning that influence the uncertainty, duration, and cost of residential planning as well as social goals addressed through planning: planning law, focusing on facilitated planning procedures of German planning law, measures taken in the organization of planning authorities to make development planning more efficient, and planning-related city demands for affordable housing.The conclusions encompass proposals for the further reform of the Swedish planning process in the form of a facilitated and accelerated development planning procedure for housing projects, as well as the introduction of private initiative in development planning. Further improvements to the organization and incentives of planning authorities are proposed. More research is required into municipal demands for affordable housing in the form of inclusionary zoning; such research should draw on the extensive international experience of such zoning, relating it to a Swedish pilot project.     

土地利用功能分区与用途分区的差异比较研究——以山东省泰安市为例

土地利用功能分区有其产生的必然性;通过对因内外土地利用分区的相关研究,从分区内涵、目的、依据、类型等方面比较分析了土地利用功能分区与上一轮规划普遍采用的用途分区的差异,并对功能分区的内涵、特点及分区方法进行了研究;以山东省泰安市为例,进行了土地利用功能分区,将泰安分为中心城镇区、重点开发建设区、风景名胜旅游区、生态环境保护区、基本农田保护区等5个土地利用功能区,并指出了功能分区相比于用途分区在土地利用管理方面具有的优越性.     

How has Oregon's land use planning system affected property values?

Oregon's landmark land use planning system has been criticized for imposing large negative effects on landowners’ property values, although evidence to support these claims has been lacking. This paper examines longitudinal data for undeveloped parcels since before adoption of the planning system. The sample includes parcels under different land use regulations, and it compares Oregon to Washington. The results indicate generally that property values have increased at similar rates both inside and outside urban growth boundaries, and across parcels zoned for different uses and across state lines. The results are consistent both with theory and with other studies indicating land use regulations can have positive, neutral or negative effects.     

现代美国土地利用规划的发展及其启示

土地利用规划是合理配置土地资源的关键。此文分析了当前美国土地利用规划中公众参与、可持续发展、以人为本的特点、产生背景及其经验教训,并对我国土地利用规划中存在的相应的问题作进一步探讨。     

空间规划体系下的“用地”规划协调研究

各类规划拥有自身理念和功能,在"多规并存"的现实需求下,"用地"协调成为各类"空间规划"协调的关键。运用文献研究法、比较分析法、归纳总结法,探索了"用地"类型、"用地"规模、"用地"布局以及规划年期等在"空间规划"协调中的现实途径。结果表明:"用地"类型要做到宏观上有统一、微观上有特色,一、二级地类强调一致,三级地类彰显特色;各类用地规模,尤其是农业用地和未利用地规模,应在区域规划宏观指导下由土地利用规划总体上统筹,用地规模管控做到"纵向到底、横向到边";用地布局做到各类规划合理分工,土地利用规划实行"刚性"与"弹性"相结合的土地利用分区,城市规划依据城镇用地和农村居民点用地合理确定每个城、镇、村的布局;同时保持各类规划的基期、近期和远期年份应至少有一个保持一致。     

Managing cities and resolving conflicts: Local people’s attitudes towards urban planning in Kumasi,Ghana

This study explores local people’s attitudes towards urban planning, and the effects of development benefits on local support for planning in Kumasi, Ghana. Kumasi is a rapidly urbanising city in Ghana where urban growth between 2000 and 2010 exceeded 5%, and where local support for urban planning has not been studied adequately. Based on Kumasi Metropolitan Assembly, Town and Country Planning Department and Ghana Statistical Service’s residential area classifications, household survey with 360 respondents were conducted in nine high, middle and low class neighbourhoods in Kumasi, in addition to interviews with six representatives from two planning agencies. Results indicated that two-thirds of the household respondents were positive towards urban planning and support urban planning. The household respondents were aware that more development benefits are possible from an inclusive and pro-poor urban planning. There appears to be correlation between development benefits obtained by local people from urban planning, and support for urban planning, indicating that development benefits impact people’s attitudes towards urban planning. Some of the main problems are social and spatial inequity among people living in different classes of residential neighbourhoods, and lack of locals’ inclusion in urban planning and management. There is a need to clearly address these issues, so that urban planning may get the support of local people which may lead to sustainable urban development.     

A thriving coal mining city in crisis? The governance and spatial planning challenges at Witbank,South Africa

The city of Witbank in the eMalahleni Local Government, or municipality as it is referred to in South Africa, and its economy are experiencing rapid growth. The growth is largely as a result of coal mining and associated activities such as power generation and the metal industry, which attracts an inflow of migrants to the area. The paper discusses how a flourishing city such as Witbank, with its economy based on non-renewable resources, manages its vulnerabilities. This was researched against a background of eMalahleni being placed under Administration, because the local government failed to deliver basic services. An administrator was appointed to manage and monitor the financial affairs of the local government, by the second sphere of government, known as the Provincial Administration in South Africa. The results show that Witbank prioritised mineral wealth above social, agricultural and environmental concerns. While good governance is generally important for a growing city, Witbank appears to manage with a limited contribution from the local government as the wealthier citizens are able to provide for their immediate needs or move elsewhere. It was suggested that South Africa needs to have a more balanced perspective on the costs and benefits of mining and to develop a long term vision for mining areas, which includes plans for the community once the mineral reserves are depleted.     

中国旅游景区功能演变与用地分类构想

研究目的:基于中国旅游景区功能演变、用地特征及问题分析,构建旅游景区用地分类体系,以期为旅游景区用地纳入区域土地利用提供理论基础,为旅游景区规划的深度编制提供实践依据。研究方法:通过调研和问卷厘清现状景区用地情况,对比借鉴相关用地分类体系,基于此构建旅游景区用地分类方案。研究结果:分析并阐明了旅游景区的功能演变、用地特征和现状问题,构建了2大类、9中类、28小类的景区用地分类体系,并与《土地利用现状分类》进行衔接。研究结论:建立可衔接且具可操作性的旅游景区用地分类体系,是实现旅游景区健康可持续发展与用地规范化管控的关键。     

Watershed management in an urban setting: process, scale and administration

Efforts in post-industrial countries to refine environment and planning administration in the face of unprecedented urban growth have important implications for ecological systems and human quality of life. This paper uses the case of an urban riparian corridor in South East Queensland, Australia to contribute to understandings of interactions between land use planning processes, watershed management initiatives and broader administrative structures in urban and rapidly urbanising settings. In particular it examines the understudied application of watershed management to an urban setting. Analysis of changes to the structure and function of urban riparian corridor management over time show that changes have occurred as a result of broader policy and institutional change in three distinct phases: top-down watershed management policy (1996-2000), regional natural resource and population growth management policy (2001-2005) and the recent re-emergence of local government as the dominant actor in a multilevel networked context (2006-2008). Trends toward regional scale approaches and increased urban planning initiatives have tended to concentrate responsibilities for urban environmental management with local government. This is in contrast to most rural natural resource management experience, and highlights the importance of meta-governance frameworks in ensuring the enduring applicability of the watershed management model to urban and rapidly urbanising catchments.     

关于城市总体规划与土地利用总体规划协调问题的探讨

文章从当前两规协调研究现状入手，分析两规的异同点及其协调的难点和重点，在此基础上，进一步揭示两规协调宏观和微观层面上存在的重点问题。文章指出上端规划功能缺位和建设用地规模口径不一致是两规协调中急待解决的关键问题，最后提出针对解决这些关键问题的路径和方法。     

国内土地利用规划中公众参与的研究进展与展望

采用文献资料法、归纳综合法、对比法,对国外土地利用规划中公众参与的理论研究和经验借鉴、土地利用规划公众参与的现状研究、完善土地利用规划公众参与的对策研究等方面进行综述,并相应地提出几点建议:对国外研究要多结合我国实际情况,多借鉴国外成功经验;现状研究要更多体现特殊性以及规划的层次性;对策研究应以相应理论为支持,并对某一方面多加深入、重视实证.