非农就业对农户农地价值预期的影响研究——来自CHFS的实证分析

目的 在我国农村人口非农就业转移进程不断加深背景下,非农就业活动改变了农户家庭与农地之间的依附关系,研究非农就业活动对农户农地价值预期的影响,既有助于理解农地价值形成机理,又对推进我国农业农村现代化具有重要意义。方法 文章基于2015年中国家庭金融调查（CHFS）农户层面的微观数据,以耕地作为农地的代表,采用OLS回归模型和中介效应模型实证分析非农就业对农户农地价值预期的影响。结果 非农就业并未降低农户对农地的依赖、减少耕地要素投入,相反非农就业增强了土地替代要素的投入、激发了农户农转非的资本积累需求,从而导致农户提高了农地的价值预期。结论 （1）我国农户的非农就业转移并未完成,亟需创新和完善农村土地流转机制;（2）农地依旧是农户生存的重要保证,需积极支撑或培育专业化农业生产性服务业和智能化农业机械制造业的发展,弥补农业劳动力非农转移带来的负面效应,加快推进我国农业农村现代化。     

农地整治区农户生计脆弱性指数评估研究*——基于湖北荆门和宜昌的实证研究

[目的]农地整治能通过多种有效途径改善农户的生计资本。以农地整治的角度切入来研究农户生计脆弱性的变化规律,探究农地整治对农户生计脆弱性的影响,为探索改善农户生计的可持续性提供理论借鉴。[方法]以农地整治对生计资本的直接改善为出发点,基于可持续生计分析框架,根据IPCC关于脆弱性的解释,建立农地整治区农户生计脆弱性评估框架体系,其主要涵盖农户面临的自然风险、生计资本以及适应策略3方面,通过熵权法确定指标权重。基于湖北省荆门、宜昌两地区的394户农户调查问卷,运用生计脆弱性评估框架计算得到农地整治前后农户生计脆弱性指数,同时,针对荆门、宜昌两地区分别进行评估研究。[结果](1)农地整治前后农户生计脆弱性指数分别为-0.223和-0.423,在整治之后农户生计脆弱性显著降低。(2)生计脆弱性指数变化的影响因素存在地区性差异。荆门地区整治前后的生计脆弱性指数变化依次受旱地情况、耕地灌溉情况、村庄绿化设施、农田水利设施的变化量等因素的影响;宜昌地区整治前后生计脆弱性指数变化依次受农田水利设施、村庄道路通达、村庄绿化设施、田间道路、耕地灌溉情况、水田情况、旱地情况的变化量等因素的影响。[结论]为提高农户福利水平,降低其生计脆弱性,建议农地整治的规划与实施要进一步关注农户生计问题,特别重视相关自然资本和物质资本的改善,同时不同实施地区要从贡献因素排序出发,实现提高农户生计脆弱性改善的目的。     

Spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements in Su–Xi–Chang region: Implications for building a new countryside in coastal China

This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal dynamic patterns of farmland and rural settlements from 1990 to 2006 in Su–Xi–Chang region of coastal China experienced dramatic economic and spatial restructuring, using high-resolution Landsat TM (Thematic Mapper) data in 1990, 1995, 2000 and 2006, and socio-economic data from both research institutes and government departments. To examine the spatial patterns of farmland and rural settlements and their change over time, a set of pattern metrics that capture different dimensions of land fragmentation was identified. The outcomes indicated that, to a large extent, land-use change from 1990 to 2006 in Su–Xi–Chang region was characterized by a serious replacement of farmland with urban and rural settlements, construction land, and artificial ponds. Population growth, rapid industrialization and urbanization are the major driving forces of farmland change, and China's economic reforms played an important role in the transformation of rural settlements. China's “building a new countryside” is an epoch-making countryside planning policy. The focuses of building a new countryside in coastal China need to be concentrated on protecting the farmland, developing modern agriculture, and building “clean and tidy villages.” Rural construction land consolidation and cultivated land consolidation are two important ways to achieve the building objectives. The authors argue that it is fundamental to lay out a scientific urban–rural integrated development planning for building a new countryside, which needs to pay more attention to making the rural have certain functions serving for the urban. In addition, the cultural elements of idyll and the rural landscape need to be reserved and respected in the process of building a new countryside in coastal China, instead of building a new countryside, which looks more like a city.     

征收和出让土地中政府干预对土地配置效率影响的定量研究

研究目的:定量评价征收和出让土地中的政府干预对土地资源从农业用地转为城市建设用地的配置效率的影响。研究方法:建立包含征收、一级出让和二级转让的多市场均衡模型,并进行实证研究。研究结果:1999—2005年征收和出让土地中的政府干预造成江西省鹰潭市农地资源被城市建设用地过度占用达183.48 hm2,占总非农化面积的33.73%。研究结论:征收和出让土地中的政府干预造成农地过度非农化,致使农村和城市土地利用效率的降低。     

中国东、中、西部之间耕地保护协调——土地效率理论存在的问题

研究目的:分析土地效率理论(以效率分配农地非农化指标理论)存在的问题,研究地区间耕地保护协调的方法。研究方法:文献法,理论分析法及计量经济方法。研究结果:农地非农化指标的分配不应该仅根据效率差异决定,而应综合考虑各生产要素之间的关系。研究结论:(1)如果在地区间实行非农化指标转移,补偿机制是否建立依赖于两地区资金对土地边际技术替代率的关系;(2)以用地效率来指导非农化指标分配的思路能够提高两地区总体的产出水平,但两地区之间公平会受到损害;(3)农地非农化指标转移等类似政策制定应充分考虑制度成本和交易成本。     

Restructuring rural settlements based on subjective well-being (SWB): A case study in Hubei province,central China

Subjective well-being (SWB) has long been neglected in the process of rural settlements restructuring. In order to explore the possibility of integrating SWB in rural settlements restructuring, this paper verifies two hypotheses. The first hypothesis postulates that SWB is positively correlated with accessibility to facilities and services at a village scale. The second one suggests that SWB is positively related to the personal satisfaction level of demands in daily life at an individual scale. Verification of these hypotheses indicates the application of SWB into rural settlements restructuring and planning. This study uses self-reported SWB from a questionnaire-based survey to examine its correlates. Objective well-being (OWB) of every village was derived through comprehensive evaluation. The villages of the study area were classified into four categories based on OWB, namely, key, sub-key, general, and marginal villages. We calculated the spatial accessibility of key, sub-key, and general villages from land-cover types, transportation, vehicle choice and commuting time, given that well-developed villages are often equipped with good facilities and services. The correlations between SWB and OWB and between SWB and spatial accessibility were tested and compared using crosstabs analysis and chi-square test. The drivers of SWB were identified using an ordinary least squares regression model. Results show that SWB is more positively correlated to the spatial accessibility of developed villages than to the villages themselves in the context of meeting residents’ daily needs. Results also show positive relations between SWB and the satisfied level of local peoples’ daily activities including working, shopping, seeking medical care and visiting relatives or friends. Thus, we proposed the relocation of rural settlements with poor access to main villages to good service areas. The proposed restructuring method combines SWB and OWB, and aims at increasing the quality of life of rural residents. This study contributes to the understanding of rural SWB and proposes a new perspective on restructuring rural settlements.     

土地市场发育与农地非农化——基于省际面板数据的估计与测算

研究目的：验证土地市场发育对农地非农化的作用方向,估算其对农地非农化的作用。研究方法：理论分析与面板数据模型相结合。研究结果：（1）全国土地市场化水平不断提高,90%以上省份处于转型期土地市场经济阶段;（2）土地市场发育与农地非农化之间呈负相关关系;（3）1999 — 2005年,全国因土地市场发育而得到抑制的农地转为建设用地数量为25624.79 hm2,占农地转为建设用地总量的1.76%,土地资源市场化配置对于农地非农化的抑制作用还不高。研究结论：缓解农地保护压力的制度供给和政策调整可从两方面开展：（1）提高拍卖出让方式比例,出让方式由低市场化方式向高市场化方式转变,提高土地市场化水平;（2）加强土地市场法规建设、规范土地市场,促进土地市场健康发展。     

Impacts of fragmentation and neighbor influences on farmland conversion: A case study of the Edmonton-Calgary Corridor,Canada

Under heavy development pressure, farmland is rapidly being converted to non-agricultural uses such as houses, roads, and industrial uses. A great deal of research has investigated these farmland losses and their associated drivers. However, the existing empirical studies have neglected two important issues related to farmland conversion: spillover effects from neighboring areas and the impacts of farmland fragmentation. This study incorporates fragmentation and neighboring impacts into the farmland conversion analysis and provides new insights for the land-use/cover change literature. Empirical results indicate that increases in fragmentation further encourage farmland conversion to urban uses, but the effects are not linear with decreasing marginal influences. Land-use activities and decisions have strong spillover effects on neighboring areas. Ignoring this externality could result in biased estimates and marginal effects and thus misleading policy decisions and recommendations.     

城乡统筹发展与深化土地制度改革——2011年中国土地学会学术年会重要观点集粹

2011年中国土地学会学术年会主要有13个重要观点,包括:利用第二次土地调查采用的遥感影像摸清村庄内部用地结构,农村居民点不断扩张成为我国耕地面积减少的重要原因,注意研究土地利用规划中的不确定性,土地利用规划应与交通规划相协调,公平分配土地增值收益,土地股份合作制有利于农地产权实现公平与效率的统一,地票交易制度是一项公平和效率兼顾的制度,补偿问题是影响农户退出宅基地的重要因素,集体土地上建设公租房与小产权房是不同的概念,我国土地督察制度实际是三种权力监督模式的结合,征地冲突风险评估主体有待完善,"十一五"时期多重因素导致我国土地财政收入大幅增长和加强农户耕地保护法律法规的宣传。     

经营规模、契约特征对新型农业经营主体农地整治积极性的影响——基于5省15县的调研

研究目的：分析经营规模、农地契约特征对农业经营主体农地整治行为与程度的影响。研究方法：采用Probit和Tobit模型对465位经营者调查数据进行实证分析。研究结果：（1）对于绝大多数农业经营主体,经营规模扩大对农地整治积极性存在微弱的负向影响;（2）农地经营面积和转入比例对土地类整治积极性存在负向影响,但相对设施类整治,农业经营者开展土地类整治的积极性更低;（3）契约价格、契约形式、契约对象为村集体、转入农地时具有担保等契约特征对农业经营者农地整治积极性存在显著影响,但契约时长的影响并不显著。研究结论：现阶段要提高新型农业经营者的农地整治积极性,有必要从多方面完善农地契约,而扩大农地流转规模和延长契约期限不一定有效。     

The impact of farmland property rights security on the farmland investment in rural China

This paper aims to estimate the effect of the security of farmland property rights on land-attached and long-term investment. Based on the data from a nationally representative sample with 5887 plots of 1175 households among 5 provinces in rural China, we adopt Probit, Ordinary Least Squares / Tobit, and the household fixed effect methods to yield the consistent results. The results show that the security of farmland property rights have significant and positive effects on the possibility and amount of the overall farmland investment. However, it has different effects on the different types of investments. The share of farmland retained significantly affects the investments in soil quality improvement and changing use of the plots but does not affect the investment in water conservancy facilities. The types of farmland property rights affect investments in water conservancy facilities and changing use of plots, but do not affect investment in soil quality improvement. The findings imply that the Chinese government should be the principal investor in water conservancy facilities and enlarge the operational scale of farmland by facilitating farmland transfer to increase private investment.     

How feasible is regional integration for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban–rural interface? Evidence from Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei metropolitan region in China

Competition among different uses for land is becoming acute under the process of urbanization, and conflicts related to this competition are becoming more frequent and more complex. This article presents a methodology for confronting this issue. By applying an integrated framework, we explore the implicit role of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Regional Integration (BRI) policy in land use conflicts by focusing on the urban-rural interface, and try to address the research question: “How feasible is BRI for reconciling land use conflicts across the urban-rural interface?” An original structure of the analysis is developed based on the identification of three types of conflicts, namely, conflicts over land use structure, conflicts over land conversion and conflicts over landscape pattern. According to the interactions and relationships among these conflicts, we define broad categories of land use conflict areas. Indeed, these conflicts are all related to the unplanned use of agricultural land reserves, which competes with other more immediate uses, and the over-exploitation of land resources caused by unsustainable urban practices. This policy is clearly a critical objective for optimizing the land use structure. It, however, fails to reconcile the conflicts over land conversion and landscape pattern, especially for considerable agricultural land conversion to non-agricultural uses, and low-density development pattern with mixed residential and industrial land uses. Hence, alternative strategies involving public participation, spatial equity, rural revitalization, land-use system reform, and new type of urbanization, can be identified as viable solutions for land use conflict management, which may be complementary to regional integration. The findings of our paper may also contribute to the policy debate on BRI concerning land use planning and regional sustainability.     

基于农户家庭资源禀赋的灵山县农地流转成因分析

[目的]分析农户土地流转行为与家庭资源禀赋之间的关系,为提高农地节约利用水平提供一定科学参考价值。[方法]文章选择灵山县为例,采用7个行政村4个居委120个农户的抽样调查数据,从劳动力、收入水平和土地资源等方面分析了流转农户家庭资源禀赋特征,并简要分析了流转地块规模及其地理位置特征,最后通过建立二元logistic模型,解析了农户家庭资源禀赋对农地转入行为和转出行为的影响。[结果](1)农户家庭非农收入占家庭收入比重大;家庭劳动力以非农业为主;户主文化程度主要以小学初中为主;距离集市较远的农户家庭耕地总面积比集市周边农户多。﹙2﹚流转耕地主要是破碎,偏远,较贫瘠的地块。﹙3﹚农户转出行为与外出家庭劳动力数,户主文化程度及年龄与呈正相关;地块类型及面积,位置呈也正相关。农户转入行为与农户家庭种植业,畜牧业收入比,农业机械呈正相关,与农户劳均耕地地面积,距离集市距离等因素呈负相关。[结论]目前与农户耕地流转相关最重要的是农户家庭劳动力数,农户非农收入占比和农户家庭地块大小的自然特征,尤其是地块地理位置对农户流转有重要的推动作用。     

1997—2008年青岛市农地非农化过程与效果实证研究

研究目的:研究青岛市1997—2008年间不同经济增长阶段农地非农化特征,探讨影响农地非农化因素的差异性,估算农地非农化对经济增长的贡献率以及对产业结构变动的作用。研究方法:采取实证研究,运用对比分析,建立灰色关联模型、柯布—道格拉斯生产函数和环境库兹涅茨曲线。研究结果:(1)青岛市农地非农化过程具有显著阶段性特征;(2)建设用地增加与相关经济社会数据关联度普遍不高,且极差较小;(3)建设用地增量对二三产业增加值贡献率远低于固定资产投资;(4)农地非农化趋势具有典型的环境库兹涅茨曲线特征。研究结论:强化土地利用总体规划的空间约束力,加强土地利用年度计划对农地非农化的引导,合理把握农地非农化节奏,加大农转用批后监管力度,盘活存量和批而未供土地,避免农地的过度非农化。     

基于农户生产决策视角的耕地保护经济补偿标准测算

研究目的:基于农户生产决策理论,剖析耕地保护经济补偿标准形成机理,并以非粮化经济补偿标准为例进行实证测算,为国家实现耕地保护与粮食安全目标提供决策参考。研究方法:边际分析法,计量模型分析法与定性分析法。研究结果:多宜性耕地用途之间的边际利润差异是诱使耕地非粮化与非农化的经济动因,需要对限制完整耕地使用权所导致的农户利益损失进行合理的经济补偿。研究结论:耕地投入粮食生产的边际利润明显低于其他农地利用方式的利润,为了提高农户耕地保护与粮食生产动力,需要设置耕地保护经济补偿资金,并改革现有粮食直补方式与农地分散经营格局。     

新疆伊宁市土地利用数量结构变化研究

以新疆伊宁市为研究区域,分析了1996-2004年伊宁市土地利用数量结构变化特征,并引入土地面积"变化贡献率"和"年均变化强度指数"两项指标,对伊宁市农用地、建设用地、未利用地的数量结构变化趋势及其主要成因进行了深入剖析,从而有助于从整体上把握伊宁市土地利用数量结构时空动态变化规律,为新一轮土地利用总体规划修编提供决策参考.     

Conversion of agricultural and forest land to other purposes in the context of land protection: Evidence from Polish experience

The protection of agricultural land and forests is a relatively new concept in Poland, and it began with forest protection in the 1920s. The first regulations on the protection of agricultural land were introduced only in the 1960s. Agricultural land and forests received comprehensive protection pursuant to the provisions of the Act of 26 October 1977 on the protection of agricultural land, forests and land recultivation. This legal act set the foundations for the protection of farmland and forests in successive decades.The aim of this study was to determine the influence of farmland and forest protection on spatial planning and to highlight the loss of agricultural and forest land resulting from conversion to other purposes. Legal regulations pertaining to spatial planning and the protection of agricultural and land forests were analysed. The scale of the problem was identified, and future land-use types were forecast based on the data developed by Statistics Poland (GUS). The existing spatial plans (municipal master plan - MMP) were analysed to determine the conversion loss index (CLI) associated with the conversion of agricultural land and forests to other uses. Legal regulations pertaining to the protection of agricultural land and forests were also analysed, and the extent of the relevant conversion measures was determined. The study demonstrated that urban development and the inevitable urbanization of rural areas contribute to the loss of agricultural and forest land that are converted to other uses.     

农户视角耕地集约利用及驱动机制的内生差异研究

目的 基于农户视角,将家庭生计及耕地规模纳入农户观察,探析农户耕地集约利用模式及驱动机制的内生性差异,为针对性农户耕地集约利用政策优化提供依据。方法 文章运用生产要素能值分析法（Emergy Analysis）对农户耕地利用集约度进行测算和对比,结合ArcGIS标准差椭圆和Pearson相关性分析,系统探究农户耕地利用集约度空间分布及驱动机制的差异性。结果 （1）农户间的耕地利用集约度的结构差异主要表现在化肥、机械和劳动力三方面,耕地面积较小的兼业户（占农户总量的64%）耕地利用集约度较高,耕地面积较大的纯农户耕地利用集约度较低;（2）农户间耕地利用集约度在空间上形成积累性差异,其中纯农户耕地利用集约度的西南—东北方向性显著、高值区呈点状分散,而兼业户耕地利用集约度分布的东—西方向性显著、高值区呈带状集聚,在东—西和南—北方向上成“倒U型”趋势分布;（3）纯农户耕地利用集约度更易受自身属性驱动（文化程度、耕地面积和破碎度等）,而兼业户耕地利用集约度对当地经济（GDP）、地区农业发展（农业产值、区域复种指数）等区域型外部因子更为敏感。结论 农户间耕地利用集约度及其空间分布异质性显著,其驱动机制具有一定隐含差异,农户耕地利用模式的优化需“因户制宜”合理引导。     

基于引力模型与加权Voronoi图的农村居民点布局优化——以西安市相桥街道为例

[目的]农村居民点布局优化是土地整治与村庄布局规划的核心内容,探索农村居民点优化的路径,指导开展农村居民点布局优化。[方法]以西安市相桥街道为例,在对村庄结节性的评价的基础上,运用K-均值聚类与改进引力模型等方法确定村庄组团和村庄类型,并运用加权Voronoi图划定不同类型村庄的实际影响范围。[结果]村庄规模、经济因素、公共服务设施水平与区位条件对村庄结节性水平的影响权重分别为0.3587、0.4220、0.2193,识别出相桥村、田市村、八里村、朝阳村4个中心村和以其为核心的4个村庄组团,确定出17个重点发展型、61个迁村并点型和176个规模控制型居民点。[结论]基于引力模型与加权Voronoi图两种方法的综合运用合理地制定了相桥街道居民点空间布局的优化方案。相桥案例对于同类地区居民点布局优化的研究及实践具有重要的借鉴意义。