Policies for formalization of informal development: Recent experience from southeastern Europe

This paper presents the updated findings of a series of research studies conducted within the last seven years by the author on the problem of current informal development in five southeastern European countries with varying political and cultural backgrounds: Montenegro, Albania, Former Yugoslavia Republic of Macedonia, Greece and Cyprus. The paper briefly reviews the main complexities and the variables associated with the issue in an effort to identify how these economies currently respond to informality in terms of regulations, priorities, and legislative and political approaches. It briefly investigates the causes, extent and impact of the problem and it analyses the adopted formalization policies with a purpose to identify good practices and remaining weaknesses.     

External effects of neighbourhood parks and landscape elements on high-rise residential value

Neighbourhood parks provide recreation opportunities and amenity to nearby residents and improve the quality of the environment and life. Their provision and protection could be facilitated by a deeper understanding of their multiple values. The hedonic pricing method, using statistical techniques to estimate the part of a price due to a particular attribute of a commodity, assessed the external effects of neighbourhood parks on the transaction price of high-rise private residential units in Hong Kong. The empirical results derived from 1471 transactions in a district indicated that neighbourhood parks could lift price by 16.88%, including 14.93% for availability and 1.95% for view. Comparing with other landscape elements, neighbourhood parks induced the heaviest investment intention in home-buying behaviour. Harbour view attracted a premium of 5.1%, but mountain view was surprisingly not welcomed. Street view, considered as unappealing, suppressed price. Residents were insensitive to building landscape due to its ubiquity in the compact city. The scarcity of neighbourhood parks in the city has pushed their hedonic value to an exceptionally high level, providing guidance to revamp the policies, planning and management of urban greenspaces in tandem with the sustainable city quest.     

Recent trends in the supply of land for industrial development in Hong Kong: A case study in planned decentralization

Summary

Although free enterprise remains the dominant characteristic of the Hong Kong economy, new land supply is controlled largely by the Hong Kong Government. Rather than establish a detailed system of development plans and controls, the Government has been able to achieve substantial decentralization of housing and industry through the location of new land release. The evidence suggests that industrial developers have been willing to build and industrialists to locate in decentralized areas, especially those close to the main urban areas. Furthermore, although vacancy rates are generally higher and rental levels lower in decentralized compared to centralized locations, the extent of the differences over time is not as pronounced as might be expected. Indeed, the overall strength of demand for industrial land, other than in the recent slump, has necessitated special policies to protect land for low‐density industrial users in decentralized locations. As planned decentralization approaches completion, attention is beginning to focus upon redevelopment in the older urban areas and upon the consequences of the Sino‐British Joint Declaration of 1985. Overall, recent land policies in Hong Kong offer the British observer some useful indications of the impact of government intervention in land use on existing property markets.     

The role of land planning policies in supporting housing affordability: The case of the Gaza Strip

The Gaza Strip suffers from a limited amount of land compared to the population growth rate. This imposes several challenges on urban planners in managing housing land in a way that protects housing affordability, especially for the low-income category. In general, housing in the Gaza Strip is unaffordable, for several reasons, including a recent abnormal rise in urban land prices. The study investigated this issue based on a survey of local housing specialists in addition to residents. The study found that to support housing affordability in Gaza, planning solutions that ensure efficient use of urban land in the first place need to be implemented. Furthermore, two parallel actions are required: (i) to implement measures that increase housing land supply and improve security of land tenure; and (ii) to establish a robust and effective housing finance system that fits the socio-economic situation in the Gaza Strip.     

基于WebGIS的宁波地价信息发布方案设计

基于WebGIS的宁波地价信息发布方案和实现方法,采用SuperMapIS平台,利用ASP技术和脚本语言JavaScript,以及HTML技术,响应浏览器端的动态请求,实现对土地级别、基准地价、地价监测点等空间信息的查询、显示和图形的缩放、漫游。并通过地价监测点数据与地籍系统集成,实现对土地价格的动态监测与地价监测点资料的即时更新。     

Violent visions of an ownership society: The land administration project in Petén, Guatemala

This article is a case study of phase one of the World Bank's land administration project in Petén, Guatemala. Although the project's stated aims are merely to formalize an existing set of individual landed property rights, this development intervention necessarily changes the property regime, thereby changing underlying relationships that land as property embodies. Impact evaluations conducted by development economists may fail to substantively address displacement and violence that occur as a short-term effect of the project and long-term disparate impacts of the project that may exacerbate existing inequalities. The case of Petén also highlights the possibility for violent enforcement of property boundaries, where conflict surges between the disenfranchised and those who gain power under the new property regime.     

土地有效供应模型库系统的研究与设计

土地有效供应计划研究是一个关于自然生态环境、社会、经济等各方面因素的复杂系统方法,除了需要一些政策、法律法规的支持,还需要大量的定量化模型系统的支持,因此,土地有效供应研究需要建立土地有效供应计划的模型库系统,为土地有效供应计划提供定量计算和评价模型,提高土地有效供应的科学性和有效性。本文系统介绍了土地有效供应计划的模型,提出了模型库系统的总体设计思路,介绍了模型库系统设计的一些关键技术,如模型库字典的设计、模型库与方法库的联接、模型数据库的调用以及建模技术等。     

Intermediate levels of property rights and the emerging housing market in Ho Chi Minh City,Vietnam

Vietnam introduced a Policy of Renovation (‘Doi Moi’ Policy) to restructure the economy in 1986. Under this policy, the Land Use Right Certificate was introduced as a form of tenure for agricultural land and urban land, according to the Land Laws of 1987 and 1993, respectively. However, by 2001, most properties and/or land in Vietnam still did not have a legal title. Although Vietnam's land reforms in the 1990s provided some of the weakest private rights among the transition countries, big cities like Ho Chi Minh City are presently homes to thriving housing markets. Transactions of ‘property without a physical entity and legal title’ in the real estate market show how property ownership can be formed in order to operate within different institutional contexts. This paper highlights that ‘intermediate levels of property rights’ are the driving forces behind the thriving housing market in Ho Chi Minh City.     

黑龙江省银行汇率避险产品发展现状及对策

汇改重启后,各类经济主体避险意识显著增强,对汇率避险产品的需求更为迫切。从黑龙江省外汇指定银行汇率避险产品发展现状谈起,以案例分析的形式,综合评估目前在用的避险产品特性,分析其对国际收支及跨境资金流动的影响,从国家监管、银行经营管理和企业层面剖析了黑龙江省银行汇率避险产品发展的制约因素,提出了相关政策建议,以更好地支持和加强银行汇率避险服务。     

城市土地价格膨胀的影响

研究目的:近年来我国许多城市的土地价格已经很高且上涨速度很快,有的城市已经出现经济泡沫,危害了国民经济的发展。研究方法:联系实际进行理论分析。研究结果:城市地价上涨,加深了土地供给与需求之间的矛盾,影响社会和经济的发展。研究结论:土地价格持续、迅速的增加给经济带来的影响是巨大的,如不采取有力措施遏止土地价格上涨的趋势,势必会成为我国经济发展的一大障碍,国家有关部门及相关专家应密切关注这一问题的发展动向,及时出台相关合理的、科学的土地政策,消除隐患。     

Application of LADM for the integration of land and housing information in China: The legal dimension

The integration of land and housing registration is a key opportunity for China: improved land governance is the intended outcome. Prior to the design of any integrated information system, the legal requirements the system must satisfy need to be identified. This paper identifies and reviews the legal requirements for the integration of land and housing information in China. Specifically, the existing legislative framework relating to land, consisting of seven levels of legislation, is interrogated. A collection of legal requirements emerges: these are categorized into themes including registration, maintenance, mortgage, transfer of real estate rights, relevant materials and archives, and preliminary notice. In order to be more applicable for the next design of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) country profile for China, these legal requirement are further converted into packages, classes and attributes by referring to the ISO 19152 standard. The existing databases of the Chongqing Municipality are used to support the modelling process. The paper concludes that the legal requirements can be used as a foundation for an integrated system in China.     

世界石油供应格局演变及价格走势分析

世界石油资源地域分布极不平衡,受资源丰度、勘探进展及开发强度等因素影响,世界石油供应格局发生了深刻变化。目前世界石油供应多元化的格局不仅形成,而且正不断得到强化。在供应多元化的基础上,石油市场构成已从垄断性向竞争性转变,供求关系将在决定油价方面发挥积极作用,但投机行为仍将左右国际市场油价变动的步伐和幅度,一定范围内的油价波动将在所难免。     

基于AHP的中国碳交易价格影响因素评价

碳交易作为一种全新的交易,在我国发展迅速。目前我国以清洁发展机制为主要的交易项目,是全球碳交易市场最大的排放权输出国。然而我国碳交易的价格持续走低,远远低于国际碳交易的价格,使得交易利润被大幅度压缩,阻碍了我国碳交易的顺利发展。运用层次分析法,从市场、技术、生态、政策管理四个方面,选取对中国碳交易价格有影响的19个主要因素进行分析和评价,确定各个因素的影响权重,从而找出影响我国碳交易价格的最主要因素,得出排在前五位的影响因素分别是欧盟配额数量、各国的实际排放量、国际制度的变化、交易成本和碳信用的认证标准。根据碳交易价格的主要影响因素提出对策,促进我国碳交易的进一步发展,完善我国碳交易市场。     

Impact of comprehensive development zoning on real estate development in Hong Kong

This article presents empirical tests to examine if the comprehensive development area (CDA) where the town planning is more comprehensive has relatively higher economic values than the area outside CDA. The three hypothesis are: (i) CDAs have less environmental complaints than areas outside CDA; (ii) property sales price variances in CDAs are smaller than those in areas outside CDAs; and (iii) property sales prices in CDAs are higher than those in areas outside CDAs. These findings have important implications on efforts to consider planning policy in land use decisions.     

土地储备对房地产市场的影响

我国实施土地储备的目标之一就是有利于政府对土地市场的集中统一管理,从而实现土地买方市场向卖方市场的转变,增加政府调控土地市场的能力。文章在分析土地储备实施效果以及土地供给、地价和房价的关系的基础上,提出通过土地储备、城市规划、土地规划等使土地市场供给信息公开化,使企业和公众形成合理预期来进一步完善我国土地市场的建议。     

略论我国有关土地的现行规定与《物权法》的冲突

随着<物权法>的实施,我国现行一些法规与其不协调之处日益暴露;选择了我国现行有关土地规定中与<物权法>相关的规定进行研究,详细分析了其与<物权法>存在的冲突,以期能因此引起有关部门的重视从而促使此类问题得到早日解决.     

Securing land and property rights in sub-Saharan Africa: The role of local institutions

Central governments have neither the capacity nor the local knowledge to implement a just, large-scale national land registration system. Support to local institutions to undertake intermediate forms of land registration has been shown to be far more effective in many places—although these need careful checks on abuses by powerful local (and external) interests, measures to limit disputes (too many of which can overwhelm any institution) and measures to ensure that the needs of those with the least power – typically women, migrants, tenants and pastoralists – are given due weight. These locally grounded systems can also provide the foundation for more formal registration systems, as needs and government capacities develop. Even if there are the funds and the institutional capacity to provide formal land title registration to everyone in ways that are fair and that recognize local diversity and complexity, and could manage disputes, this may often not be needed. For the vast majority of people, cheaper, simpler, locally grounded systems of rights registration can better meet their needs for secure tenure.     

原木随机存贮策略的最优化问题

介绍在周期内原木变价销售情况下的最佳期初贮存量的决策方法 ,在建立期望机会成本的数学模型基础上 ,探讨原木随机存贮策略的最优化问题。     

房地产市场中土地价格刚性上涨探讨

研究目的:针对近年房地产价格持续上涨的局面,从内在动因、组织形式和操作工具角度,剖析房地产市场中土地价格上涨的内在刚性机制.研究方法:制度经济学和新古典经济学边际分析方法.研究结果:为实现中国房地产市场的持续健康发展,应从三方面着手,即:严格执行土地规划,抑制供地冲动;淡化并逐步取消土地储备制度;土地出让方式实现"单一规则".