Agreement based land consolidation – In perspective of new modes of governance

A comparative study on the performance of new modes of governance in selected Central and Eastern European countries stated the problem that the emergence of new modes of governance in environmental policy is impaired by weak governance capacities in state and civil society and lack of mutual trust among stakeholders (Börzel, 2009a). The purpose of this article is to draw attention to agreement based land consolidation for implementation of area based environmental policies. The article contends that land consolidation exclusively based on agreements can cope with capacity constraints in state and civil society and at the same time apply the principles of new modes of governance. The research questions are: (i) how are principles of new modes of governance applied in agreement based land consolidation? (ii) what are the incentives and the technique in agreement based land consolidation? and (iii) what are the capacity building requirements for an agreement based land consolidation approach? The Danish land consolidation procedure is used as an example of an agreement based approach. Transaction technique, planning technique, and incentives are exposed with reference to transaction cost theory. The impact on trust is illuminated with reference to theory on social capital. The wetland projects serve as an example of area based environmental projects and is illustrated by a case. Data, however incomplete, indicate that agreement based land consolidation has been and is used as an important implementation tool in land related environmental policies in Denmark. The article concludes that the agreement based approach displays key features of new modes of governance. The principle of voluntary agreements grants the affected non-state actors a strong position to influence the final policy outcome and they contribute with local knowledge and mediation. The approach avoids conventional enforcement. Agreement based land consolidation is possible but relies on demanding preconditions. The investment in incentives and capacity building can be justified by a broad range of benefits.     

乡村治理视角下的农村土地综合整治研究

乡镇政府、村委、普通村民在农村土地综合整治过程中面临决策互动、利益纠纷。根据农村土地 综合整治中政府的作用,将农村土地综合整治分为政府强制型土地整治、政府主导型土地整治、市场介入 型土地整治三种类型。选取周口平坟、崖口村围垦—土地转让、成都建设用地票交易作为实证材料,运用 乡村治理的相关理论进行分析,用全新的视角去审视农村土地综合整治,从根源上看清土地整治的现状。 发现区位在某种程度上能影响土地整治类型。地方政府在土地问题中的行事与乡村关系有很大的关联,制 度创新在某种程度上可以改变传统的乡村关系。因为市场介入土地整治在农村变得更有活力。同时进一步 探讨了引起制度创新的原因:农村土地综合整治若政府强制交易,交易成本巨大。引入市场后,交易顺畅, 城镇化速度加快。国家政策给予试点的机会是出于对粮食主产区和中西部区域的政策倾斜。     

The EU Water Framework Directive: A multi-dimensional analysis of implementation and domestic impact

This paper tries to answer two questions related to the implementation of one of Europe's most influential EU-directives, the Water Framework Directive. First, it describes how three Member States, Denmark, the Netherlands and France, actually struggle and cope with this ambitious Directive. Second, it discusses existing theories of EU implementation and questions whether they are able to deal with the overwhelming diversity in national responses to this open-ended and flexible ‘new generation’ EU-directive. Denmark, the Netherlands and France were selected because they represent a fair degree of diversity. Denmark started out the implementation process with high ambitions and a relatively formal approach, whereas the Netherlands from the outset chose to follow a more pragmatic course. France is an interesting case because this country already had a mature system of river basin management in place before the WFD came into force. Compared to existing implementation theories, the paper offers a more differentiated way of describing and structuring the implementation processes that contemporary EU-directives are producing in a world coloured by multi-actor, multi-level and multi-sector governance.     

Social involvement in environmental governance: The relevance of quality assurance processes in forest planning

Socio-environmental policy issues are characterized by inherent scientific uncertainty, ignorance and frequently by social discrepancies. Lack of recognition of the complexity and uncertainty of environmental issues has given rise to problems that have cast doubt on the adequacy of the science for policy model and traditionally employed evidence-based policy, thus leading to a crisis in science. In this context, there is a need for quality assurance procedures to assess policies and measures resulting from decision-making in environmental governance issues.Involving quality assurance in decision-making processes recognizes the different types of uncertainty related to an issue and the limits of problem-solving analysis. This approach requires participatory methodological frameworks in which stakeholders analyze the robustness of the assessment process used as well as the validity of assessment results. The approach considers governance as being a relative term depending on the historical, social, economic, political, environmental and cultural context in which it is developed.A participatory methodology is applied to an assessment of forest track alternatives on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands). In this study, a social sensitivity analysis explores the social validity of this assessment through the concept of quality understood as ‘fitness for use’. Such a methodology facilitates processes of dialogue and consensus needed in decision-making in conflictive situations. As a result this methodology should serve as a reference for other places with similar situations.     

Public participation and local environmental planning: Testing factors influencing decision quality and implementation in four case studies from Germany

Public and stakeholder participation in environmental planning is often assumed to enhance effectiveness through improving the environmental quality of decisions and enhancing implementation. We draw on the literature on participatory environmental governance in order to derive key participation-related factors that are hypothesized to impact on decision quality and implementation. We then outline four cases of decision-making processes in local environmental planning in Germany, representing a variety of forms of public participation, and what we suggest can be seen as four different pathways to ‘success’ in participatory planning. The case studies, recounted on the basis of stakeholder interviews and secondary research, are subjected to a cross-case analysis in order to examine the influence of participation in each case. We consider how key participation-related factors played out across the cases, and assess both decision quality and implementation against counterfactual non-participatory, or less-participatory, scenarios. In moving beyond accounts of ‘what happened’, and considering how participation changed the order of things relative to ‘what would have happened’ under different scenarios, the research highlights how very different pathways may lead to ‘success’ in participatory environmental planning from the viewpoint of process organizers and planners sympathetic to environmental issues. We conclude that, given the significance of context and surprises, planners and process organizers must be open to different pathways to the successful conclusion of participatory planning processes.     

资源枯竭型城市工矿用地退出利益冲突及解决策略研究

深度挖掘工矿用地的潜在价值将满足资源枯竭型城市转型发展过程中的用地需求,减小政府的土地开发成本,保障有限的土地资源得到最有效使用。本文以工矿企业持续退出,城市转型发展对建设用地需求增大为背景,以地方政府、工矿企业、投资商为主要利益相关者,构建完全信息动态博弈模型,分析工矿用地退出中存在的利益冲突。研究表明:地方政府、工矿企业、投资商在工矿用地退出过程中将会以各自所能获利多少进行博弈。只有各利益主体积极表达利益诉求,厘清产权归属,使各利益主体均衡享有工矿用地退出收益才能更好实现退出进程。     

黑龙江省私营企业劳动关系问题研究

当前在相当多的私营企业中,劳动关系存在着不和谐的现象:劳动合同签订率较低,超时加班较为普遍,工会建设不足以及三方协商制度在现实中不可行。分析了黑龙江省私营企业劳动关系存在问题的原因,认为需要从发展生产力、构建适合私营企业发展的外部环境、工会组织要发挥维护作用和政府逐步推进三方协商机制和构建合作共赢的文化氛围来协调黑龙江省私营企业劳动关系。     

Integrating Factors Influencing Consumers’ Halal Products Purchase: Application of Theory of Reasoned Action

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this research is to determine Muslim consumers’ purchase perceptions of Halal products in Pakistan. The research team has integrated different factors such as processing, Halal logo, ingredients, health consciousness, perceived value, food safety concern, and religious factor with Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA), and they investigated their influence on consumers’ attitudes and intentions to purchase Halal food products. A survey was conducted in Islamabad and Rawalpindi city, Pakistan. A total of 282 (56.4%) completed questionnaires were received from 500 respondents. Structural equation modeling technique was used to determine consumers’ purchase intention and behavior regarding Halal products. Except for health consciousness and Halal logo, all factors positively influence consumers’ attitude and purchase intention of Halal food products and, subsequently, their purchase behavior.     

后疫情时代中国“自然资源安全之治”的战略思考

研究目的:分析新冠肺炎疫情对中国自然资源安全的挑战和启示,探讨后疫情时代中国\"自然资源安全之治\"的战略导向和战略保障。研究方法:文献研究法,综合分析法。研究结果:自然资源治理在新冠肺炎疫情防控中起到了基础支撑作用,\"生态安全\"是疫情防控\"保护伞\",\"粮食安全\"是疫情应对\"压舱石\",\"居住安全\"是战疫民生\"稳定器\",\"产业安全\"是疫后发展\"新动能\";后疫情时代,\"自然资源安全之治\"的战略导向应遵循\"道法自然\"、坚守\"耕保红线\"、强化\"民生保障\"、优化\"要素配置\";战略保障包括加强\"韧性城乡\"建设、注重\"规划留白\"、提升公共卫生基础设施和加速大数据智能化建设等。研究结论:未来应进一步加强自然资源和野生动物保护,实现人与自然和谐共生;严守耕地与基本农田红线,实现可持续的粮食安全保障;保障城乡\"均等化\"居住安全,满足城市\"无接触\"居住安全;保障关键\"点线面\"建设诉求,推进要素市场化配置改革;落实各类保障措施,推进国家自然资源治理体系和治理能力现代化,切实实现后疫情时代中国的\"自然资源安全之治\"。     

浅论政府治理工具创新的制度——技术逻辑

随着社会复杂性和不确定性的骤增,单一的政府治理工具或手段已经无法适应复杂的政府治理情境。大数据、云计算等信息技术的广泛应用使政府开始关注信息技术在政府治理领域的适用性,以便应对外部行政生态的变化。在信息化时代,政府治理工具创新有着双重逻辑,即依靠制度革新改善工具使用绩效的制度逻辑和依靠技术嵌入创新工具类型的技术逻辑,两者共同构建了治理工具创新的核心路径。应当注意到,治理工具的创新不仅仅是一个单纯的技术应用问题,其背后还有着明确的制度逻辑支撑。因此,政府治理工具的未来发展要通过制度逻辑对技术逻辑加以调适,并坚定人本主义的价值立场,不断促进治理工具的开发和创新。     

乡村公共法律服务体系建设的价值、困境与优化——基于社会治理视角

作为"送法下乡"活动在新时代的改进升级,乡村公共法律服务体系的政策构造与社会治理的多元合作、互惠共享等理念高度契合,其治理价值体现在保障村民权利、推进乡村法治、助力乡村振兴等方面。但当前乡村公共法律服务体系的建设还面临"环境—制度—主体"的三维困境,"半熟人社会"的现实环境将其限制在乡村治理外围;制度系统中互动机制缺失使多元主体协同无法实现;法律服务组织与政府行为失范制约了体系运行效率。文章认为:在社会治理创新背景下,乡村公共法律服务体系建设的优化,需要激活乡村内生力量,促进"三治"真正结合;构建良性互动机制,形成法律服务共同体;加强政策引导与激励,提升服务主体的服务意愿与能力。     

Horse riding posing challenges to the Swedish Right of Public Access

Increasing numbers of horses are being kept for sports and leisure purposes in peri-urban areas throughout the Western world. This expansion of the equestrian sector represents a multifunctional transition, with new production of rural goods and services and increasing influence on land use.In Sweden, the number of horses has increased from 70,000 to approximately 300,000 over the last 30 years. This increase is putting pressure on the traditional Right of Public Access, an old custom allowing the public to walk, cycle or ride on private or state-owned property.This paper analyses multifunctional land use in peri-urban areas in order to provide a deeper understanding of the potential conflicts arising due to the expanding equine sector and to assess how these can affect the Swedish right of public access and spatial planning.A survey of horse riders and landowners in three peri-urban regions of Sweden revealed that these groups differ in their attitudes towards the Right of Public Access. The data also showed that the expanding equine sector is generating new demands on rural areas and there are questions regarding how the current system of open accessibility can meet the increasing market for equestrian leisure activities. The main conclusion is that there seems to be a strong need for intervention and deliberate creation of new ways of handling the accessibility question, where both a bottom-up and top-down approach may be useful.     

试论经理报酬激励机制——兼评经理股票期权制度

有效的报酬激励机制 ,能协调经理与股东的目标 ,使经理努力实现企业价值最大化。本文在介绍了国外常见的几种报酬激励方式之后 ,着重论述了国有企业实行经理股票期权制度的有关问题     

水库移民安置工作中情感治理的实践逻辑

针对水库移民安置工作容易引发社会矛盾和扩大社会影响的问题,引入情感治理来辅助移民安置工作,从情感教育、情感交流、情感共鸣、情感融合等方面推进移民安置工作中的情感治理,让移民安置工作得以顺利实施。基于文献梳理和实地调查相结合的研究方法,总结了移民安置工作情感治理的内在逻辑:通过情感导入—情感内化—情感扩散的治理机制来影响个体、群体以及社会成员,让每一个个体都积极、自觉地参与移民安置工作,推进移民安置得以成功实施;情感治理以情感力量的发挥来丰富现代社会治理手段,优化社会治理体系,实现柔性治理的目标。     

Analyzing the women’s empowerment and food security nexus in rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir,Pakistan: By giving consideration to sense of land entitlement and infrastructural facilities

A rich body of literature exists for explaining the role women play in ensuring their household’s food security; however, as far as their own food security is concerned, little attention has been given. Therefore, this research collects evidence on the relationship between women’s empowerment and their own food security (access) in the rural areas of Azad Jammu & Kashmir (AJK). Data were collected from the households of 600 rural women. The results provide insights that the domains of legal rights, information and communication technologies (ICTs), social support and familial rights, can be a significant pathway for enhancing the food security of women as more bargaining power of women over the utilization of resources could result in a good quality of food choices and more expense on food items due to these rights. Besides, understanding food insecurity also requires considering gender norms as in this study, the infrastructural facilities and sense of land entitlement provide unexpected non-significant results. Though women help in the mounting necessities of their families, they are unable to enhance the food requirements for themselves due to restricted mobility and less economic opportunities. This is mainly due to the poor infrastructure, and more importantly, the lack of access to resources, especially land, because of lack of knowledge and self-confidence. Notably, the fear of conflict and domestic violence may also impede women from fighting for their rights, which results in poor access to food. Hence, by understanding the household makeup from women’s perspectives and customs, the findings from this study can help and guide policymakers in developing more appropriate strategies to improve the food security of women.