Can interest rates really control house prices? Effectiveness and implications for macroprudential policy

This paper investigates how changes in the central bank policy and retail mortgage rates affected real housing prices in New Zealand during the period 1999–2009. We find that real interest rates are significantly and positively related to real housing prices, indicating that increases in the policy rate may not be effective in depressing real housing prices. By testing interest rates, we also find some evidence of housing price bubbles. Our findings suggest that the central bank could have limited housing price bubbles if it had started to intervene in the housing market prior to 2003. Our results set international exemplars for using policy rates or macroprudential tools to cool the housing market, where the extent of policy rate adjustments is limited by internal or external economic factors.     

货币政策对北京房价的影响分析

2003年以来,面对全国房价普遍上涨趋势,人民银行先后出台了一系列以调控房地产市场为目标的货币政策,但调控的效果如何有待检验和论证。本文以北京房价变化为例,分析和实证了货币政策对房地产市场的调控效果。并对提高货币政策的有效性提出了相关建议。     

中国货币政策通过资本市场传导到实物经济有效性的实证分析

本文运用时间序列分析的方法,研究在中国人民银行间接调控货币政策的新时期,在中国资本市场规范成长的新阶段,中国货币政策通过中国资本市场传导到中国实物经济的有效性.实证分析表明:中国货币政策能够通过中国资本市场传导到中国实物经济.     

信贷配给对货币政策有效性的影响

商业银行在货币政策传导机制中处于枢纽地位,其信贷配给行为的发生,一方面形成了巨额的超额准备金,另一方面造成了信贷市场的分割,其结果降低了货币政策的有效性.这在我国表现为:一方面,商业银行的信贷配给所形成的"惜贷现象"阻断了货币政策向融资企业的传导;另一方面,民营企业难以成为提高货币政策有效性的主体.从而造成了我国货币政策效果较差的后果.解决此问题的根本方法在于降低商业银行贷款风险,缓解信贷配给.具体措施:一是建立商业银行进行信息搜寻的激励机制,二是建立融资企业的融资担保体系,使商业银行的贷款风险得以转嫁.     

Monetary Policy and Financial Markets

Monetary policy and financial markets are intrinsically linked. Central banks conduct monetary policy by influencing financial market prices. Financial market prices reflect the expectations of market participants about future economic and monetary developments. Monetary policy works primarily through expectations. Transparency and credibility render monetary policy more effective. However, they are no substitutes for action. If a credible central bank uses words with the explicit aim of substituting them for action, it will risk losing credibility. To avoid what has been described as “the dog chasing its tail” problem, central banks must exercise caution in basing their monetary policy decisions on financial market information. The information about expected future developments reflected in market prices must be continuously cross-checked against economic and monetary indicators in what amounts to a “checks and balances” approach to monetary policy.     

保障性住房政策的选择运用

本文从住房保障政策的市场效应、补贴效用、对城市规划的影响以及各国的运用启示等角度分析了供给方补贴和需求方补贴的优缺点。并指出在当前我国城市化处于快速发展,房地产价格持续攀升的背景下应优先采用供给方补贴的住房保障政策,但随着我国经济过热形势的好转,住房供不应求态势有所转变,适当考虑需求方补贴的住房保障政策可以提高补贴效率,并适应我国低收入阶层庞大的现实。     

The characteristics and development of the Swiss franc repurchase agreement market

With the reinterpretation of repurchase agreements (repos) by the tax authority and the revision of the national bank law in 1997, allowing the Swiss national bank (SNB) to use repos as monetary policy instrument, the prerequisites for the development of a Swiss franc repo market were given. The development of the repo market in Switzerland only came up in 1999 with the provision of an integrated trading and settlement system provided by SegaInterSettle AG (SIS), Eurex and Swiss Interbank Clearing (SIC) in collaboration with the SNB. The following paper provides an overview of the basic characteristics and structure of the Swiss franc repo market as well as of the development it has undergone since 1999. It also discusses what motives and reasons the banks possess to actively participate in the Swiss franc repo market. The content of the publication is the sole responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of Credit Suisse.     

Macroeconomic cycles and the stock market’s reaction to monetary policy

This paper examines cyclical variation in the effect of Fed policy on the stock market. We find a much stronger response of stock returns to unexpected changes in the federal funds target rate in recession and in tight credit market conditions. Using firm-level data, we also show that firms that face financial constraints are more affected by monetary shocks in tight credit conditions than the relatively unconstrained firms. Overall, the results are consistent with the credit channel of monetary policy transmission.     

人民币汇率变化与我国房价波动-动动态传导机制与经验数据

目前汇率与房价之间关系的研究还不多。本文梳理了汇率变化对房价波动的传导机制,构建了汇率变化与房价波动的动态理论模型,进一步论述了汇率与房价的相互关系。在此基础上,引入利率、货币供应量等宏观指标,通过构造MVGARCH-BEKK模型和变参数模型,实证检验了我国汇率变化与房价波动的相互关系,结果发现:在房价上涨期间,汇率对房价增速的影响远超过利率和M2对房价增速的影响,这可能间接说明了国外资本或国内准备投资国外的资本,对国内房价增长产生了显著的“助推剂”作用。     

"利率走廊"调控模式的机制与启示

在加拿大、新西兰和澳大利亚等国的货币政策实践中,"利率走廊"(Interest Rate Corridor)正逐渐取代公开市场操作的位置,从而在稳定货币市场利率中发挥重要作用.实践表明,利率走廊调控模式简单透明,有利于正确引导公众预期,并具有更好的调控效果.因此,我国也有必要考虑采用利率走廊调控模式以调控市场利率.     

杠杆率如何影响资产价格？——来自中国债券市场自然实验的证据

杠杆周期理论表明,杠杆周期会影响金融体系的稳定性,资产的质押率(相应地,杠杆率)上升会提高资产价格;由于杠杆率一般是内生的,所以在实证上一直很难确立杠杆率与资产价格之间的因果关系。本文首次运用2017年1月到8月中国证券交易所债券市场和银行间债券市场的债券发行数据,利用中国银行间债券市场和交易所债券市场对同类债券的不同质押率规定的自然实验,对杠杆率与资产价格之间的因果关系进行了实证检验。结果表明,债券的可质押属性可以提高债券的价值,这验证了杠杆周期理论的预测,即杠杆率上升会使得资产价格上升。因此,杠杆率对资产价格有重要影响,是宏观审慎监管的一种工具,也应该成为货币政策的一种工具。     

试论我国货币政策工具选用问题

政策工具是货币政策体系的重要因素之一。西方发达国家的货币政策工具选用体现出显著的特点。研究这些特点对于解决当前我国货币政策工具选用问题是极其必要的 ,货币政策工具的选用不但受到经济体制、经济金融发展状况等因素的影响 ,而且与一国的经济传统是分不开的。当前经济金融运行的特点决定了我国货币政策工具选用的特殊性。     

融资成本、房地产价格波动与货币政策传导

本文建立一个带有房地产市场的多部门DSGE模型,同时在模型中引入带有金融摩擦的银行部门,研究货币政策影响房地产价格的传导机制,以及降低社会融资成本的政策对房地产市场中金融加速器效应的影响。数值模拟结果显示:(1)当社会融资成本较高时,降低利率的货币政策冲击使得房地产价格显著上升;(2)政府降低社会融资成本,能够明显地弱化房地产市场的金融加速器效应;(3)央行采取盯住房地产价格波动的货币政策,能够改善社会福利,但是政策效果会因社会融资成本的降低而削弱。     

Monetary policy with signal extraction from the bond market

Monetary policy is conducted in an environment of uncertainty. This paper presents a model where the central bank uses real time data from the bond market together with standard macroeconomic indicators to infer the current state of the economy more efficiently, while taking into account that its own actions influence the bond market and therefore what it observes. That the central bank uses the information in the term structure to set policy creates a link between the bond market and the macroeconomy that is novel to the literature. The estimated model suggests that there is some information in US yields of maturities of less than 1 year that can help the Federal Reserve to identify shocks to the economy on a timely basis.     

我国股票市场和房地产市场对货币流速的影响

探讨股市和房市对货币流速的效应是对货币流速影响因素进行实证研究的一个方向。实证结果表明,我国股市、房市变量与狭义货币流速、广义货币流速均存在长期均衡关系,且与货币流速负相关,狭义货币流速主要受股市影响,广义货币流速主要受房市影响。股市和房市导致货币流速下降的原因,有助于解释我国的一些经济现象,同时也提醒我们应进一步规范股市和房市的发展,央行制定货币政策时应该考虑股市和房市对货币需求的影响,要采取预防性货币政策,保持经济与金融的稳健运行。