黄淮海区域循环农业发展的认识与思考

黄淮海区域是我国重要的农产品生产基地。随着区域经济与社会发展,农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便等大量废弃物的综合利用已成为国家及区域农业可持续发展的重要议题。该文紧紧围绕循环农业所倡导的"4R"原则,提出了以农田循环为基础,链接农户循环,铸造农村循环,构建农田—农户—农村"三位一体"的循环农业发展的空间尺度;循环农业的组织形式应以政府为主体,拉动农户,联动合作经济组织,引导农业龙头企业参与;黄淮海区域未来5~10年循环农业的发展应以秸秆原位全量还田循环利用、秸秆菌业循环利用生产和秸秆养畜循环利用生产等为主导模式,并研发创新相应的接口技术,以期建立黄淮海区域农业废弃物高效利用的循环农业生产模式和体系。     

基于种养结合的畜禽养殖环境承载力研究*——以舒兰市为例

[目的]种养结合有利于促进农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便的资源化利用,进而减少农业面源污染,促进农业绿色发展,当前确定区域种养的匹配问题是发展种养结合的关键。[方法]文章根据农田氮养分平衡理论,基于农作物秸秆和畜禽粪便就地就近利用的原则,结合种植和养殖业年度统计数据,利用修正的氮养分平衡法估算舒兰市畜禽养殖环境承载力,并分析全市各乡镇的种养平衡状况。[结果]2015年舒兰市单位农用地面积的实际畜禽养殖量为17.3头/hm~2(猪当量),理论估算出的单位农用地面积畜禽养殖环境承载力为14.6头/hm~2(猪当量),实际畜禽养殖量已经超出畜禽养殖环境承载力的上限;在17个乡镇中,有8个乡镇的实际养殖量还没有达到畜禽环境承载力的上限;如果考虑到畜禽粪便加工成有机肥可销往外地的情况,当全市有20%的畜禽粪便加工成有机肥,就能实现全市的种养平衡。[结论]在将来县域发展种养结合过程中,通过发展有机肥产业是缓解实际畜禽养殖量超出畜禽养殖环境承载力上限的可行办法,同时,应加强各乡镇的种养匹配的量化估算,科学规划各乡镇种植与养殖结构使之实现种养平衡,减少因种养不匹配带来的环境承载力负荷过大的问题。研究结果为舒兰市养殖业的可持续发展提供科学指导,为"南畜北移"战略的实施提供参考依据,对推动县域农业绿色发展具有一定的启示意义。     

The future of agriculture and society in Iowa: four scenarios

Iowa is a leader in crop and livestock production, but its high productivity has had concomitant negative environmental and societal impacts and large requirements for fossil-fuel-derived inputs. Maintaining agricultural productivity, economic prosperity and environmental integrity will become ever more challenging as the global demand for agricultural products increases and the resources needed become increasingly limited. Here we present four scenarios for Iowa in 2100, based on combinations of differing goals for the economy and differing energy availability. In scenarios focused on high material throughput, environmental degradation and social unrest will increase. In scenarios with a focus on human and environmental welfare, environmental damage will be ameliorated and societal happiness will increase. Movement towards a society focused on human and environmental welfare will require changes in the goals of the economy, whereas no major changes will be needed to maintain focus on high throughput. When energy sources are readily available and inexpensive, the goals of the economy will be more easily met, whereas energy limitations will restrict the options available to agriculture and society. Our scenarios can be used as tools to inform people about choices that must be made to reach more desirable futures for Iowa and similar agricultural regions.     

Exploring farmers’ orientation towards multifunctional agriculture: Insights from northern Iran

The multifunctional agriculture (MFA) concept, namely, the fact that agricultural activity may also have several other functions beyond its role of producing food and fiber, has emerged as a key notion in scientific and policy debates regarding the future of agriculture and rural development. However, the relationship between undertaking multifunctional activities and farmers’ perceptions of farming is to a great extent unknown. A survey of 209 randomly selected farmers was conducted in Masal County of Guilan province, Iran to describe farmers’ perceptions of MFA and provide a better understanding of factors shaping these perceptions. Several factors were considered in the study, including traditional farming practices of small-scale farmers in the area (e.g. manual soil tillage, use of livestock manure and by-products for soil improvement, multiple cropping, family livestock), good agricultural practices at farm level related to environmental protection (e.g. low use of synthetic fertilizers and pesticides), and also local traditions and heritage. Exploratory factor analysis was used to categorize agricultural functions based on the collected data and cluster analysis was used for sorting out farmers regarding six extracted factors. These factors were: multiple cropping, social acceptability, environmental health, stability and continuity, food security, and local traditions and heritage. About half of the respondents (48.3%) showed highly positive perceptions of MFA, putting emphasis on social acceptability and environmental health for food security, including also preservation of local traditions (named: guardians of culture and traditions). Almost a third (31.1%) showed moderately positive perceptions of MFA, with mainly a socio-environmental orientation, whereas a sizeable proportion (20.6%) was indifferent to MFA. Data offer useful insights to decision makers regarding the design and implementation of territorial planning strategies. Food production remains a key element in farming systems, but besides mainstream agriculture, the positive perceptions of MFA support that alternative farming systems could be implemented. However, the most successful farming systems adapted to specific contexts and needs should be promoted, taking into account existing facilities and sufficiency for appropriate rural management.     

新疆畜禽粪污排放时空演变特征及预警分析基于85个县市数据

目的 探究新疆县市畜禽粪污空间分布与时空演变特征,并对农用地（包括耕地、园地、人工牧草地）畜禽粪便氮磷污染风险进行预警,为优化新疆农牧业空间布局,科学开展畜禽粪污资源化利用整县推进工作提供理论依据。方法 文章采用1988—2017年统计数据,选用排泄系数法估算新疆85个县市畜禽粪污产生量,并利用ArcGIS分析空间分布及时空演变特征,进一步根据2017年新疆县市农用地作物粪肥养分需求来进行环境风险预警。结果 （1）1988—2017年新疆县市畜禽粪污产生总量变化呈现出上升—下降交替波动的特征,牛、羊为粪污产生量主要来源。（2）从分布与演变看,粪污在北疆县市及南疆部分县市分布较多,且在向北增加,南疆县市分布变化不大,东疆县市一直以来分布较少。（3）以氮、磷为计,分别有44.7%、40%的县市预警值均大于1,实际畜禽养殖总量都超过了环境容量,环境风险为较严重或严重。结论 应根据不同县市粪污分布及预警情况选择不同的种养优化与布局方案,多途径提高牛羊养殖效率,提升牛羊粪污资源化利用水平,因地制宜选择粪污资源化利用模式。     

安全农畜水产品生产意愿和行为的影响因素研究——基于宁波市农村的实证分析

[目的]针对农畜水产品生产的影响因素进行分析,探讨农畜水产品生产过程中的经济诱因和深层制度因素。[方法]以宁波市农村的农畜水产品生产者为调查对象,采用随机抽样的问卷调查方式,调查内容包括:农畜水产品生产环境的评价、生产中的药物、化肥使用的情况、安全农畜水产品的认知情况、政府相关政策措施的响应和改良品种的使用、生产者的基本情况等。针对调查结果利用SPSS软件对消费者安全农畜水产品购买意愿进行二元逻辑回归分析。[结果]"安全质量关注"、"农畜水产品认定等级"等2个变量最重要,其他变量的重要性依次是"农畜水产品去向"、"产业组织"、"收入"、"土地状况"、"是否为主要收入来源"、"环境状况"、"年龄"。[结论]农畜水产生产者对质量安全有认知,且对对于利益的追逐较强,同时几乎均未参加农业产业化组织。     

家庭农场与农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为差异及影响因素

［目的］在农业的发展过程中,以集约化土地种植为主的新型经营主体将极大地促进农业的现代化发展,这是新型的农业经营主体追求效益的最大化的选择性行为,也是政府主导和扶持的新型农民的政策缩影。文章探讨现代农业发展的背景下不同种植规模经营主体对于农业技术服务的需求行为差异和影响因素。［方法］以新疆棉区的1 043户小规模种植农户和683户家庭农场主的调查数据为例,对以家庭农场（种植面积267hm2及以上）为例的新型农业经营主体与传统农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为运用二元Logistic模型进行实证分析。［结果］(1)家庭耕地面积是影响家庭农场对农业技术服务需求行为的主要因素; 而文化程度、是否参加农业合作社、村里是否有农业合作社是家庭农场对农业技术服务需求行为的影响程度最大的。(2)而参加农业技术培训次数是影响农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为的主要因素; 是否参加农业技术培训是农户小规模农地对农业技术服务需求行为的影响程度最大的。［结论］（1）农业技术服供给机构应根据农户经营种植的耕地面积,对用户进行分类管理。（2）农业技术服务机构应协同基层部门加大对农业技术服务的宣传力度,全面提升种植农户的认知程度。（3）培育新型农业经营主体,为农业技术服务培育不同规模需求的优良农户。     

Using Multi-Criteria Decision Models to Assess the Economic and Environmental Impacts of Farming Decisions in an Agricultural Watershed

This paper reports on the integration of a farm decision model with a watershed biophysical model to evaluate the economic and environmental impacts of farming decisions in an agricultural watershed. A baseline, one uncoordinated and four watershed-level coordinated decision scenarios were evaluated and compared as alternative ways of managing the significant tradeoffs expected when multiple conflict management objectives exist. The four coordinated scenarios outperform the uncoordinated one in terms of economic returns and key environmental impacts. The study's findings contribute to the understanding of biophysical and economic processes in agricultural watersheds.     

Farm-Level Modeling for Bigger Issues

The purpose of this paper is to discuss how farm-level modelers can best extend their research to address issues broader than just farm income. The paper describes how trade-off curves are a valuable tool for summarizing the missing information to policy makers on economic problems related to sustainability issues and agriculture. We outline steps an economic researcher could follow in developing an integrated farm-level model that successfully links changes in environmental quality with agricultural practices so that the relevant trade-offs for policy analysis can be quantified.     

Urban agriculture and land use in cities: An approach with the multi-functionality and sustainability concepts in the case of Antananarivo (Madagascar)

Urban planners are increasingly interested in agriculture around cities and have to decide whether to maintain or not areas of agricultural land use within and close to growing cities. There is therefore a need for researchers to design tools to guide public decision-making on land use. Various approaches, originating from different disciplines, may be adopted in this respect. We designed an interdisciplinary research program in order to test two related concepts: the “sustainability” and the “multi-functionality” of agriculture. We show that these concepts provide a useful framework for obtaining appropriate knowledge about urban agriculture, which urban planners could apply in real situations. In close collaboration with urban planners, we applied an interdisciplinary research methodology, based on common farm surveys and territorial approaches, to the Antananarivo area (Madagascar). The main functions analyzed were the food production and environmental roles of urban agriculture. Two aspects of sustainability were assessed: the farm sustainability and the territorial sustainability, with expert scores. This approach identified a wide diversity of farming systems that performed differently, depending on their intra- or suburban location. The food supply function appeared to be important not only for fresh produce but also for rice consumption. The function of protection against flooding is now important and this importance will increase with climate change. A diagnosis of sustainability was made and discussed with urban planners: several farming systems and zones were identified in which agriculture was considered important as a means of maintaining or developing the food supply, employment and incomes, and even landscape or environmental quality. We also identified other areas in which poor production conditions and/or the negative effects of urbanization on agriculture jeopardized its sustainability. This methodology appeared to be useful for determining the most appropriate role of urban agriculture in the land-use planning of this city. Our study raises new questions on the subject and should lead to more focused research programmes. We discuss several points of interest and the limitations and possible extension of this method.     

Can farmers extend their cultivation areas in urban agriculture? A contribution from agronomic analysis of market gardening systems around Mahajanga (Madagascar)

The rapid urbanization in developing countries implies an increasing pressure on urban agriculture for production. As most perishable food products come from this agriculture in close proximity to population concentrations, we analysed from an agronomic point of view how market-garden farmers can meet this increasing urban demand. This work took place in the case of Mahajanga, a secondary city with high increasing demographic rate on the Northwest coast of Madagascar. Based on preliminary surveys to characterize the farming systems (on a sample of 91 farms), 11 market-garden farmers chosen in the three main agricultural zones of the urban area were surveyed during two years. Surveys aimed at understanding their decision rules in crop choices, crop allocation to land and resource management, and to estimate their room for manoeuvre to increase their leafy vegetable areas under cultivation. The wholesalers and retailers who buy the farmers’ produce were also surveyed. A previous model of decision rules regarding crop location on farm territory was used to analyse the on-farm surveys and cartographic methods (GIS and on-farm manual representations) were used to quantify the land use. We highlight the following major points. (1) The leafy vegetable production in the surveyed farms already intensively uses land: farmers have complex decision rules largely depending on the water dynamics in the two main environments (lowlands and lakesides) where leafy vegetables are cultivated during the dry season. (2) The scarcity of farmers’ resources (labour money and water) leads to very little internal room for manoeuvre to increase the leafy vegetable production in the farms. (3) At territorial level however, some land reserve exist in one of the lowlands, but not on lakesides. The water availability for agriculture must be better informed through specialized hydrologic studies, as one of the main constraints nowadays to extend the agricultural area. An extrapolation to other cases of urban agriculture is then discussed as well as the role of agronomy to help urban planners to consider the place of agriculture in the urban development.     

A cellular automata-based land-use model as an integrated spatial decision support system for urban planning in developing cities: The case of the Bogotá region

Bogotá and the 17 neighboring municipalities make up one of the biggest metropolitan areas in Latin America. However, despite strong functional interactions within the area, there is no official government body at this level in charge of coordinating authorities and providing solutions to the wide variety of issues arising in the regional urban land system. Aiming at providing an insight on future land-use developments linked to new transport infrastructures and at offering a tool to support territorial decision-making, this paper presents a cellular automata-based (CA) model based in Metronamica® software, that allows testing different scenarios based on potential land-use policies, environmental suitability and transport alternatives.There has not been, so far, an urban planning tool that accounts for the complexities of this region. CA-based land-use simulations constitute a useful approach to understanding the impacts of urban planning policies and regulations. This tool can help to improve inter-territorial and inter-institutional coordination, which through planning and management policies seek a spatially integrated development, with a long-term perspective.The CA-based model proposed was calibrated to reproduce land-use changes between 2007 and 2016 using different methods and indicators. The model was used to simulate and analyze eight scenarios with different policy directions of transport infrastructure in the future of the region. The results of the simulations reflect the dynamics of territorial occupation. The calibration indices in the experiment indicate a high degree of suitability for the CA Bogotá model, proving its effectiveness and potential as a useful tool for decision-making. The results show that occupation scenarios with restricted developable zones within the city, tend to have the greater dispersion rate in the study area, compared to scenarios where land development plans are promoted in Bogotá, which representing a more compact development.     

基于灰色关联的西北地区农业循环经济发展评价

[目的]发展农业循环经济有利于缓解西北地区农业资源与生态环境的压力,促进传统农业转型,刺激农业经济的增长,实现农业的可持续发展。[方法]文章通过构建西北地区农业循环经济指标体系,运用灰色关联法计算关联度并分析比较各影响因素间的相对变化程度用来分析西北地区农业循环经济的发展水平。[结果]关联系数结果表明影响陕西地区农业循环经济的因素主要是农民人均纯收入、农药施用量、农业柴油施用量、有效灌溉面积及禽畜粪便利用率;影响甘肃省的农业循环经济发展的因素主要是农民人均纯收入、复种指数、秸秆利用率及禽畜粪便利用率;影响青海地区农业循环经济的因素主要是人均粮食产量、节水灌溉面积以及秸秆利用率;影响宁夏地区农业循环经济的因素主要是农林牧渔业增加值、节水灌溉面积、有效灌溉面积以及秸秆利用率;影响新疆地区农业循环经济的因素主要是农药施用量、复种指数、有效灌溉面积及禽畜粪便利用率。关联度大小结果表明西北地区农业循环经济的发展水平从大到小依次为宁夏(0. 743)、甘肃(0. 716)、青海(0. 674)、新疆(0. 619)、陕西(0. 585),针对青海、新疆和陕西地区应采取相应措施,促进农业循环经济的发展,进而提高西北地区农业循环经济的整体水平。[结论]在西北地区发展农业循环经济,应重点加强资源减量化和再利用方面的建设,以及平衡区域间的协调合作发展,推动农业循环经济的健康持续发展。     

IMPACTS OF TAXES TO REDUCE AGRICHEMICAL USE WHEN FARM POLICY IS ENDOGENOUS

The economic impacts of policies to reduce water pollution from agriculture have been explored in a number of studies. A standard assumption in this literature is that farm income support policies are given. However, the modern public choice view of agricultural policy suggests that significant environmental initiatives in agriculture would likely be accompanied by changes in farm income policies to protect those with a significant stake in agriculture. We explore the potential effects of such compensating adjustments on the costs and effectiveness of taxes on polluting chemical inputs in US corn production. We find that compensating farm policy adjustments can greatly increase the costs and reduce the effectiveness of the environmental protection measure. The results also indicate the potentially high costs of poor policy co-ordination.     

我国家庭农场发展的现状、问题及培育建议——基于农业部专项调查343万个样本数据

[目的]家庭农场作为一种新型农业经营主体,近年来受到国家的大力支持。对其发展情况进行调查分析有助于发现其存在问题,尽早提出解决措施,优化家庭农场的发展和培育。[方法]文章以农业部家庭农场专项调查数据为基础,从经营数量、经营规模、经营类型、经营效益4个方面,对家庭农场的发展现状进行了分析。[结果]家庭农场发展迅速,且增长速度逐年加快;目前已基本实现规模经营,其中70%的土地来自土地流转;农场数量和规模南北差异较大;经营类型以种植业为主,占六成以上;家庭农场的年销售产值高,但净利润低。除此之外,由于处在探索发展阶段,我国家庭农场在发展过程中面临着生产成本过高、质量认证缺乏和资金支持少等问题。[结论]最后针对这些问题,从加大政策扶持力度、加快农产品品牌建设和加强金融支持3方面提出对策建议,以期为未来家庭农场的培育提供参考价值。     

Effect of changes in population density and crop productivity on farm households in Malawi

This study examines the ex‐ante farm‐household effects of changes in family size, yield potential, and yield gaps using a farm‐household simulation model that reflects the economic and biophysical conditions of central Malawi. Disparities between growth in human population and crop yields present challenges for farm‐household crop production and income in sub‐Saharan Africa. We focus on the effect of growth in yield potential and a more efficient use of livestock manure as approaches to improving crop production and incomes in the face of looming population pressures. Our results suggest that, even without considering climate change, expected changes in population density and crop prices in 2050 mean that per person crop production and income may fall by 21% compared to 2013 values if yield potential and yield gaps remain constant. However, per person crop production and income could increase in 2050 by 8% compared to 2013 values if (1) growth rates of yield potential rise for maize by 1.13% each year and for legumes rise by at least 0.4% each year, and (2) farmers use livestock manure more efficiently. Our foresight approach to considering crop production at the farm‐household scale supplements macro‐scale analyses of the production dimension of food security.     

Achieving successful farmer engagement on greenhouse gas emission mitigation

This paper explores the potential for farmers’ engagement on the issues related to greenhouse gas (GHG) emission mitigation in extensive low-input livestock farming systems. The framework used was based on Participatory Action Research. This involved integrating quantitative evidence on GHG emission impacts at the farm level and qualitative data on the obstacles to the adoption of innovation based on farmers’ perceptions and attitudes to climate change. The study aims at building social capital among 14 farmers in the South West and West Midlands regions in England, and it evaluates the potential for the adoption of emission mitigation strategies. The Rapid Farm Practices Appraisal (RFPA) tool was created to assess farm practices based on their mitigation potential. Practices were assessed twice over 6–9 months. Semi-structured interviews were used to assess barriers and opportunities to farmer engagement and on-farm innovation. Farmers were invited to a focus group meeting to network with other farmers and engage with researchers. All farmers participated in the 2 farm assessments, but only half the farmers adopted changes in farm management. All farmers appreciated the RFPA tool, the clearness of the information provided and the focus of the tool on practices directly. The main obstacles to innovation were limited financial capital, lack of trust in government action and confusion over the effectiveness of farm advice on mitigation. The lack of long-term flexibility of agricultural policies and the source of information greatly influenced the acceptance of advice. Results suggest the potential for the expansion of the RFPA tool to include economic assessment of farm practices and the engagement of a larger pool of farmers and farming systems. The tool could be used to support the GHG Action Plan and future environmental policies, and as an integrated self-assessment tool for farmers under Environmental Stewardship Schemes.     

日本农业支持政策的最新趋势及启示

二战以来,日本农业分别经历了农业社会、工业化时代和全球化时代3个阶段的发展和变迁,其经验和教训对于中国农业发展具有一定的启示。研究对日本农业支持政策的演变及动向、特征与发展趋势以及目标机制和运作方式等方面进行了分析和探讨,结果显示:日本农业的变革涉及法律约束力、经营规模、农业贸易政策和国内支持等各个方面;日本农业的发展依赖于财政补贴,虽然其补贴强度呈下降趋势,但日本农业国内支持政策对保障农民收入、提高农产品竞争力仍具有重要作用。依据日本经验和教训提炼出的启示主要有:农户组织化经营要有计划地组织引导;农业经营规模的扩大要有序推动;农业剩余劳动力的就地消化要下大力气推动;国内支持政策应尽可能由纳税人负担。最后需要说明的是,降低农业支持水平与规模扩大的关系要根据实际情况合理辩证地处理。     

基于SEM模型的农地规模经营意愿影响因素研究*——以江汉平原潜江市为例

［目的］乡村振兴战略背景下,受规模经营效益的驱动,农地流转和适度规模经营将不断推进,研究农地规模经营意愿的影响因素及贡献率,对进一步扩大农地适度经营规模、发展现代农业和助力乡村振兴具有重要的现实意义。［方法］文章以江汉平原潜江市为研究区,基于176份调查问卷数据,借助结构方程模型,定量诊断影响集约化农区农地规模经营意的愿影响因素及贡献。［结果］影响潜江市农地规模经营意愿的因素主要为生产经营、资源禀赋、流转束缚、环境特征、行为认知5个方面,假设的5个潜在变量路径系数分别为0331、0238、0218、0238、0240,均对农地规模经营意愿影响因素表现出显著的正向影响; 引入模型的19个影响因素中,新技术新用具运用、生产经营面积、地块数量和社会地位认知影响最为显著,而生产经济组织程度、流转租金、农业基础设施等因素的影响相对较小,最后从健全农地流转政策等方面提出了较合理的建议。［结论］研究对系统剖析集约化农区农地规模经营的主要影响因素及贡献、推动新时代下农业供给侧结构性改革对农地规模经营的决策需求具有重要的参考价值。     

规模化养猪业的环境风险研究

目的 随着农业现代化步伐的不断加快,农业规模化生产模式已成为一种重要的经营模式被普及和推广。农业规模化经营模式具有高效率、规模效益等特点,但也可能产生一些难以预见的社会问题,如环境污染。从权力—资本的逻辑来看,规模化养殖模式具有更高的经济效益并更利于政府开展环境管理与监督,且在政策扶持与财政资助方面更有针对性,有助于政府从整体上来管控规模化养殖企业。方法 文章通过现场查看、深度访谈等实地调查及比色法水质检测方法来开展研究。结果 研究发现大规模养猪场的畜禽排泄物所造成的环境污染在不断加重,环境风险发生的可能性也在增加。相反各种中小型养殖户、散养户的养殖模式却与地方社会结合得更好,养殖点分布广泛且周边环境的净化能力强,不仅具有较高的经济价值,也较好地保护了周边环境,更具有可行性和操作性。结论 依据不同逻辑形成的养猪模式产生了截然不同的环境效应。养殖规模应基于不同地域、不同的经营方式来设定,形成适度规模的养殖模式。