Will the role of the dollar as the international reserve currency be challenged?

The actual role of the US Dollar as the international reserve currency is an essential part of a financial architecture, which was conceived after World War II. Since then the world-wide economic, financial and political landscape has fundamentally changed. The article describes through which mechanisms the actual financial architecture will be challenged and what will be the consequences and occasional outcome.     

论超主权国际货币的构建对世界经济的影响

金融危机的不断发生暴露出现行的国际货币体系的诸多弊端和不足,构建超主权国际货币则是国际货币制度改革的方向。汇率的稳定以及国际储备资产价值的稳定对于一国国际经济的发展尤为重要,为此世界各国希望有一种有效的国际储备货币以减轻汇率波动所带来的负面影响,这种国际储备货币便是超主权货币。文章从国际货币体系对国际贸易和国际金融的影响方面进行了探讨,进一步分析了超主权国际货币的构建对世界经济的影响。     

美国金融危机后的国际货币体系重构

文章提出了金融危机后国际货币体系未来演化路径的构想,并详细的分析了该演进路径形成的机理和原因。短期内,美元单一货币霸权仍将一定程度的延续;中期内,国际货币体系将走向多元化;而在长期,超主权国家货币将成为国际货币体系的演进方向。最后,文章据此提出了我国的应对建议。     

一种全新的区域货币合作形式初探——类似SDR的货币创造

文章指出,建立一个有效的区域货币合作机制,最关键的是保证区域内各目都拥有充分的国际清偿力,其核心之一是作为国际储备基础的本位币选择问题。SDR（特别提款权）的出现给我们提供了一条新的改革思路：这种国际清偿力,不一定来自某个中心国家的货币,也不一定是一系列国家的货币所组成的“篮子”,它可以是一种在关键时刻可以发挥支付功能的“信用”。这种合作形式对缺乏资金且经济基础薄弱的发展中国家而言具有相当大的吸引力。     

A suggested reformulation of the theory of optimal currency areas

In contrast to conventional analyses of monetary union between two particular countries or sets of countries, this paper treats the possible expansion of a given currency area as a continuous variable ranging from zero to one; zero if there is no expansion and one if all sources of imports and competition in trade are included in the union. The optimal order in which new members are admitted to the union then becomes a central aspect of the problem. Along with other advantages, this approach makes it easier to defend the argument that many nations are too small for form optimal currency areas. The demands upon the origin of the shocks, factor mobility, and political organization are smaller.     

The theory of optimum currency areas,trade adjustment,and trade

This article seeks to provide a closer integration of the theory of optimum currency areas with the theory of international trade. A currency area is treated as a continuous variable ranging from zero to one: zero if there is no enlargement, and some positive value otherwise, corresponding exactly to the percentge of trade in the enlarged area. The benefits of widening a currency area are then regarded, in terms of conventional trade theory, as equivalent to a reduction in transportation cost. The costs of widening a currency area are seen, instead, with reference to open economy macroeconomics, as a drop in the speed of adjustment of the terms of trade to their long-run equilibrium level. On this basis, it is shown that the marginal benefits of enlarging a currency area fall, the marginal costs rise, and an optimum size arises. But this size depends heavily on the optimal composition of the members.CEPR     

全球性货币错配与国际货币体系改革

全球性货币错配是全球经济失衡的货币表现,而以"美元本位制"为核心的现行国际货币体系是全球性货币错配的重要根源。国际货币体系改革的方向是加强国际间货币金融合作,最大限度地降低各国货币错配程度,以防止金融风险的扩大和货币危机的频繁发生。     

Currency Areas and Equilibrium

The standard approach to optimum currency areas clashes with both modern monetary theory and empirical evidence. The present paper sets forth an equilibrium hypothesis that views the national border as the analogue of a policy measure impinging on agents' optimizing behavior.     

论国际储备货币体系能否实现多元化

欧元虽然在整个货币体系结构中地位逐渐增强,可就现阶段而言,美元的霸权地位仍然很难被其他货币所取代。但从长远来看,国际储备货币体系的多元化仍然是大势所趋。因为只有稳步地推进的多元化的货币体系,才能真正支撑起国际经济的稳定。     

Conditions for Optimality of a Currency Area

Two approaches to the theory of OCA are distinguished in this paper. The first, called the marginalistic approach, attempts to define the OCA from the point of view of a single country, and the second examines the optimality of a currency area of a given membership. The marginalistic approach and its limitations are discussed first. Then, the paper proceeds to the second approach which is discussed in the context of the cooperative game theory in characteristic function form; it argues that a currency area is optimal when the welfare functions of its constituent members are in the core. This implies that the welfare functions of all constituent members of the currency area are maximized and hence they are all better off with a common currency rather than with their own national currencies; hence, no member country has the intention to abandon the currency area. The paper concludes that the condition for the optimality of a currency area independently of the degree of economic similarity of its constituents requires that the characteristic function must exhibit non decreasing returns with respect to its size.     

谈亚元区构建

20世纪60年代蒙代尔提出了最优货币区理论,此后各国学者发展了此理论,为统一货币区的建立提供了理论基础。欧元区建立后,掀起了统一货币区热。本文着重对亚元区的构建进行文献综述。     

Restructuring East Asian exchange rate regimes

This paper investigated the degree of misalignment of the East Asian currencies against the U.S. dollar and against the Japanese yen under a de facto dollar-pegged exchange rate regime (January 1995 to May 1997). We found that overvaluation against the yen started in the Malaysian ringgit and the Philippine peso from January 1996 and the Thai baht from June 1996. Although the Indonesian rupiah and the Korean won against the yen were still undervalued in May 1997, degree of misalignment of both currencies narrowed from April 1995. Large withdrawal of Japanese claims after the financial crisis reduced Japanese bank lendings from $123.8 billion to $85.9 billion in end-June 1998. In 1998, Japanese Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) to East Asia fell as much as 44% from the previous year. In conclusion the paper stresses the importance of the stability in yen/dollar exchange rate to avoid large volatility in Japanese capital flow.     

后危机时期提升我国国际金融话语权的对策研究

我们应抓住国际货币体系大变革、美国的金融模式失去吸引力、中国国际金融实力显著提升这些难得的历史发展机遇,通过积极参与国际金融治理机制改革、人民币国际化、扶持民族信用评级机构等措施提升我国国际金融的话语权。     

Should East Asia’s currencies be pegged to the yen? The role of invoice currency

Growing concern that a dollar peg exposes East Asian economies to fluctuations in the dollar–yen exchange rate has stimulated research on currency basket regimes as alternatives for these economies. However, existing studies have mostly ignored an important characteristic of East Asia, i.e., most of its international trade is invoiced in the U.S. dollars. This paper investigates how the preponderance of dollar invoicing affects optimal currency basket regimes for East Asian economies. I develop a three-country center-periphery sticky-price dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model for the analysis. The model is solved numerically by taking second-order approximations to the policy functions with the expected lifetime utility of households chosen as the welfare criterion. Contrary to the conjecture of existing literature, I show that predominance of dollar invoicing implies that the dollar should receive a smaller weight than suggested by bilateral trade shares between emerging markets in East Asia and the United States. The results hinge on the interaction of different degrees of pass-through implied by the choice of invoice currency and endogenous responses of monetary policies in the center countries.     

推动人民币国际化的策略分析——由中韩货币互换说起

文章以金融危机为背景,以2008年12月12日中韩两国签订的货币互换协议对人民币国际化的推动作用为起点,分析推动人民币逐步走向国际化所应当采取的策略。作者认为,中韩货币互换是东亚金融合作的深化,只是在金融危机的背景下才格外引人注目,而且这次货币互换还引起了人们对人民币国际化问题的极大兴趣。作者分析了人民币国际化的有利条件,并借鉴国际上一国货币国际化的理论和模式总结,探讨性地提出了实现人民币国际化的对策建议,同时指出人民币要成为国际货币仍然只能是处于起步阶段。     

关注调整中的国际货币体制权力结构

国际货币体系始终处于动荡之中,关键货币之间汇率冲突不断,导致这种状况的主要根源是美元危机。美元面临多方面挑战。美元体制基础弱化的征兆越来越明显。国际主导货币之间的竞争呈现新的特点。我国应注意发挥人民币潜在功能,完善外汇政策体系,维护金融稳定,在人民币国际化问题上宜立足于"不急不躁"战略。     

保税港区货物流转的法律瓶颈及其对策

保税港区是我国扩大国际贸易的重要方式。国际中转、国际配送和国际采购是国务院确定的保税港区五大功能中的三个,三者均属于货物流转的范畴。保税港区开展货物流转有着政策的和法律的优势,仍面临着各种挑战。文章认为,为促进保税港区的货物流转,应该从法律上做三项工作：统一适用《联合国国际货物买卖公约》;明确减免税费的额度;规定国际货运代理的地位与责任。     

日本政府推进日元国际化制约因素分析

日本政府在20世纪之末再次明确提出推进日元国际化。日元国际化就是指日元在国际上充当计价货币,结算货币,流通货币和储备资产及外汇交易中所占的市场份额上升,把日元由低度化的国际货币提升为高度化的国际货币。而从日本目前的基本经济状况,金融业不良债权,金融市场现状,经济增长模式,汇率变动,日本同东亚各国政治经济关系,以及现行国际经济金融,政治秩序演变等方面分析,制约日元国际化的不利因素还很多,日本政府推动日元国际化的进程将是困难重重。