Soccer transfers,team efficiency and the sports cycle in the most valued European soccer leagues – have European soccer teams been efficient in trading players?

The sale of soccer players is a serious issue for the sustainability of professional teams. This article discusses the efficiency of the values that 183 European soccer teams have received for the sales of their players since 2007. We estimated stochastic frontiers for these soccer teams using stochastic frontier analysis. We found that teams with higher numbers of titles, with huge past acquisitions of players, and achieving good rankings in the previous season tend to receive more transfer inflows. The efficiency of these inflows can be significantly influenced if the team exhibits a long sports history or if the team participates in the Champions League or in the Europa League.     

INTEGRATION OF NORTH AND SOUTH AMERICAN PLAYERS IN JAPAN'S PROFESSIONAL BASEBALL LEAGUES

Teams in Japan's two professional baseball leagues began to add foreign players in the early 1950s, with the average number per team reaching 5.79 in 2004. This was primarily because foreign hitters outperformed Japanese hitters. Hazard analysis shows that a poorly performing team was more likely to hire its first Caucasian and African American players earlier than a successful team. Econometric analysis of team use of foreign players over 45 seasons (1960–2004) shows that losing Central League teams used foreign players more often in following season(s), whereas past success of Pacific League teams did not affect their use of foreign players.     

A systematic literature review of the relationship between demographic diversity and innovation performance at team-level

ABSTRACT

Demographic diversity is a relevant aspect to consider when forming innovation teams, particularly where the labour market needs to be transformed in terms of age, gender and race (as in South Africa). Existing research reports mixed findings about the effects of demographic diversity on innovation performance of teams. This study contributes to the existing equivocal research by systematically reviewing the literature about the effects of demographic diversity and its dimensions on innovation performance of teams. Results show that high diversity of demographic dimensions, namely age, gender and culture increases team innovation performance when considered individually while the overall team demographic diversity has mixed effects. This review also confirms the existence and effects of various moderators that can be leveraged to develop team-formation policies such that the direct effects of demographic diversity and its dimensions on team performance can be influenced to foster the desired innovation performance.     

时间个性异质性对团队绩效的影响机制

以创业大赛团队为样本,探讨了如何通过管理团队中成员的时间个性异质性以最大化团队绩效。对36个团队进行的实证分析结果显示:团队成员的时间个性异质性与团队整体绩效显著正相关;作为团队过程变量的任务冲突与团队绩效正相关,且起到中介作用。     

Are there too few trades during the NFL draft?

College football players are initially assigned to teams in the National Football League (NFL) through the league’s draft selection process. At each team’s turn to pick, the team has the option of exercising the pick itself or trading it to another team. If gains from trade are exhausted, draft picks should be exercised by the team with the highest expected value. That is, the expected player contribution garnered from a given pick should not be dependent on whether the pick was traded or retained. Regression results, however, indicate that controlling for a player’s draft position, when a team trades up to acquire a player, that player is more likely to have greater on-field success. This suggests that there are too few draft day trades. Plausible reasons are high transaction costs or the fear of media scrutiny that draft trades can engender.     

Racial Discrimination in English football

This paper examines data on the racial composition and financial and sporting performance of professional English soccer teams between 1974 and 1993. In an earlier paper, Szymanski showed that teams with an above average proportion of black players would tend to perform better on average that would have been expected given the aggregate wage bills of these clubs. Since players are more or less freely traded in soccer this presents strong market‐based evidence of discrimination. In the present paper we explore the source of such discrimination. In particular we are concerned to test the hypothesis that discrimination is attributable to the fans rather than the owners. If fans were racially prejudiced then the owners of a team might expect to generate a smaller marginal revenue product from a black player compared to an equally skilled white player. We assess the presence of fan discrimination by examining relationships between attendance, revenues, performance and the proportion of black players in the team. We also incorporate evidence regarding statements of racial prejudice (from the British Social Attitudes Survey) in particular regions. We find little evidence that the discrimination against black players has its source in fan discrimination.     

Is diversity good or bad? Evidence from eSports teams analysis

We use eSports data to construct an empirical model to measure the effect of diversity on team performance. Different kinds of diversities are considered, diversity of culture, diversity of language and diversity of skill. Our main results are that cultural diversity is beneficial for team performance: the absence of diversity reduces performance by 30%. However, language and experience diversity negatively affect results. Taking the difference in the results into account, we conclude that firms should not thoughtlessly maximize team diversity: different kinds of diversity have different integration and communication costs.     

Success in soccer and economic performance: Evidence from beŞİktaŞ-Turkey

This paper investigates the connection between Turkish industrial production growth and the success of Beşiktaş, which is a popular Turkish soccer team. The empirical evidence provided in the paper suggests that industrial production growth tends to increase with the success of Beşiktaş in European cups. Moreover, if the winnings are in displacement, the increase in industrial production is higher than if the winnings are in the home field. On the other hand, findings on the effects of domestic games on industrial performance are not statistically significant. All the views expressed in this paper belong to the authors and do not represent the views of the Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey or its staff. Beşiktaş, established in 1903, is one of the most popular soccer teams in Turkey. Detailed information about the team can be reached at http://www.besiktasjk.com     

Diversity,effort, and cooperation in team-based learning

Student and team performance in 17 sections of an introductory microeco-nomic theory course taught using team-based learning are analyzed to determine what measurable characteristics of teams influence team and individual outcomes. Results suggest that team performance is positively influenced by the grade point average of the top individual on the team as well as the percentage of females on the team. While the level of cooperation within a team does not significantly influence team outcomes, it positively influences individual performance by females while having no statistically significant influence on male performance. Individual success also is positively and significantly influenced by gender diversity and individual effort in team activities, as measured by peer evaluations. These results are robust to a variety of measures of gender diversity.     

MAINTAINING MARKET POSITION: TEAM PERFORMANCE,REVENUE AND WAGE EXPENDITURE IN THE ENGLISH PREMIER LEAGUE

This paper investigates the relationship between playing success and commercial success in team sports. Utilizing a data set relating to the English Premier League that combines both financial measures and indicators of playing skills and performances, our empirical analysis is based on three behavioural equations. Our analysis indicates that on‐field success can be directly related to players’ skills and abilities and that revenue is positively related to on‐field success. Wage expenditure is also shown to systematically reflect player skills and performances. One interpretation of this evidence is that investment in players’ skills and ability buys on‐field success, with richer teams becoming ever richer and able to maintain or even build upon success by spending more on players than less successful clubs. To the extent that richer clubs are successful in their objective there is a causal link between revenue earned and competitive imbalance via investments in players. The implications of this tendency within a league are discussed in our conclusion, which also considers the potentially wider implications of our study as they relate to the evolution of firm size and issues of market share.     

交互记忆系统与团队任务、成员异质性、团队绩效关系的实证研究

交互记忆系统可用于解释团队任务完成过程中的知识处理机制。本文以浙江省杭州地区的41个工作团队为样本,研究了交互记忆系统与团队任务、成员异质性、团队绩效之间的关系,在一定程度上弥补了以往实验室研究的不足。除了证实Lewis量表中有两个题目不理想外,还证实了：交互记忆系统与任务的常规程度、成员的专长异质性、团队绩效有显著相关性,而与成员的_般异质性（人口统计学特征）无显著相关性。本文采用r。指标检验组内一致性,为以后在组织研究中处理多层面问题提供了一种可行的解决办法。     

The impact of skilled immigrants on their local teammates’ performance

We use the Bosman ruling, which invalidated restrictions on the maximum number of foreign players allowed on professional football teams, to identify a causal positive impact of foreign players in German Bundesliga clubs on the individual performance of their domestic teammates.     

Re-examination of team’s play in a mixed-strategy game experiment

Palacios-Huerta and Volij (2008) found that the behaviour of professional soccer players in two-person zero-sum games is consistent with minimax play, while Wooders (2010) re-examined their data and found inconsistencies in several respects. This study applies a similar analysis of Wooders (2010) to the experimental data in Okano (2013), which found that the behaviour of teams of two-student subjects conforms closely to minimax play, and addresses whether teams exhibit the same inconsistencies as professionals. Teams were found to have consistency with minimax play, with no tendencies similar to those of professionals.     

工作团队凝聚力、组织公民行为与工作绩效关系——基于服务性企业的实证研究

本文以123个服务性企业的工作团队为研究对象,运用群体内部一致性系数Rwg将个体水平的变量转换成群体水平的变量,采用结构方程模型进行分析,探讨团队凝聚力、团队整体上表现出的组织公民行为与工作绩效的关系.研究结果表明,团队整体上表现出的组织公民行为对团队工作绩效具有积极的影响作用;团队凝聚力是组织公民行为的显著预测变量,并且与工作绩效成正相关.这一研究结论可以为提高服务性企业工作团队的工作绩效提供积极的指导意义.     

建设什么样的优秀团队

1994年,管理学家斯蒂芬P罗宾斯首次提出了＂团队＂的概念。在随后的10余年里,关于＂团队合作＂的理念风靡全球,团队似乎随处可见,而人们也早已泛滥地使用这个词汇了。可如果深究：什么样的团队才能够使工作做得最出色、什么样的团队管理才能够真正提高团队的效率时,那就不是一件容易的事情了。因此,试从建设什么样的优秀团队方面和大家探讨一下优秀团队的建设。     

信息多样化与创业团队绩效关系研究

21世纪是一个信息爆炸的时代，信息多样化对企业经营绩效至关重要。近年来，信息多样化对创业团队绩效的影响逐渐受到学术界的关注。结合国内外研究成果，基于共享领导视角，探讨了信息多样化对创业团队绩效的影响机理，构建了三者之间的研究模型，并对西安市高新区241家企业的358个创业团队的调查问卷进行了实证分析。研究发现，信息多样化对创业团队绩效具有正向影响，且中介分析表明，共享领导在其间起到了部分中介作用。     

Changing rewards in contests: Has the three-point rule brought more offense to soccer?

In the mid-nineties FIFA decided to increase from two to three the number of points assigned to the winning team of a soccer match played under traditional round-robin national leagues. Since a game of soccer can be regarded as a contest, FIFA's measure provides an interesting case-study for analysing how a change in the system of rewards (from a zero to a non-zero sum rule) may affect the contestants' equilibrium behaviour. In this paper we try to assess, both theoretically and empirically, whether FIFA's new point rule has changed soccer towards a more offensive game, in which teams adopt more risky strategies. In particular, we evaluate the “na?ve hypothesis” according to which the measure would induce every team to play always more offensively, and we explore the extent to which the change in teams' behaviour may be affected by quality differentials between teams. Our most important hypothesis is that when the asymmetry between opposing teams is large enough, an increase in the reward for victory induces the weaker team to play more defensively, rather than the opposite. By looking at a subset of matches held in the Portuguese first division league, which approximate the conditions of our model, we find support for this hypothesis. First version received: July 1999/Final version received: May 2001     

DOES EXPERIENCE MATTER? SALARY DISPERSION,COACHING, AND TEAM PERFORMANCE

Using Major League Soccer as a unique dataset, this study examines the direct and indirect role of coaches' experience in determining team performance. Inspired by labor market studies, we applied traditional indicators of team salary structure and, unlike previous studies, empirically test the hypothesis that coach experience affects the way in which team salary distribution influences performance. Our results suggest that coaches with experience as professional soccer players improve team performance directly but worsen the negative effect of a skewed salary distribution. Moreover, experience as a player is more important than coaching experience. (JEL D3, J3, M5)     

虚拟团队信任影响因素实证研究

虚拟团队的信任是人力资源管理与组织行为学领域的一个重要研究课题。相比较对传统面对面团队信任影响因素的大量研究,虚拟团队信任影响因素的研究尤其是实证方面的研究相对较少。本文在对虚拟团队产生背景、虚拟团队信任及其影响因素研究现状分析的基础上,整合个体、团队及组织三大层面,综合分析影响虚拟团队信任的个体特征（正直、能力、善意、信任倾向）、团队特征（领导有效性、目标明确性、任务依赖性、成员异质性）、组织特征（组织制度保障性、组织愿景）三层面十大因素,构建了虚拟团队信任影响因素的研究框架,进而提出相应的研究假设。通过选取实际企业中的虚拟团队为研究样本,验证这些因素对虚拟团队信任的影响。经实证研究发现,正直、能力、善意、信任倾向、领导有效性、目标明确性、任务依赖性、组织制度保障性、组织愿景均正向影响虚拟团队信任,而成员异质性则并非如先前所假设的那样成为虚拟团队信任的影响因素。     

DO MANAGERS MATTER: EVIDENCE FROM E‐SPORTS

Growing importance of human resources places the role of managers at the core of company efficiency. However, there are studies that demonstrate the efficiency of teams without a manager, so‐called self‐managed teams, is higher comparing with managed teams. Thus, despite the focus on managerial efficiency in the economic literature, the issue of whether a team needs a manager is far from settled. In this paper, we use a quasi‐experimental setting from e‐Sports (competitive video gaming) to understand whether the hiring a manager is of benefit to team performance. The empirical part of the study is based on endogenous switching regression model. This method allows investigating what performance of self‐managed team would be if it will have a manager and vice versa. The dataset includes the information of prize money and features of top e‐Sports teams in Counter‐Strike: Global Offensive (e‐Sports discipline) from 2013 to 2017. The main finding of this study is that managed teams perform better than self‐managed ones but this is not due to the manager. (JEL Z2, M54, L25)