Note on uncertainty and socially excessive entry

It is well known that under general conditions entry into imperfectly competitive markets is usually excessive. This note explores the effects of uncertainty on this result. Specifically, a firm that incurs entry costs might fail to successfully enter a market. In this environment, it is found that the previous conditions might not hold when there is uncertainty. That is, with uncertainty entry might be socially insufficient (instead of excessive) by more than one firm.     

Negotiated tariffs in free entry oligopoly under integrated markets

Using the Nash bargaining approach, this paper analyzes the negotiation of tariffs between two countries in free-entry oligopolies under integrated markets. Employing a symmetric model with linear demand and cost functions, the paper shows that for both countries Pareto-efficient negotiated tariffs are larger than the tariffs at the Nash equilibrium of a non-cooperative tariff game (tariff war) in which each country imposes its optimum tariff.     

Free entry,market diffusion,and social inefficiency with endogenously growing demand

This paper analyzes market diffusion in the presence of oligopolistic interaction among firms. Market demand is positively related to past market size because of consumer learning, networks, and bandwagon effects. Firms enter the market freely in each period with fixed costs and compete in quantities. We demonstrate that the nature of the inefficiency under free entry can change as the market grows, and more importantly, that S-shaped diffusion can be a signal that the number of firms under free entry is initially insufficient, but eventually excessive.     

Corruption,market quality,and entry deterrence in emerging economies

In many emerging economies incumbent firms often use dubious means to deter entry of other firms. We analyze this scenario in a three‐stage game of entry deterrence. The incumbent has incomplete information about the entrant's costs but can increase this cost by resorting to unfair means (e.g. bribing a politician who harms the entrant). We completely characterize the optimal bribe and show that this depends on the “fairness index” and the “differentiation” parameter. We also show that zero bribes need not maximize welfare and market quality. Our results seem to be compatible with anecdotal evidence from emerging economies such as India.     

Coexistence of large firms and less efficient small firms under price competition with free entry

This study constructs a game of technology selection and Bertrand-like price competition in a market with free entry. It demonstrates the existence of a Nash equilibrium in which a small number of firms adopting a large-scale technology coexist with, and charge a lower price than, a large number of firms adopting a small-scale technology. In this equilibrium, both available technologies and resources are allocated efficiently. This result provides a new economic rationale for antitrust law in general and, in particular, the US Sherman Act, wchich regards free entry and price competition as of foremost importance for maintaining market quality.     

企业竞争力的要素和原因研究

本文从前提、基础、核心和保障四个方面阐述了企业竞争力的构成要素,认为企业竞争力涵盖敏锐洞悉环境的能力,有效设计制度的能力,快速、持续学习的能力,优化企业形象的能力,并由这四者融合为一体,表现为厚积薄发。     

中国银行业市场结构变迁与竞争行为研究

本文以"结构—行为—绩效"的SCP范式为分析框架,运用产业组织理论研究中国商业银行的市场结构变迁,认为我国银行业已经由寡头垄断向垄断竞争的市场结构转变,随后分别从价格竞争、产品竞争以及对竞争者的阻止三方面探讨结构变化对竞争行为的影响,最后提出中国银行业发展的政策建议。     

安徽电力公司加强电力需求侧管理之我见

本文阐明了电力需求侧管理的主要内容及意义,剖析安徽电力公司加强电力需求侧管理的障碍因素,并就如何建立有效的电力需求侧管理机制提出了对策与建议。     

环境不确定性对渐进式创新和突破式创新的影响研究

文章探讨了环境不确定的三个维度(需求不确定性、技术不确定性和竞争强度),分别对企业渐进式创新和突破式创新的影响。并通过对404家中国企业的实证研究发现:环境不确定性的三个维度对渐进式创新和突破式创新影响不尽相同,其中需求不确定性对渐进式创新和突破式创新的影响不显著;技术不确定性与渐进式创新负相关,与突破式创新正相关;竞争强度对渐进式创新的影响不显著,与突破式创新负相关。     

高新技术产业化风险投资若干问题研究

近年来 ,中央通过实施一系列扩大内需的政策 ,终于使我国经济在 2 0 0 0年出现了重要转机。前不久闭幕的中央经济工作会议提出 ,2 0 0 1年仍坚持扩大内需的战略方针。为进一步贯彻落实这一精神 ,本文从市场和政府两个层面阐述了扩大内需需要认真研究和解决市场供求矛盾及政府     

中国加入 WTO后房地产市场与国际市场接轨的答案

中国加入WTO后房地产市场与国际接轨的答案即应构建并发展房地产的二级市场和租赁市场 ,精心培育房地产的中介服务行业 ,同时改变粗放型的经营运作方式为精耕细作 ,以形成与一级市场联动完整的房地产大市场。     

农村金融服务的困境与规范创新的路径选择

文章分析了我国农村金融服务中存在的问题,我国农村金融服务的发展水平不高,金融效率低,与农村经济发展相比相对滞后,农村金融改革不是规范与创新的秩序之争,而应是规范与创新并举。     

从高房价生成机理谈我国房地产市场维稳的对策

抑制目前的高房价应该掌握高房价的形成机理。文章从地方政府的激励与约束因素、日益膨胀的投资需求以及国家实行充分自由的房地产市场政策等方面阐述了高房价的生成机理,力图对症下药地提出我国房地产市场维稳的对策,以求为我国的民生事业做出一点微薄的贡献。     

广东省劳动力市场分割与供求关系的实证分析

通过分析广东省劳动力供求状况,发现存在"供不应求"和"失业"并存的现象。那么是什么因素导致人才没有在各行业间自由流动呢?劳动力市场分割理论对此现象作出了解释,本文根据原因提出了相应的建议。     

Free entry in successive oligopolies

In the present paper, we propose an extension of Spengler's (1950) analysis of successive oligopolies, to study the effects of entry in the downstream and upstream markets. Free entry is analyzed using replica economies à la Debreu and Scarf (1963) . We find that free entry may have different effects in the upstream and in the downstream market. Namely, the usual convergence of the price to the corresponding marginal cost only occurs in the downstream market.     

The determinants of the demand of the demand for public education in China

我国关于公共产品的研究集中在供给方面,对公共产品需求的研究还相对较少.本文作者从需求角度,通过可行的计量分析,利用横截面数据,研究了人均教育支出与相关因素之间的关系.     

Optimal government spending in an economy with imperfectly competitive goods and labor markets

This article examines the growth‐ and welfare‐maximizing government spending in an economy that is characterized by market imperfections, namely, unionization in the labor market and monopolistic competition in the goods market. To thoughtfully explore the optimal spending, two distinct scenarios where the government spending is financed by labor/capital income taxes are considered. Our analysis shows that the optimal growth‐maximizing government spending is inconsistent with the welfare‐maximizing government spending. Moreover, the growth‐maximizing/welfare‐maximizing government spending have quite different responses to distinctive market imperfections (markups in the goods and labor markets), particularly in the scenarios with distinctive financing modes. Our numerical study indicates that the growth‐maximizing and welfare‐maximizing government expenditures, in general, are more responsive to the change in the labor market friction than that in the product market friction and the growth‐maximizing government spending is more likely to be lower than the welfare‐maximizing government spending.     

Free entry equilibria with positive profits: A unified approach to quantity and price competition games

Free entry equilibria are usually characterized by the zero profit condition. We plead instead for a strict application of the Nash equilibrium concept to a symmetric simultaneous game played by actual and potential entrants, producing under decreasing average cost. Equilibrium is then typically indeterminate, with a number of active firms varying between an upper bound imposed by profitability and a lower bound required by sustainability. We use a canonical model with strategies represented by prices, although covering standard regimes of quantity and price competition, to show that in equilibrium the critical (profit maximizing) price must lie between the break-even and the limit prices.     

Habit persistence in assets demand

Habit persistence is examined for six asset demand categories using U.S. data and a dynamic forward-looking model. We find habit persistence is greater for more liquid assets compared to riskier assets and may in part explain low holdings of riskier assets. Cash assets are found to be substitutes with other liquid assets under habit formation. Consistent with portfolio analysis, the riskier asset categories of money market mutual funds and bonds are found to be complements in use. The three more risky asset categories have budget elasticities greater than unity indicating that in the long run consumers are more likely to turn to these assets as their wealth increases.