社会保险如何影响代际收入流动

优化收入分配、促进代际收入流动是推进共同富裕的必然要求。本文基于2010—2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据，采用代际收入弹性和代际收入百分位排序关联系数测量代际收入流动，实证检验社会保险对代际收入流动的影响。研究发现，城镇基本养老保险、农村基本养老保险和城镇居民医保显著抑制代际收入流动，新农合对代际收入流动具有显著正向影响，且这种影响在低收入父代家庭和城镇地区更加显著。采用工具变量法控制内生性后的研究结论依然稳健。作用机制分析表明，社会保险通过人力资本、财富资本和借贷资本三种渠道影响代际收入流动。基于实证结论，本文提出相关政策建议以增强社会保险的反贫困和收入再分配功能，进而夯实代际收入流动的物质基础，助力共同富裕和中国式现代化建设。     

代际流动约束下生育率与收入不平等关系的国际检验

收入不平等问题和人口生育率过低问题是当下中国面临的两大难题,但目前理论界关于人口因素与收入不平等关系的研究,很少从生育率视角来考察以及考虑代际收入流动在其中的作用.文章从理论与经验两个方面来考察生育率对收入不平等的影响,理论模型表明:在关于代际收入流动的假设下,一个经济体中生育率的提高会使穷人比重提高,进而拉大收入不平等.进一步地,文章利用1970-2011年76个国家(地区)面板数据的经验研究发现:(1)总和生育率的提高会拉大收入不平等,如果每个妇女平均多生育一个孩子,将会使基尼系数增加0.025;(2)以出生率作为总和生育率替代指标的实证结果与基准结果基本一致,这说明不同生育率测算指标高度相关且可相互替代;(3)对于代际收入流动弹性越高、收入水平越低或生育率越高的国家(地区),其生育率提高对收入不平等的拉大作用越大.文章关于生育率对收入不平等影响的作用机制和异质性特征的考察,对于我国如何在实施"全面二孩"政策下寻求应对严峻的收入分配问题之策提供了国际经验和启示.     

中国劳动力市场代际收入流动研究

代际收入流动反映了一个社会的机会平等程度,主要衡量指标是代际收入弹性.由于测量误差和生命周期偏误,同类研究对中国代际收入弹性的估计结果差异较大.基于营养与健康调查的代际数据,笔者纠正了测量误差后得到的代际收入弹性约为0.46,这表明中国的代际收入流动性在国际上处于中间水平.     

数字普惠金融发展能促进代际收入流动吗？

数字普惠金融的快速发展已经成为促进经济高质量发展和推动共同富裕的新契机。本文采用2014年、2016年和2018年中国家庭追踪调查（CFPS）三轮调查数据，以及2012年北京大学数字普惠金融指数相关数据，运用门槛模型实证分析了数字普惠金融对代际收入流动影响的门槛效应，并运用OLS模型实证检验了数字普惠金融对代际收入流动的影响及作用机制。研究发现，数字普惠金融对代际收入流动的影响具有门槛效应。在未达到门槛值时，数字普惠金融的发展不利于代际收入流动；在超过门槛值后，数字普惠金融对代际收入流动具有促进作用。机制分析表明，初期阶段数字普惠金融受限于数字鸿沟，增大了代际收入关联性，不利于代际收入流动。异质性分析表明，数字普惠金融对低收入家庭、农业家庭、低受教育水平家庭和西部地区的代际收入流动产生不利影响。本文的研究为数字普惠金融发展政策的制定提供了决策参考，为促进代际收入流动和推动共同富裕提供了微观证据。     

代际流动、教育收益与机会平等——基于微观调查数据的研究

本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查2011年全国基线调查数据,探讨了中国代际收入流动性及其作用机制。当前中国代际收入弹性在各年龄阶段人群中呈现U型曲线特点,90年代出生的居民面临的代际收入弹性较高,即代际流动性较低。运用阶层线性模型分析了代际间的交互作用机制:父代的收入水平和工作性质会通过影响子代个体特征变量的边际系数对子女的收入产生间接影响。教育是打破阶层固化的重要途径,但实证分析表明,父代的职业对子女的教育收益率存在显著影响,机会的不平等阻碍了代际流动。因此,政策改革应当保障教育机会和就业机会的平等,从而推动社会代际收入流动,促进收入分配结构合理化。     

中国居民家庭收入分配的收入代际流动性

本文利用微观调查数据分析了城乡家庭父母对子女的代际收入影响,并探讨了不同收入水平家庭的代际流动差异。研究结果显示,父亲对女儿收入水平的影响高于儿子,母亲的收入水平对儿子和女儿并没有明显影响差异;城镇居民家庭的收入流动性高于农村居民,并且随着收入从低到高分布,代际收入流动性呈上升趋势,而农村低收入家庭群体具有明显的贫困持续性现象。因此,消除户籍等流动障碍,提供平等的教育机会能够有效提高社会流动性。     

代际收入流动性度量及其影响因素的分析:一个综述

代际收入流动性研究是经济学研究的前沿领域之一。代际收入流动性强意味着子代相对于父代更具有独立性。促进代际流动有助于实现机会和收入的平等并提高社会效率。在流动性的度量中,主要使用回归系数法和转换矩阵法。代际收入流动受到多因素的影响,包括人力资本投资、社会关系网络、选型婚配、生理遗传等。西方代际收入流动性的考察往往忽略了这些因素背后的制度因素。     

代际间的职业流动与收入流动——来自中国城乡家庭的经验研究

本文通过对中国城乡家庭代际间的职业流动与收入流动进行实证研究,得出以下结论:(1)城镇家庭子女的职业随其职业生涯的发展有向父辈职业"回归"的趋势,而农村家庭中父代从事非农职业有助于子女实现职业的向上流动。(2)子女受教育程度的提高有利于代际间职业的向上流动,但其父辈的社会经济特征也对代际间的职业传承和流动有显著的影响。(3)代际之间职业的传承在一定程度上阻碍了代际间的收入流动,代际职业传承对高收入家庭的代际收入弹性影响更强。     

收入代际流动研究综述

文章回顾了国内外代际流动研究领域有关收入代际流动的重要研究。首先着重从收入代际流动的含义、收入代际流动的程度以及收入代际流动的机制三个方面对国外研究进行了梳理与归纳,然后对我国国内的相关研究做了概括,最后分析了国内外研究的不足并预测了未来研究的趋势。     

基于面板数据的代际收入流动研究

基于中国健康和营养调查中的农村数据,在面板数据条件下使用滞后水平变量作为工具变量分别对代际收入流动的单方程和系统方程进行估计,发现特定时期的单方程估计结果受工具变量的选取影响较大,而系统估计所得的代际收入弹性为0.446.这说明父辈收入与子辈收入之间存在较强相关性,代际收入流动性较弱,收入财富呈现出一定的代际继承性.因此,在减少收入分配差距的同时,政府应着重增加公共资源的供给,提供更多的职业培训,从而为农村子女发展创造更多的机会,以增加代际间的流动性.     

Regional income mobility in large cities throughout China

We investigated the regional income mobility in China for the year 1994–2016. Using the data collected from 185 prefecture-level cities, we find evidence that the regional income mobility was increasing over past two decades. By connecting income mobility with inequality index, we could draw a graph indicating an inverse U-shape relation between the two variables. We also provide the regional income mobility of the world for comparison.     

Education cost, intergenerational mobility, and income inequality

Using a modified version of the Maoz and Moav [Maoz, Y. D. and Moav, O., 1999. Intergenerational mobility and the process of development. Economic Journal 109(458) 677-697] model, we show that the dynamics of income inequality and intergenerational mobility, and the effects of technological changes on inequality, depend crucially on the share of education cost in income.     

Does economic freedom increase income inequality? Evidence from the EU countries

This paper examines the relationship between economic liberalization and income inequality in the EU using panel data for the 2000s. The empirical evidence suggests that economic freedom is strongly related to income inequality. However, not all areas of economic freedom affect income distribution similarly. Government size is robustly associated with inequality, and also when controlling for potential endogeneity in a dynamic panel data analysis. Regulation is linked to income inequality as well, whereas legal system and sound money have no significant effects on income distribution. In the case of freedom to trade internationally, the relationship differs between old (EU-15) and new (former socialist) EU countries.     

Exploring the link between household debt and income inequality: an asymmetric approach

We investigate the relationship between household debt and income inequality in the USA, allowing for asymmetry, using data over the period 1913–2008. We find evidence of an asymmetric cointegration between household debt and inequality for different regimes. Our results indicate household debt only responds to positive changes in income inequality, while there is no evidence of falling inequality significantly affecting household debt. The presence of this asymmetry provides further empirical insights into the emerging literature on household debt and inequality.     

Two‐sample nonparametric estimation of intergenerational income mobility in the United States and Sweden

We estimate intergenerational income mobility in the US and Sweden, using a new nonparametric approach. The approach addresses several empirical issues raised in the literature and applies when other estimators are infeasible. We argue that previous estimates of income mobility conceal the heterogeneous nature of the transmission mechanism by keeping mobility constant across families. The striking differences we find between mobility patterns across family backgrounds, captured by father's education, lead us to question the conventional result that intergenerational transmission of earnings is weaker in Sweden than in the United States, for important parts of the population.     

When income differences hurt or excite: The nonlinear effect of regional inequality on subjective wellbeing

Combining information from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions and the European Social Survey, we investigate the relationship between subjective well-being and income inequality using regional inequality indicators and individual data. We assume that inequality aversion and perception of social mobility affect the impact of regional inequality on subjective well-being in opposite directions. We find evidence of an inverse U-shaped effect of inequality, where inequality starts to have a positive effect on subjective well-being that becomes negative with a switch point before the average of the Gini index for the entire sample. The rationale for our nonlinear finding is that Hirschman's tunnel effect (and the positive effect of perceived social mobility) prevails for low levels of inequality, while inequality aversion and negative relative income effects are relatively stronger when inequality is higher. Robustness checks on different sample splits are consistent with the hypothesis of the two drivers.     

Financial development,control of corruption and income inequality

This paper examines the effect of financial development and control of corruption on income inequality in 21 Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries over the period 1985–2011 using the pooled mean group (PMG) estimator. The empirical results show that financial development measures have positive impact on income inequality, which suggest that financial development increases income inequality. On the other hand, the coefficients of control of corruption are negative and significantly related to income inequality which implies that corruption control reduces income inequality. Further, the interaction of the financial development and the control of corruption is found to be negatively and significantly related to income inequality. Equally the interaction of the financial development and transparency index (an alternate measure of corruptibility) is found to be negatively and significantly related to income inequality. These findings suggest that the control of corruption and transparency in governance are crucial in reducing income inequality in SSA.     

Intergenerational Mobility: What Do We Care About? What Should We Care About?

Inequality threatens intergenerational income mobility, but different types of inequality threaten mobility in different ways, raising distinct policy challenges. This is why empirical researchers should be agnostic in the choice of statistics they use to measure intergenerational mobility. I argue that Australia is on the whole characterised by a good deal of intergenerational mobility, but that a full picture requires judicious international comparisons across different dimensions of mobility citizens care about, mobility not just of incomes, but also of position and direction, particularly the scope for upward mobility.     

A refinement of the relationship between economic growth and income inequality

There is mixed evidence in the literature of a clear relationship between income inequality and economic growth. Most of that work has focused almost exclusively on developed economies. In what we believe to be a first effort, our emphasis is solely on developing economics, which we classify as high-income and low-income developing countries (HIDC and LIDC). We make such distinction on theoretical and empirical grounds. Empirically, the World Bank has classified developing economies in this manner since 1978. The data in our sample are also supportive of such classifications. We provide theoretical scaffolding that uses asymmetric credit constraints as a premise for separating developing economies in such a way. We find strong evidence of a negative relationship between income inequality and economic growth in LIDC to be in stark contrast with a positive inequality–growth relationship for HIDC. Both correlations are statistically significant across multiple econometric specifications. Using international data from 1960 to 2010, this article explores the effect of income inequality on economic growth using dynamic panel technique, such as system generalized method of moments (GMM) that is believed to mitigate endogenous problem. These results are strikingly contrasting to the previous estimation results of Forbes (2000) displaying significant positive correlation between two variables in the short to medium term.