Entrepreneurial network development: Trusting in the process

An entrepreneur's network can provide a significant source of social capital, which, in turn, may increase a new venture's likelihood of success. Entrepreneurship research has frequently examined how such networks develop, and reviewing extant studies suggests that trust plays a significant role in this process. Despite its recognized importance, limited research exists examining how trust evolves during and interacts with the entrepreneur's venture network development. Accordingly, we propose that an entrepreneur's reliance on exchange relationships based on affective and cognitive trust will vary as the entrepreneur moves through the network development process. We conclude by discussing both the model's implications and future research avenues.     

东北振兴过程中的金融发展思路

党的十六届三中全会把振兴东北老工业基地列为全面建设小康社会的一项重大战略任务，并将其与西部大开发置于同等重要地位，是对邓小平实现区域经济协调发展理论的重要体观。东北三省工业基础雄厚，曾为新中国的建设和经济发展做出了不可磨灭的贡献，但是，改革开放以来．相比于沿海地区，东三省改革的步伐明显落后了，原有的计划经济模式已不能适应经济发展的要求、进入21世纪以来，世界制造     

An exploration of inter-functional integration in the new service development process

This article explores the nature of inter-functional integration in the new service development process through a detailed study of two new internal ICT services developed at one of Europe's largest service providers: Consignia, the UK postal service. The study develops a conceptual framework, incorporating dimensions of process, context and outcomes, to inform the analysis. The empirical findings reveal that the level and timing of appropriate functional stakeholders, influence of relationships with external stakeholders, formalisation and ownership of authority, shared understanding of goals and the influence of shifting organisational contexts act as critical factors underlying the nature of inter-functional activities and outcomes. Managerial implications and future research directions are drawn.     

The international finance corporation and its role in the development process

Measures of different kinds are needed to cope with the manifold tasks arising in international development finance, and a variety of instruments, models and concepts have been suggested in the international discussion. The International Finance Corporation (IFC), a subsidiary of the World Bank, plays a particular role in this connection: according to the objectives laid down in its Articles of Agreement it is to concern itself exclusively with private investments in productive enterprises in developing countries. The following article indicates the problems faced in the institutional promotion of private enterprises and explains why the operations of the IFC have so far yielded somewhat meagre results.     

Social process auditing: A survey and some suggestions

In this paper the social indicators research is linked with accountability at corporate and national level. The case for auditing social measurements is advanced and a possible scheme is proposed. An analytical survey of all the related developments in social accounting is presented and certain conclusions are drawn. Finally, an interdisciplinary approach to accounting for the quality of life is critically examined in the framework of a mixed economy that today prevails in the western world. Vassilios P. Filios, B.B.A. (Athens), M. Soc. Sc. (Southampton), Ph.D. (Birmingham), has been a Research Associate of London Graduate Business School (1979–80) and a Visiting Lecturer in the Department of Accounting at the University of Birmingham (1978–80). During the last years he has been teaching at the Greek Productivity Centre and the Greek Management Association, management accounting to middle and top managers of Greek enterprises. He has also been involved in organizational consultative work. He has contributed with more than fifty articles to the Greek accounting and management journals. He is the author of three books, one in Socio-Economic Accounting, one on Cost Accounting Data for Management Decisions and the third on Public Sector Accounting. Articles of Dr. Filios have also appeared in Accounting and Business Research, in the Accounting Historians Journal, the Journal of Business Finance and Accounting, the Rivista Internationale di Scienze Economiche e Commerciali, the Journal of Business Ethics, Socio-Economic Planning Sciences Journal, etc. His research interests lie in the areas of Continental accounting evolution, E.E.C. accounting developments, and on socio-economic aspects of accounting.     

A venture capital model of the development process for new ventures

For years, researchers have hypothesized that new ventures develop in a fairly predictable chronological process by evolving through various functional and strategic developmental stages. However, cross-comparable longitudinal data from large numbers of ventures are still not available to validate these “stages of development” hypotheses. The study sought to determine whether venture capital firms, which have extensive experience with the longitudinal development of new ventures, operate in accord with a common theory about how this process operates. These findings also represent a first step toward empirically validating various elements of “stages of development” theories.The study analyzed the perceptions of the CEO or managing partner of 73 U.S. venture capital firms about key features of the development process for new businesses. Venture capital firms were asked whether they differentiated stages in the development process. For each such stage information was elicited on what the stage was called, distinguishing characteristics of ventures in that stage, key developmental goals or benchmarks typically accomplished in that stage, and the major risks involved. Sufficient consensus was found on these aspects of the development process for a “venture capital model” of this process to be constructed. The model consists of five sequential stages: 1) “seed” ; 2) “start-up” ; 3) “second stage” ; 4) “third stage” ; and 5) “exit stage.” Strong consensus was found on distinguishing characteristics of ventures in early stages of development, key developmental goals or benchmarks in various stages, and major developmental risks associated with each stage. Consensus on developmental characteristics diminished somewhat in later stages, presumably because of differential rates of development among investees, as well as differing degrees of success in accomplishing earlier objectives. Nevertheless, sufficient differences in functional characteristics remained to clearly distinguish later stage investees from early stage investees, and to enable differentiations in maturity between “third stage” and “exit stage” investees.The venture capital developmental model exhibits both similarities and differences from “stages of development” paradigms. First, the venture capital model is primarily strategic and market-oriented in focus. It gives lesser emphasis to the elements of organizational structure, management style, and management specialization than some “stages of development” theories, although these elements are identified by venture capitalists as potential areas of risk should problems arise. Second, like “stages of development” paradigms, the venture capital model is universal and not venture specific. Venture capital firms appear to view all potentially feasible business concepts, despite differences in product, organizational complexity, rate of development, or ultimate size, as passing through the same process sequence, albeit at different speeds and with varying degrees of success. Third, the model, while reflecting the financial objectives of venture capital investors, is primarily shaped by the naturally occurring functional development of investees. It does not represent arbitrary requirements imposed on investees to segment the developmental process into steps that would not otherwise occur.The development of venture capital investees is influenced by the strategic and financial objectives of venture capital firms. Thus the model does not necessarily mirror the strategic and dynamic elements of the development process for firms that are not intended by their founders to grow rapidly and then go public or be acquired by a larger corporation, or for ventures that must depend upon internally generated funds or bank loans to finance development.The venture capital model, representing perceptions of 73 venture capital firms derived from longitudinal data for many hundreds of new ventures, appears to empirically confirm the concept of an evolutionary progression through key functional and strategic steps, which is a central element of most “stages-of-development” hypotheses. The study did not go into sufficient depth, however, to provide detail on the influence of factors such as organizational structure and management styles and control systems on development. These factors are central elements in several “stages of development” theories, and are arguably of critical importance in the growth, survival, and financial success of new ventures.     

发展低碳经济促进同煤集团转型跨越发展

低碳经济作为应对全球气候变化、保障能源安全的基本途径和战略选择,正在全球范围内得到广泛认同.煤炭行业发展低碳经济,实现企业的转型发展,已经成为煤炭行业面临的新的重大课题.本文论述了煤炭企业如何发展低碳经济,走低碳经济路子,促进煤炭企业转型发展方面进行了有益的探索.     

The interest group theory of financial development in China: Openness and the role of interest groups

The interest group theory of financial development predicts that the incumbents' opposition to financial development will be weaker when an economy is open to both trade and capital flows. Based on regressions of financial development on trade and financial openness, existing studies only provide indirect tests of the hypothesis and deliver mixed findings. This paper proposes models for direct tests of interest group theory for China. Using Chinese cross-province data, we define and measure interest groups based on the close tie between state-owned enterprises and local government in China. The empirical results show that the opposition from interest groups to financial development cannot be weakened in provinces with high trade or financial openness alone. However, the opposition is indeed weakened in provinces with high levels of both trade and financial openness. These results provide robust support for interest group theory in accounting for cross-province differences and time-series variation in financial development in China.     

外汇储备与结构升级--从三资企业化进程看我国自立发展模式

作为一个发展中国家,我国需要进行大规模的产业置换。因为,“经济落后”通常表现为经济中普遍地存在着技术陈旧、管理落后的过时产业和产品,并迫切需要新旧替代,这种置换需要花费大量的外汇。因此,对外贸易、尤其是出口赚汇,是一国发挥比较优势,弥补比较劣势,吐故纳新,实现结构调整的最重要通道;也是支持和实现这种产业置换的主要依     

Green advertising receptivity: An initial scale development process

The aim of this research is to develop and validate a scale to measure consumers' receptivity to green advertising (REGRAD), in light of the absence of such a scale from the green marketing research stream. REGRAD is posited as an individual difference factor, which can be measured, and consumers can be divided into segments based on this factor. The scale development process resulted in a nine-item scale, which shows a high degree of correlation with environmental behavior and a distinction from the environmental skepticism scale. REGRAD moderates attitudes and intentions toward a company and its green initiatives. Given the trend by marketers to target and market products as ‘green’, REGRAD can be used in identifying consumers who will be more receptive than others to these marketers' efforts. It can also guide the development of marketing communication messages. Research and managerial implications are explored, and the limitations of the research and directions for future research are presented.     

Entrepreneurial exit as a critical component of the entrepreneurial process: Theoretical development

By demonstrating the importance of entrepreneurial exit to the entrepreneur, the firm, the industry, and the economy I contend that our understanding of the entrepreneurial process is incomplete without the inclusion of entrepreneurial exit. I define entrepreneurial exit and demonstrate how this conceptualization provides concepts that are unique from those addressed by researchers in other domains; thus outlining a space for it within the literature. In each phase of the entrepreneurial process I explore the development of an exit strategy, reasons for exit and options for exit.     

关于温州发展模式形成的另一种解释--从温州民营企业家群体成长路径角度的分析

本文从对温州现实经济发展的非均衡状态的分析入手 ,结合温州模式的主体———温州民营企业家的生成路径 ,给出了关于温州模式的另一种解释。认为温州模式的核心在于温州有一大批以制度创新为特征的企业家 ,温州之所以能涌现出大量的企业家 ,和他们拥有的“转型经济的先期知识”有关 ,当出现最初的企业家之后 ,企业家群体就沿着规定的路径开始生成和繁衍 ,最终形成了温州独特的发展格局和温州模式。     

An investigation of the cross-border supplier development process: Problems and implications in an emerging economy

This paper is concerned with supplier development in an emerging-market. The context of the study is the interaction between Pakistani suppliers and Japanese automotive manufacturers in equity joint ventures operating in Pakistan. Using a novel approach, drawing data from buyers ‘and’ suppliers, the paper presents a three-stage (evaluation, exploration and interactive) teleological process theory that highlights the key relational, knowledge transfer, and operational factors that signify each stage. Key conclusions are drawn as to the importance of relational ties, and the early importance of absorptive capacity. Notions of stasis implied by predominantly cross-sectional research into supplier development are challenged and the findings reveal many factors that demonstrate temporal dynamics. The paper also highlights CSR dilemmas for developed-country investors who are establishing supplier development programmes in developing economies.     

Social marketing theory development goals: an agenda to drive change

ABSTRACT

Environmental, health, and social change is complex and frequently is framed as a problem(s) to be solved. This framing focuses effort on delivery of solutions designed to change systemic environmental, health, and social problems. Theory, an organising framework for effort, remains under-utilised in behavioural and social sciences. An individual psychological lens dominates and emphasis is placed on explaining and predicting individual behaviour and not behavioural change. It is time to break free and deliver frameworks that extend focus beyond individuals to all citizens, and apply new evaluation approaches that assess individual and structural changes. Ten Social Marketing Theory Development Goals (goals) categorised in three groups: (i) research design; (ii) building social marketing theory; and (iii) methodological innovation are outlined to assist social marketers to develop new ways of thinking that will deliver the theory and evidence base needed to outline what practitioners and policy makers should do to effect change.     

Risk analysis in the real property development process: a conceptual framework and a computer simulation model

Real property development is an interdisciplinary field that produces interesting time-risk questions for the various participants. The conceptual framework of the process is a normative staging of activities and related decision points. The framework provides the theoretical foundation for the application of management science techniques to this complex environment. The computer simulation model is a straightforward quantification of the conceptual framework. The equations incorporated in the model are common to financial and appraisal literature with alterations designed to encompass the unique aspects of the real property development process. The model is a tool for use in the application of sensitivity analysis to development period decision making. At various decision points in the process the decision maker can evaluate alternative risk control techniques on a cost-benefit basis using the model.     

中国船舶工业集团公司向世界造船集团“三强”冲击

在1月中旬召开的中国船舶工业集团公司工作会议上了解到,中船集团公司明确提出了跨世纪的发展目标、方针和战略,今后10年内,要向世界造船集团"三强"冲击.     

The product development process of an enterprise from an SSME perspective

This study empirically explores a real-world manufacturer product development process from a service science perspective. In this era of keen global competition, the process of product development is crucial for companies before the final product is launched to the market. The poor development of a product can fail to meet customer needs and result in product failure, which can even lead to significant losses for manufacturers. However, traditional product development processes are much more manufacture-oriented rather than customer-involved. In this paper, we aim to use the Service science, management, and engineering (SSME) perspective, proposed by IBM, to improve product demand asymmetries by discovering true user requirements in order to enhance customer involvement and lead to better product development. We show how SSME is applied in the context of product development and in the discovery of customer needs, and propose a modified process based on SSME to the product development process.