Local participation in transfrontier tourism: Case of Sengwe community in Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area,Zimbabwe

Transfrontier cross-border nature conservation has become a fashionable target in many parts of the world, including Southern Africa. Transfrontier conservation initiatives are considered to have great capacity for biodiversity conservation and sustainable tourism development by providing employment and revenue opportunities for poor people and communities. However, many previous studies have indicated that in spite of expectations and rhetoric there is often rather minimal community awareness and participation in conservation management, tourism economy and related opportunities. This study aims to discuss local people’s perceptions of community participation, opportunities and constraints in sustainable transfrontier tourism in south-eastern Lowveld, Zimbabwe. The results based on community interviews show that the people are aware of the potential role of tourism in improving livelihoods. The major challenge, however, is to address how this can be turned into concrete benefits for households and communities.     

Enchantment and Disenchantment: The Role of Community in Natural Resource Conservation

The poor conservation outcomes that followed decades of intrusive resource management strategies and planned development have forced policy makers and scholars to reconsider the role of community in resource use and conservation. In a break from previous work on development which considered communities a hindrance to progressive social change, current writings champion the role of community in bringing about decentralization, meaningful participation, and conservation. But despite its recent popularity, the concept of community is rarely defined or carefully examined by those concerned with resource use and management. We seek to redress this omission by investigating “community” in work concerning resource conservation and management. We explore the conceptual origins of the community, and the ways the term has been deployed in writings on resource use. We then analyze those aspects of community most important to advocates for community's role in resource management — community as a small spatial unit, as a homogeneous social structure, and as shared norms — and indicate the weaknesses of these approaches. Finally, we suggest a more political approach: community must be examined in the context of development and conservation by focusing on the multiple interests and actors within communities, on how these actors influence decision-making, and on the internal and external institutions that shape the decision-making process. A focus on institutions rather than “community” is likely to be more fruitful for those interested in community-based natural resource management.     

Using scenario planning for stakeholder engagement in livelihood futures in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area

Scenario planning has gained prominence among conservationists and policy-makers as a tool for planning, forecasting and learning about the future. This paper explores how participatory scenario planning was applied as a tool for promoting stakeholder engagement on discussions of desired livelihood futures. The study was conducted in Sengwe Communal lands, an area that falls within the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Conservation Area (GLTFCA). Data collection was based on semi-structured interviews, document reviews, focus group discussions and scenario workshops. Future desirable livelihoods that emerged include tourism enterprise development, small-scale irrigation, wildlife and livestock improvement, and energy generation. Development options imagined by locals are inseparable from contemporary politics of transfrontier conservation area governance requiring researchers to shift roles from being catalysts and knowledge brokers to facilitators of learning and negotiation. This paper contributes to contemporary debates on novel approaches to promote engagement with communities for improving biodiversity conservation and livelihoods in emerging transfrontier conservation areas.     

乡村旅游企业社区参与、环境关心与环境行为

乡村旅游业带来的生态污染问题与当地旅游企业的环境行为有密切关系,研究乡村旅游企业环境态度和行为对于改善旅游地生态问题有重要意义。文章基于284家农家乐创业者调查数据实证研究发现：农家乐社区参与度对其环境行为起正向推动作用,环境关心在二者间起到明显中介作用,当地居民收入水平对二者间关系起正向调节作用。研究结论不仅揭示了农家乐社区参与和环境行为间关系的路径和情景机制,而且对于治理乡村旅游业环境问题具有一定的借鉴意义。     

试论多元化生态旅游资源保护机制

生态旅游作为一种新的旅游类型,以其对环境的关注,对经济效益、生态效益、社会效益的多重维护而得到了人们的广泛认同,被看作是实现可持续旅游的最佳形式。生态旅游资源是生态旅游的载体,生态旅游资源的保护是生态旅游可持续发展的前提条件。分析当前我国生态旅游资源保护中存在的问题,探寻有效的生态旅游资源保护机制,是促进我国生态旅游可持续发展亟需解决的问题。     

A community-based impact assessment of the Wild Coast spatial development initiative, 1997–2004

Much of the debate around the spatial development initiatives (SDIs) in South Africa is based on economic theory. To add the community perspective, an evaluation of local economic development on the Wild Coast followed a baseline in 1997 with comparable surveys in 2000 and 2004. Apart from an increase in access to piped water and a reduction in unofficial payments for health services, there was little community evidence of development over this period. Residents reported decreasing knowledge of the SDI and there was no increase in numbers considering small business ownership. In the investment-intensive ‘anchor’ areas, as in the SDI as a whole, there was no significant increase in employment and more households received remitted incomes from migrant workers. In an SDI for small businesses in tourism and agriculture, there was a dramatic fall-off in food production. No more households had loans in 2004 than in 1997, but more were taking loans from loan sharks. Other spatial planning initiatives might learn from the Wild Coast, not least through the perspectives gained from community-based impact assessments.     

惠州仲恺高新区工业旅游开发探析

惠州仲恺高新区是我国重要的电子信息产业基地,有包括世界500强企业及国内知名企业在内、涉及十多个国家和地区近2000家中外企业在区内投资设厂,开展工业旅游的基础比较好。利用回归模型和百度指数实证研究惠州仲恺高新区工业旅游开发的背景,并从区位条件、资源条件和客源市场条件分析其开发条件,最后从提高对工业旅游的认识、合理设计工业旅游产品、搞好工业旅游规划、设计特色工业旅游线路、精心构思工业旅游主题口号、加大营销宣传力度和社区参与旅游等方面提出仲恺高新区工业旅游开发对策建议。     

Economic Efficiency and Incentives for Change within Namibia's Community Wildlife Use Initiatives

Five community wildlife conservation and utilization initiatives, or conservancies, on communal land in Namibia were appraised to determine economic and financial worth. Conservancies are economically efficient and able to contribute positively to national income and the development process. They also provide a channel for the capture of international donor grants (wildlife non-use values) as income, and generate attractive financial returns for communities. Donor grants are very important catalysts in promoting land use change in conservancies. Ability to generate income from tourism is important. Flexibility and adaptability in design are key factors, ensuring effective rural development and conservation.     

科学发展观视域下的工业遗产旅游--以国外工业遗产旅游开发为例

以国外工业遗产旅游开发为例,对我国贯彻科学发展观、走新型工业化道路、大力发展工业旅游具有重大借鉴意义。人类早期工业文明是建立在破坏生态环境的基础上的,现在,发展工业不能再以破坏生态为代价,还要对工业遗产合理利用。把工业遗产作为一种可利用的旅游资源,符合走新型工业化道路,从而减少对生态环境的破坏,实现人与自然和谐发展。     

城市少数民族文化传承与社区关系重构——以开封市H回族区为例

随着近年来城市的快速发展,开封市H回族区民族文化与社区关系出现了新变化。一方面,域市文化旅游业带动了经济的发展,激发了人们对经济利益的追求,也重塑了居民的价值观念。当地回族在宗教文化的“重商观念”中探寻与文化旅游业的结合点,既传承和发扬了回族的饮食文化,又适应了城市经济的发展需求。另一方面,域市拆迁和城市改造打破了封闭的社区格局,回汉社区之间的交流增多,原有的社区关系面临着不断消解的危机。当地回族通过民族学校教育、民族饮食文化展示等方式,不仅提升了回族社区内部的凝聚力与归属感,而且增强了其他民族对回族文化的理解和认同,促进了各社区间和谐关系的形成,由此完成了社区关系的重构。     

Development through Harambee: Who wins and who loses? Rural self-help projects in Kenya

Organization of rural communities for participation in development is a critical need in many Third World countries. This study examines local development through self-help, Harambee, in three districts in Kenya for its impact on equity issues. Data from six locations representing Kenya's smallholder farmers in varying ecological and demographic circumstances suggest that Harambee projects have provided important benefits across socioeconomic strata within communities while increasing regional and ethnic differentiation. Moreover, Harambee projects have drawn higher levels of support from more affluent households than from poorer ones. Although it does not alter fundamental inequities in economic and political structures, and sometimes reinforces them, Harambee is a useful strategy for mobilizing local-level resources for the benefit of the community.     

基于居民旅游影响感知的社区治理研究——以河源市埔前镇为例

河源市埔前镇高埔岗是河源旅游度假产品发展的聚集区,该地辖区内开发了客天下水晶温泉度假区、春沐源小镇、巴伐利亚庄园、七寨湖公园、大水井民宿区等休闲度假文旅项目,吸引大量省内外游客前来度假旅游。随着当地旅游业快速发展,如何处理好当地居民、旅游相关企业、旅游景区以及政府管理部门之间的关系,是社区治理的重要问题。为了更好地厘清当地旅游社区治理的发展现状和存在问题,从当地居民对旅游影响感知的角度出发,探索当地旅游发展对社区产生的影响,并发现在旅游社区治理过程中存在的主要问题,为旅游社区参与和社区治理提供理论参考和实践借鉴。     

辽宁省旅游资源的开发策略

辽宁的旅游资源十分丰富,对辽宁省旅游资源的开发虽然获得了突飞猛进的发展,但其中的一些问题已经成为制约辽宁旅游业发展的瓶颈.为此,必须树立可持续发展的理念;创新旅游项目和活动方式;加强旅游资源管理;调整旅游地区结构.     

基于RMP分析的泉州木偶戏旅游开发

基于昂普（RMP）分析模式,从资源（Resource）、市场（Market）和产品（Product）三方面对泉州木偶戏旅游进行系统的评价分析,认为泉州木偶戏历史与文化意义深远、拥有显著的地域特色、广泛的戏剧市场、旅游价值极高,但目前木偶戏的旅游市场份额不足。文中提出木偶戏与创意产业联合开发、木偶戏产品空间组合开发、木偶戏推介方式多样化等三个方面的开发设想。同时提出以智力开路、官员推进、政府主导为主要手段的木偶戏旅游开发保障措施。     

广东小坑国家森林公园发展社区生态旅游构思

广东小坑国家森林公园生态旅游资源丰富,但存在开发力度不够、缺乏当地居民参与等问题。通过对当地居民对发展生态旅游影响的认知情况的调查分析,结合小坑发展社区生态旅游的旅游、经济、社会和生态四方面意义,有针对性地提出重视社区居民的参与、加强社区居民技能培训和建立合理的经营管理模式等构思。     

Tourism in the Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park

The Great Limpopo Transfrontier Park (GLTP) is a transboundary protected area that straddles the borders of Mozambique, South Africa and Zimbabwe. The park's development was partly motivated by the ecological objective of re-establishing traditional migratory wildlife routes once fences between the three countries are dismantled. Besides biodiversity conservation benefits, the park may also provide a basis to generate revenue for conservation and local economic development through tourism. This paper describes current state and private sector tourism within the GLTP and planning initiatives that may promote responsible tourism, and describes the achievements by community-based tourism enterprises and public–private partnerships in generating economic, social and environmental benefits. The livelihoods of people living in the park are outlined in relation to government policies on land redistribution, resettlement and options for the future, and progress in biodiversity conservation and responsible nature-based tourism development within the GLTP over the past five years is evaluated.     

How trade in ecotourism services can save nature: a policy scenario analysis

This article considers a developing country which is abundant in a non-renewable natural resource but scarce in industrial goods. The resource can be used for consumption or for exporting ecotourism services. The article examines scenarios in which technical progress, rising demand for tourism services and higher preferences for the environment reduce today's optimal depletion of the resource. Myopic behaviour and future terms-of-trade gains, however, encourage overexploitation of the resource. As a remedy, the article derives the socially optimal subsidy for the conservation of the resource and discusses North–South transfer schemes which save nature via trade in ecotourism services. Numerical examples suggest that under optimistic assumptions a subsidy rate of about 10% would suffice to preserve the natural resource in the developing country for the provision of tourism services. The resulting cost burden would represent less than 0.03% of the Northern GDP.     

旅游社区旅游业可持续发展障碍

旅游业的可持续发展呼唤从社区层面进行旅游目的地旅游的开发与管理。文章从社区层面上对旅游社区可持续发展的环境、聚居、经济及社会文化等方面的障碍因素进行了分析,认为旅游业可持续发展应建立在社区这一更宏观层面意义上,探讨旅游社区具有地格特色和本土文化意境的稀缺性资源,从整体上把握好旅游开发与社区建设的和谐共赢,实现旅游社区整体旅游形象设计与塑造,并确保旅游社区之间统筹与合作,方能实现旅游社区经济效益、社会效益和环境效益的整体优化和旅游业的可持续发展。     

乡村振兴背景下孝昌县乡村旅游可持续发展研究

从资源基础、经济因素、生态环境、社会文化和旅游支持5个方面构建包含15个指标的综合评价指标体系,结合层次分析法、模糊综合评价法分析孝昌县乡村旅游可持续发展水平。结果表明,准则层中资源基础的权重最高为0.362,旅游支持最低为0.104,孝昌县乡村旅游可持续发展水平综合得分为60.236,孝昌县乡村旅游可发展水平处于初步可持续,发展潜力无限。在此基础上,提出了深挖当地旅游特色,带动乡村产业兴旺;加大宣传力度,打造孝昌县乡村旅游品牌;重视发展乡村旅游产业配套设施的健全与完善;加强专业人才队伍建设,提高乡村旅游从业人员素质;落实责任主体,提升管理规划水平等方面来发展孝昌县乡村旅游可持续的相关对策建议。     

Working with community health workers to improve nutrition in rural KwaZulu-Natal

Addressing the health problems of disadvantaged communities requires innovative strategies in a situation of resource constraints. A community-based participatory intervention was undertaken in southern KwaZulu-Natal, using 18 local community health workers (CHWs). A baseline survey was conducted by each CHW, who visited five households to investigate factors affecting nutrition. After a training programme of monthly nutrition workshops, CHWs shared this information with local community members by visiting households and holding community meetings. After six months, a second questionnaire administered by CHWs investigated householder perceptions of the intervention. Data from the initial survey served as a basis for the content of the nutrition intervention by CHWs to improve health by influencing dietary practices. Factors affecting nutrition that were investigated included dietary practices, breastfeeding, sanitation, source of water and food gardens. CHWs learnt from this nutrition intervention and spread this information among their communities, suggesting a useful role for CHWs in implementing health-promoting initiatives.