总溶解气体过饱和含沙水体对齐口裂腹鱼影响的实验研究

高坝泄洪形成总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas,TDG)过饱和的含沙水流,由于泥沙的作用,加剧了对高坝下游鱼类的影响。为探讨TDG过饱和含沙水体对鱼类影响的规律,以齐口裂腹鱼幼鱼为实验对象,选取中值粒径为7.4μm的泥沙,对TDG饱和度为100%、120%、125%、130%、135%、140%的水体,分别设置0、20、60、80 mg/L的含沙量实验工况,开展含沙水体TDG过饱和的持续暴露实验。实验结果表明,含沙量不同但TDG饱和度保持为100%不变的实验组中,未出现实验鱼死亡现象。TDG饱和度为130%时,含沙量为0、20、60、80 mg/L的实验组中,实验鱼的半致死时间分别为15.3 h、10.75 h、8.3 h、7.85 h。在TDG饱和度相同时,含沙量越高半致死时间越短,但高含沙量实验组(60 mg/L,80m g/L)的半致死时间相差不大;含沙量相同时,TDG饱和度越高,半致死时间越短。     

TDG过饱和对齐口裂腹鱼的影响及避难所营造研究

为探究山区河流TDG过饱和工况鱼类避难所营造的可行性,以半龄齐口裂腹鱼为研究对象,营造了TDG过饱和室内避难模型,定量开展了不同TDG饱和度工况下的室内实验,通过数理统计及显著性分析的方法对实验结果进行了比较。结果表明:齐口裂腹鱼的避难趋势随着水流TDG饱和度的升高逐渐增强,在主槽上游TDG饱和度小于等于130%时未出现明显的避难行为,140%时开始出现避难趋势,大于等于150%时的避难效应十分明显;实验结束时,TDG饱和度为150%及以下的各工况组中鱼苗的回避率存在显著差异,TDG饱和度为150%及以上各工况组的回避率极显著高于140%及以下的各工况组。     

齐口裂腹鱼人工繁育技术研究

掌握齐口裂腹鱼的繁殖习性和生活习性,可为养殖企业(户)提供养殖技术和优质苗种。在群福齐口裂腹鱼养殖专业合作社的繁殖和养殖场水面,进行齐口裂腹鱼人工繁育技术研究。研究表明:只要合理建好养殖池,抓好亲鱼培育,按照齐口裂腹鱼的人工繁殖程序,熟练掌握催产操作技术,养好人工繁殖生产的水花、乌仔、夏花、秋片、冬片鱼种饲养管理等环节,在巴山浅山丘陵地区,开展齐口裂腹鱼的人工繁殖是可行的。实验成果可有效解决齐口裂腹鱼苗种供需问题,为冷流水特种养殖发展奠定基础,为山区实施渔业提质增效,建议在全省有条件的地区推广和应用。     

总溶解气体过饱和对胭脂鱼耐受性和回避性的影响现场试验

为真实反映水电工程天然河道中总溶解气体(Total Dissolved Gas, TDG)过饱和对鱼类影响的实际情况,选用胭脂鱼幼鱼和成鱼作为研究对象,开展大坝泄洪期间总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类影响的现场暴露试验,探究不同水深条件下鱼类对总溶解气体过饱和的水体耐受性和回避特性。结果表明:天然河道中,TDG饱和度为115%~117%时,胭脂鱼幼鱼在0~0.3,0.3~1.3,1.3~2.3,0~2.3 m 4个水层死亡率分别为42.5%,30%,7.5%,15%;低TDG饱和度水体也可导致胭脂鱼幼鱼死亡。但随着水深的增加,死亡率呈明显下降趋势,说明补偿水深能有效缓解TDG过饱和水体对胭脂鱼幼鱼的伤害。此外,研究结果也表明胭脂鱼幼鱼具有利用补偿水深来回避TDG过饱和伤害的能力;而胭脂鱼成鱼利用补偿水深逃避TDG过饱和伤害的行为并不明显。研究结果可为鱼类保护措施的制定提供参考依据。     

高坝下游水中总溶解气体过饱和研究进展

随着水电工程的不断兴起,高坝建设引起的过饱和水体问题日渐突出。总结了近年来国内外的的研究成果,从鱼类的耐受性、鱼类对过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)的规避效应以及过饱和TDG对鱼类的致死机理3方面分析了过饱和TDG与下游水生生物之间的相互作用,并提出了一些研究思路和想法。此外,还重点论述了促进过饱和TDG释放速率方面取得的进展和不足之处,指出实际工况条件下过饱和TDG的释放易受河流形态等周边环境影响,而实验条件下无法准确反映实际工况,今后室内试验和原型观测需进一步加强。而如何在安全行洪的前提下实现快速高效的TDG释放是该领域下一步研究的重点。     

齐口裂腹鱼的池塘成鱼养殖研究

齐口裂腹鱼属鲤形目、鲤科、裂腹鱼亚科、裂腹鱼属、裂腹鱼亚属，俗称雅鱼、细甲鱼、齐口、剑鱼、白鱼等。其肉肥厚，富含不饱和脂肪酸，味道鲜美，属地方特产，为产区群众所喜食。齐口裂腹鱼对水温的要求介于温水性鱼类和冷水性鱼类之间，其生存地域受到一定限制，近年来，由于水域污染和过度捕捞，齐口裂腹鱼的天然资源量锐减，市场价格节节攀升．为了开发这一野生水产品的人工养殖，既满足群众的消费需求，     

水电工程建设对齐口裂腹鱼栖息地的影响分析

水利水电工程建设在带来效益的同时,干扰了河道中鱼类的生存环境,影响到鱼类的生存和繁衍。在分析齐口裂腹鱼特征的基础上,归纳总结了齐口裂腹鱼对水力学特征的适应性,从阻断栖息地连续性、改变栖息地水流流态、水温、溶解氧含量、产卵场、索饵场和越冬场的变化等方面,重点分析了水利水电工程建设对齐口裂腹鱼栖息地的影响,并提出了相应的减缓措施。     

泥沙浓度对齐口裂腹鱼生存的影响试验研究

为探究泥沙浓度对齐口裂腹鱼生存的影响,选取中值粒径为0. 1 mm的悬沙进行了6种不同含沙浓度的室内水槽试验研究。试验记录了不同试验组水中溶解氧的浓度与幼鱼死亡时间,并分析了含沙浓度与溶解氧浓度、死亡率、死亡时间的关系。试验成果表明,随着含沙浓度的增加,幼鱼致死时间不断缩短。观察发现,含沙试验组死亡幼鱼鱼鳃淤堵明显,且含沙浓度高于5. 0 g/L时,死亡幼鱼鱼鳃出现出血现象,在含沙浓度为10. 0 g/L的试验组中,死亡幼鱼鱼鳃及口腔中还会出现粒径为0. 3 mm的较粗泥沙颗粒。由此可见,细颗粒泥沙淤堵、磨损鱼鳃,以及通过口腔进入其呼吸道和消化道,是泥沙颗粒影响鱼类生存的主要原因。     

总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类影响研究进展

高坝下泄洪水导致大坝下游河道水体总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和,威胁着下游鱼类的生存。目前,高坝泄洪引起的TDG过饱和问题及其对鱼类的影响,已成为备受关注的生态环境问题之一。针对国内已有的研究,从气体过饱和引起的鱼类气泡病症状、耐受性、回避性等方面进行了总结。发现鱼类对TDG过饱和的耐受性阈值并未确定,TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的解决方案尚未明确。提出进一步开展野外原位观测试验,着手TDG与其他环境因子的耦合作用对鱼类的影响研究,以及利用多学科交叉的方法揭示TDG过饱和对鱼类影响的内在机制,有助于水库调度方案和鱼类保护措施的制定。     

不同河道形态下泥沙浓度对齐口裂腹鱼生存影响研究

为研究不同河道形态下泥沙浓度对齐口裂腹鱼生存的影响,在观测水槽试验中不同泥沙浓度和河道形态条件下齐口裂腹鱼位置分布、死亡率、死亡时间等参数的基础上,基于三维雷诺应力模型进行了流场数值模拟,继而分析了齐口裂腹鱼生存状态与各水沙参数的相关性。研究结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼的位置分布主要受流速控制,其次受泥沙浓度影响。随着泥沙浓度升高,齐口裂腹鱼死亡率增大,存活时间缩短。滩地和江心洲具有避难效应,泥沙浓度5.0 kg/m³时,单一河道中试验鱼达到半致死率需9.0 h,而在滩地和江心洲分别为20.0 h和12.0 h。不同避难区的避难效果存在差异,滩地的避难效果优于江心洲,主要与泥沙浓度和避难区尺寸有关。     

Tolerance and avoidance mechanisms of the rare and endemic fish of the upper Yangtze River to total dissolved gas supersaturation by hydropower stations

Several superhigh dams (greater than 200 m in height) and many high dams have been built in the upper Yangtze River basin in recent years, and these dams have made total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation a serious environmental problem. A few studies have examined the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of rare and endemic fish in TDG‐supersaturated water in the upper Yangtze River over the past 10 years. These studies focused on specific species and specific sizes and did not identify a regular pattern that can be applied to all resident fish in the upper Yangtze River. However, elucidating this type of pattern is crucial for fishery management and dam operations in the upper Yangtze River. Data on the median lethal time (LT₅₀), horizontal avoidance percentage, and vertical water depth of three rare and endemic species in the upper Yangtze River from previous studies were used in the current work. An exponential relationship was found between LT₅₀ of fish and TDG supersaturation. The avoidance percentage of fish has a linear relationship with TDG supersaturation. Fish in the upper Yangtze River can use depth compensation to avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is 130% or above but rarely avoid the threat of TDG when the saturation is less than 125%. We also described the tolerance and avoidance characteristics of fish in a TDG‐supersaturated river downstream from a super‐high dam. When the dam discharged a two‐year flood, the LT₅₀ values of fish downstream ranged from 9.1 to 27.5 hr regardless of depth compensation. The avoidance percentage of resident fish ranged from 8.4 to 44.8%. The resident fish swam to a water depth of 2.43–3.33 m to avoid the threat of TDG.     

水利工程总溶解气体过饱和问题探讨

从对总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和概念的分析入手,阐述TDG过饱和的危害。通过对不同典型水体TDG饱和度的测量,表明泄流可以导致水体TDG含量增加甚至过饱和。在此基础上,采用试验研究的方法,探讨了TDG过饱和产生原因及其释放过程,表明水利工程泄流引起的TDG过饱和与泄流掺气、压力、紊动强度、水温等要素相关,并由此提出减缓水利工程TDG过饱和影响的建议。     

Experimental study on total dissolved gas supersaturation in water

More and more high dams have been constructed and operated in China. The total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation caused by dam discharge leads to gas bubble disease or even death of fish. Through a series of experiments, the conditions and requirements of supersaturated TDG generation were examined in this study. The results show that pressure (water depth), aeration, and bubble dissolution time are required for supersaturated TDG generation, and the air-water contact area and turbulence intensity are the...     

龚嘴水电站总溶解气体过饱和原型观测结果分析

大坝泄水对环境的不利影响之一是会产生总溶解气体(TDG)过饱和现象,导致鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡.在理论分析的基础上,建立了基于面流消能的TDG过饱和浓度预测公式.该预测公式采用平均静水压强作为自变量进行TDG饱和度计算,避免了以往采用很难精确定量的动水压强进行TDG预测而带来的不便.通过对大渡河上龚嘴水电站泄洪期间TDG...     

水库泄水总溶解气体过饱和对鱼类的危害

水库建设促进了库区渔业养殖的发展,但高坝大库泄水导致的总溶解气体（Total Dissolved Gas, TDG）过饱和可能导致下游河道尤其下一梯级水库的鱼类患气泡病甚至死亡。为探究TDG过饱和对鱼类的胁迫效应,以金沙江梯级电站溪洛渡至向家坝江段为研究对象,构建立面二维TDG动态模型,推求库区控制断面的安全水深阈值,结合库区主要鱼类生活习性和网箱养殖深度,研究TDG过饱和对野生鱼类和网箱养殖鱼类的胁迫效应。结果表明:梯级电站库区的野生鱼类具有足够的垂向空间进行深度补偿以规避TDG过饱和的危害,其生活习性以及利用深度补偿的能力决定了受过饱和TDG胁迫的程度;但养殖鱼类受网箱限制难以自由下潜至安全水深,为保证养殖鱼类的安全,网箱深度至少应大于安全水深阈值,在TDG过饱和胁迫期,鱼类的游泳水深应持续限制在安全水深阈值以下。对于具有利用深度补偿能力的鱼类,梯级电站的库区比最后一个梯级的下游河道更安全,需要对最后一级电站实施比中间梯级更严格的坝下近区TDG饱和度限制标准。     

In situ study on the impact of total dissolved gas supersaturation on endemic fish in the Upper Yangtze River

Total dissolved gas (TDG) supersaturation in the upper Yangtze River caused by high spill rates upstream of hydroelectric dams has become a serious environmental problem in recent years. TDG supersaturation downstream of the Xiangjiaba Dam was investigated during flood periods in 2014 and 2015. Alongside this, an in situ study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of TDG supersaturation on grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and rock carp (Procypris rabaudi). TDG supersaturation levels ranged from 115% to 131% in 2014 and from 118% to 128% in 2015. During 2014, TDG supersaturation first decreased and then increased and finally remained relatively stable. In contrast, the TDG supersaturation level remained between 122–126% for a relatively long time in the 2015 study period. During 2014, grass carp confined to water depths of 0–1 and 1–2 m began to die after 45 hr of exposure, and most grass carp died between 90 and 130 hr when TDG supersaturation level was greater than 127%. The first observed death during 2015 occurred after 30‐hr exposure. The survival of rock carp was greater than 50% when they were restricted to water depths of 0–1 m. Only three rock carp died when they were confined to water depths of 0–2 m, and no dead fish were recorded at water depths of 0–3 m.     

Estimating adult Chinook salmon exposure to dissolved gas supersaturation downstream of hydroelectric dams using telemetry and hydrodynamic models

Gas bubble disease (GBD) has been recognized as a potential problem for fishes in the Columbia River basin. GBD results from exposure to gas supersaturated water created by discharge over dam spillways. Spill creates a downstream plume of water with high total dissolved gas supersaturation (TDGS) that may be positioned along either shore or mid‐channel, depending on dam operations. We obtained spatial data on fish migration paths and migration depths for adult spring and summer Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, during 2000. Migration paths were compared to output from a two‐dimensional (2‐dimensional) hydrodynamic and dissolved gas model to estimate the potential for GBD expression and to test for behavioural avoidance of the high TDGS plume. We observed salmon swam sufficiently deep in the water column to receive complete hydrostatic compensation 95.9% of the time spent in the Bonneville Dam tailrace and 88.1% of the time in the Ice Harbor Dam tailrace. The majority of depth uncompensated exposure occurred at TDGS levels >115%. Adult Chinook salmon tended to migrate near the shoreline and they tended to remain in relatively deep water. Adults moved into the high dissolved‐gas plume as often as they moved out of it downstream of Bonneville Dam, providing no evidence that adults moved laterally to avoid areas with elevated dissolved gas levels. When water depths decreased due to reduced river discharge, adults tended to migrate in the deeper navigation channel downstream from Ice Harbor Dam. The strong influence of dam operations on the position of the high‐TDGS plume and shoreline‐orientation behaviours of adults suggest that exposure of adult salmonids to high‐TDGS conditions may be minimized using operational conditions that direct the spilled water mid‐channel. Our approach illustrates the potential for combined field and modelling efforts to estimate the fine‐scale environmental conditions encountered by fishes in natural and regulated rivers. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

过饱和总溶解气体释放过程预测

通过室内试验,研究泄流水体中过饱和总溶解气体的释放过程,分析了影响气体从水中释放的主要因素。利用原型观测资料对已有的过饱和总溶解气体释放的数学模型进行验证,同时对释放系数公式进行了修正。在此基础上预测了金沙江某电站下游河段过饱和总溶解气体的沿程释放规律。     

风速对过饱和总溶解气体释放速率的影响

通过不同风速下的过饱和总溶解气体(TDG)室内释放试验,研究风速对过饱和TDG释放过程的影响,并根据已有释放模型对释放系数进行估算,建立了过饱和TDG释放系数与风速的定量关系式。结果表明在8.5~9.5℃条件下,风速较小时,水体中过饱和TDG释放相当缓慢,随着风速的增大,过饱和TDG的释放速率显著增大;在无风工况下,TDG释放系数为0.005 42 h-1;当风速为1.08~11.33 m/s时,TDG释放系数为0.007 09~0.066 68 h-1;相对释放系数为1~12.303,拟合的相对释放系数与风速的定量关系式计算偏差在-11.76%~10.21%之间。