基于非期望产出DEA模型的中国工业效率分析

工业发展在我国经济增长过程中具有举足轻重的地位,目前由于其所带来的环境问题使得中国各个地区的工业发展效率存在参差不齐的现象.工业废水及废气是工业生产过程中重要的两类非期望产出,文章结合数据包络分析方法,在分别考虑期望产出和非期望产出的背景下,对中国31个省、直辖市、自治区的工业效率做出评价、比较及分析,并且通过数据研究...     

中国城镇基础设施建设和利用效率的测度与评价

本文应用非参数估计的数据包络分析方法评价了中国各省份的基础设施效率水平。将建设基础设施的劳动力和物质资本作为投入指标,将经济增长设置为期望产出指标,引入其对环境的污染为非期望产出。将中国30个省、直辖市和自治区作为决策单元,以2010年的基础设施投入与产出数据为生产可能集,基于二阶段的SBM和CCR模型来评估中国基础设施效率水平。本文的实证结果发现,在有非期望产出和无非期望产出的两种情况下,东部省份基础设施效率要高于中部省份,中部省份高于西部省份。另一方面,在非期望产出权重提高时,各省份的基础设施效率趋于下降。     

我国工业企业R&D投入产出效率的省际差异——基于第二次全国R&D资源清查数据

基于2011年国家统计局提供的第二次全国R&D资源清查数据,利用DEA中的基本模型和超效率模型,评价了2009年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)规模以上工业企业的R&D效率。结果表明:2009年各省份规模以上工业企业的R&D效率普遍不高,R&D活动为DEA有效的省(自治区、直辖市)只有7个,其他DEA无效的24个省(治区、直辖市)中有约58%的省(自治区、直辖市)存在R&D投入冗余问题,50%的省(自治区、直辖市)存在R&D产出不足问题。最后提出,可通过强化政府的引导作用、完善R&D人才激励机制、加强省际间工业企业的R&D合作来提高我国各省区规模以上工业企业的R&D效率,缩小省际间的工业企业R&D效率差异。     

基于PCA-DEA综合评价模型的大中型工业企业技术创新效率评价

为克服DEA方法的弊端———指标集增大导致决策单元的有效性系数增大,采用主成分分析与DEA相结合的综合评价模型,对2011年我国31个省(自治区、直辖市)大中型工业企业的技术创新效率进行了综合评价,并分析了产生不同评价结果的原因以及需要调整的方向。结果表明:当前我国各地区大中型工业企业整体的技术创新效率不高,各地区的大中型工业企业普遍存在创新投入不足的问题;各地区的大中型工业企业的技术创新效率存在显著差异。最后,提出提高技术创新效率的建议。     

中国地区工业知识生产效率测算

文章运用1996-2003年我国29个省(自治区,直辖市)的大中型工业企业面板数据,以新产品开发项目数衡量创新产出,以研发资本存量和研发人员表示创新投入,采用数据包络分析和随机前沿分析方法,对我国地区工业的知识生产效率进行了测算和分析。分析结果表明,用随机前沿法测算的知识生产效率较大而且较为稳定;各地区工业的知识生产效率存在较大差异,具有明显的不均衡发展特征;总体而言,我国地区工业的知识生产效率偏低,存在较大的改进潜力。     

基于DEA模型的我国农业科技创新投入产出分析

根据我国农业科技投入方向、力度、比重、创新产出水平,建立了基于DEA的农业科技投入产出评价模型,分析了农业科技创新投入产出效率。通过该模型对我国粮食主产区和非主产区的科技投入产出效率进行了量化分析,得到了各地区农业科技投入产出效率情况。研究结果表明,我国部分地区的农业科技投入产出处于非DEA有效状态,在很大程度上是由于投入规模不当和产出不足。因此,加大农业科技投入规模和提升资源产出效率是提高我国农业科技投入产出效率的关键。     

我国高技术产业创新能力地区差异分析

基于可获得的统计数据,尝试性地从创新投入、创新技术支持、生产能力支持、创新环境、创新产出5大方面提出20项指标的评价体系,综合反映我国高技术产业的创新能力。根据这一指标体系,运用因子分析法对2006年我国30个省、直辖市、自治区高技术产业的创新能力进行了分析评价,揭示了各地区高技术产业创新能力的实际发展水平以及各地区在不同方面存在的优势和不足,为提高各地区高技术产业创新能力提供了客观依据。     

碳排放约束下的物流效率评价——以“一带一路”背景下内陆十省市为例

利用我国"一带一路"背景下十个重点内陆省市2012—2016年的物流数据,将非期望产出的二氧化碳排放量作为投入变量之一,构建碳排放约束下的物流效率评价体系,运用三阶段DEA模型对剔除环境因素和随机干扰前后的地区物流效率进行评价。研究表明:环境因素和随机干扰对效率的评估具有重要影响;考虑碳排放的地区物流业发展不均衡,安徽、湖南和河南三省的物流效率最高达到效率前沿面,其余地区均存在物流业投入过剩、产出不足等问题;部分地区应科学规划物流业发展规模,合理配置物流资源降低碳排放。     

我国税收管理法治效率测度——基于非期望产出Super-SBM模型的实证分析

税收治理能力现代化对税收管理目标提出了更高的要求。基于新的发展理念，税收管理法治效率的测度指标应当进行如下改进：投入指标应包括税收立法管理成本、税收执法管理成本、税收司法管理成本；产出指标应包括期望产出—税收努力程度与非期望产出—税收管理制度运行中的不合理制度交易性成本。运用非期望产出的Super-SBM模型对税收管理法治效率进行测度，发现我国东中西部地区的税收努力程度呈现“东高西低”的态势；而税收管理法治效率则呈“中高东低”的态势。经济发达程度与当地法治意识、法治需求呈正相关关系，因此，推测法治效率可能受法治供需均衡的影响。东部地区看似税收征管手段成熟、税收努力程度较高，但该地区纳税人法治需求高，法治供给对当地纳税人的法治需求回应不足，这可能是税收管理法治效率较低的原因。     

中国省域工业生态经济效率实证分析——基于两阶段效率评价模型

采用两阶段生态经济效率评价模型,对我国工业生态经济效率区域差异进行了实证分析,解决了生态经济效率评价中的非期望产出问题。先计算出经济效率和生态效率,然后再将二者结合起来构造出生态经济综合效率。最后运用2005~2012年工业经济面板数据考察了我国工业经济效率,生态效率和生态经济综合效率的地区差异。研究表明,不考虑环境因素的经济效率与考虑环境因素的生态经济效率表现出相同的空间差异,而生态效率的空间差异明显大于经济效率与生态经济效率。     

Financing a competitive recycling initiative in Switzerland

The purpose of the paper is to enhance the understanding of different pricing systems within the real world of solid waste management: first the effect on recycling behaviour of citizens, and second the effect on the budget goals, and third the operational logic of different economic measures will be analyzed. Hence it helps practitioners understand and cope with the challenge of meeting the zero profit budget goal in public solid waste management while inducing behaviour change in the regional solid waste system. The question “How can robust recycling strategies be financed?” is addressed.The analysis draws on a system dynamics model for solid waste management that is based on a model framework on human behaviour and public policy that embraces an evolutionary feedback perspective. The model structure was deduced from an ex-post analysis of observed phenomena in solid waste management such as recurring budget deficits at the local level in Switzerland. The paper illustrates how the model was used as a policy lab in which various pricing and incentive strategies were tested that allowed addressing “what-if-questions” under controlled conditions. The various policy-experiments illustrated crucial trade offs between zero profit budget goals at the local level and the administration of a successful recycling initiative. Different scenario-experiments show that under worst-case conditions economic instrument are not sufficient in order to yield a robust policy outcome.     

A Simple Multi-Regional Input–Output Account for Waste Analysis

The present paper provides a simple multiregional input–output model for waste analysis with which to estimate intraregional and interregional effects of industrial wastes embodied in regional final consumptions. The empirical analyses using 1995 nine-regions input–output tables reveals the regional properties of the interregional linkage effects. The Kanto and Kinki regions remarkably control the industrial waste emissions and waste landfills within their own regions by importing waste-intensive intermediate goods and services from the other regions. The Chugoku and Shikoku regions greatly contributed to the production of the waste-intensive goods and services for the other regions, considering the waste emissions and waste landfills relative to the commodity production levels. We also find that the household consumption behaviour in other regions indirectly plays a more important role in waste emissions than the municipal waste disposal behaviour in the region in question at least in 1995.     

A survey of the influencing factors and models for resident＇s household waste management behavior

The problem of household solid waste has been concerned and researched on by municipalities and researchers.At present, household solid waste has been changed to management problem from technical one. From the point view ofmanagement, the research on household solid waste is to study the factors which influence resident’s behavior ofmanaging their waste. Based on the literature review, firstly, this paper summarizes those factors which have alreadybeen identified to have impact on resident’s behavior of managing their waste. They are social-demographic variables,knowledge, environmental values, psychological factors, publicity and system design. Secondly, three typical models ofthe relationship between factors and behavior, which are factors determining task performance in waste management,conceptualization of waste management behavior and the theoretical model of repeated behavior on household wastemanagement, are analyzed and the deficiencies of these models are also analyzed. Finally, according to the currentsituation in household waste management and the culture and resident’s habits in China, this paper puts forward aresearch focus and suggestions about resident’s behavior of household solid waste management.     

Resource and Waste Taxation in the Theory of the Firm with Recycling Activities

The management of solid waste has become an urgent problem in nations with a great population density. Accordingly, waste reduction through source reduction and recycling has become increasingly important. Our purpose is to show how prevention, recycling and disposal of waste could be part of a theory of the firm. We first derive efficient production functions from production processes with waste as a by-product. Waste obtained as new scrap can partially be recycled by using additional inputs in order to cut back the purchase of virgin material. Waste not completely recyclable will leave the firm as disposal which also entails cost to the firm. We use the dual cost function approach to develop a theory of the firm under solid residual management.Since the producer does not bear the full cost of disposal, there will be a bias toward virgin materials and away from recycling. The goal of the government is to stimulate the firms to recycle with respect to the preservation of exhaustible resources. An incentive to recycle is a tax on resources or on waste. In order to determine the tax levels the government maximizes welfare subject to the dynamic constraint for decumulation of land fill for waste deposits. This gives the user cost and its time profile for taxing waste disposal or virgin material.In a comparative statics analysis we compare the effect of taxes on waste vs. virgin material on effort to produce in a resource saving manner, on the quantity of recycled material, on output, and on the reduction of waste. Since the impact of environmental regulation on employment is important, our model detects seven effects on labor demand as part of resource conservation policy. We finally carry out a comparative statics analysis of waste intensive firms operating in different market structures. Of interest is the impact of a resource or waste taxation on market volume, on the number of firms, on resource saving effort, and on profit.     

Sources of efficiency,productivity and output growth in Botswana agriculture

The purpose of this study is to explore reasons for the decline in agricultural performance in Botswana that has occurred during the implementation of a variety of policy measures, as well as the introduction of new technologies, and to identify ways in which it might be reversed. Panel data from six regions in Botswana (period 1979–2012) is analyzed with a stochastic output distance function and inefficiency effects model. We decompose agricultural output growth into; total factor productivity (TFP ) and changes in input use (factors of production). TFP is further decomposed into scale effects, technical efficiency and technological change. The results show that over the study period agricultural output grew at a very low rate of 0.072 percent per year, which is largely due to a growth in factors of production at 0.071 percent per year rather than TFP growth (which declined at 0.003 percent per year). We found that the decline in productivity has been due to technological regress and low growth in technical efficiency and scale efficiency. Policy options aimed at improving agricultural productivity and output growth will require the strengthening of extension services; improving the agronomic and husbandry management skills of farmers through training; and by encouraging farmers to adopt and utilize technologies that have been provided under existing policy programs.     

PUBLIC VERSUS PRIVATE DELIVERY OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE SERVICES: THE CASE OF NORTH CAROLINA

This paper examines the effects of different institutional arrangements and characteristics on cost savings, efficiency gains, and productivity of delivering municipal solid waste services. A cost function approach is employed, and North Carolina municipal data for three years (1997, 2001, and 2003) are used for the analysis. Empirical findings indicate that there is no significant difference in cost savings between public delivery and private contractor delivery of solid waste services, a finding similar to those of other recent studies. There are three possible reasons for this. First, the threat of competition and contracting out might have led to cost savings in the cases of public delivery. Second, there might be a lack of competition because a few large private contractors have been able to win follow‐on contracts over the years. Third, there might be substantial transaction costs arising as the result of private contracting. (JEL H40, H83, Q53)     

中国城市酒店业效率的空间特征及优化对策

通过运用DEA模型,对中国城市尺度酒店业效率的空间特征以及优化对策进行了分析,研究表明:①中国城市酒店业综合效率总体处于一般水平,纯技术效率最优的城市多于综合效率最优和规模效率最优的城市,并且还揭示了纯技术效率是造成综合效率处于一般水平的主要影响因素。②从区域特征来看,中国城市酒店业综合效率呈现出"东部高于东北,东北高于西部,西部高于中部"的空间格局,从分类特征来看,高效率类型、低效率类型和中间两种类型呈现出"两头小,中间大"空间分布格局。③中国城市酒店业投入产出指标普遍存在投入冗余和产出不足的现象,并指出可以通过大力引进新的技术,提高从业人员的综合素质,调整要素投入结构和规模,提高要素的转化效率和推进资产重组等措施来综合提升中国城市酒店业的效率。     

皮革行业实施清洁生产途径的可持续发展研究

皮革行业迅速的发展同时带来了严重的环境污染和资源浪费等问题。在皮革行业发展相对集中的区域,地表水和地下水均受到严重污染。此外,皮革行业还存在大量固体废弃物污染的问题。因此,研究在皮革行业实施清洁生产的途径,对其可持续发展有着非常重要的意义。文章通过简单介绍皮革行业的污染源,指出在制革过程中推行清洁生产审核以及政府引导的必要性,重点提出了在制革工艺、设备、废弃物管理等方面的清洁生产途径,目的是促使清洁生产及其实施途径能得到全面的认识和应用,从而达到节能、减污、增效等生态经济效应。     

ASSESSING INCENTIVE-BASED ENVIRONMENTAL POLICIES FOR REDUCING HOUSEHOLD WASTE DISPOSAL

In residential solid waste management, the United States has a great deal of experience in applying incentive-based environmental policy in the form of unit pricing. This study examines the two most common forms of unit pricing practiced in the United States. It offers intuition and empirical evidence suggesting divergence of theoretical expectations and actual outcomes regarding the effects of switching to unit pricing. Data collected from households in Marietta, Ga. during a solid waste pricing experiment serve as the basis for the analysis.     

INFRASTRUCTURE AND PRODUCTION EFFICIENCY: AN ANALYSIS ON THE KOREAN MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY

This study estimates an aggregate production function of manufacturing industry using panel data of 11 Korean regions covering 1977–1992. While the previous studies regard infrastructure as a direct input for production, the present study proposes that infrastructure has an effect on actual output by enhancing technical efficiency thereby, reducing the gap between maximum potential output and actual output. To investigate the relationship between infrastructure and technical efficiency, a stochastic frontier approach is applied to Korean manufacturing industry. Confirming the presence of substantial technical inefficiency in production, this study shows that an increase in infrastructure reduces the technical inefficiency level. The study also finds that, contrary to expectation, the industrialized regions are less efficient than the less industrialized ones. (JEL O20, H54, C23)