江苏省城市消费者对食品安全支付意愿的实证研究-以低残留青菜为例

该文以江苏省城市消费者为调查对象,通过假想价值评估法,运用LOGIT回归模型,分析了消费者对食品安全(以低残留青菜为例)的支付意愿及其影响因素.研究结果表明,消费者对低残留青菜中食品安全的平均支付意愿达到了2.68元/斤,其价格溢出为335%.其中,大城市南京的消费者对食品安全的支付意愿为2.42元/斤,中小城市扬州的消费者的支付意愿为2.77元/斤.此外,该文还就影响消费者支付意愿的主要因素进行分析.     

生态旅游者:甄别与环境友好行为意向

根据生态旅游的核心标准,提出了生态旅游者的三个甄别因子,即自然体验动机、学习性动机与环境态度。基于此,将前往呀诺达热带雨林文化旅游区的游客划分为生态旅游者、偶然型生态旅游者与大众旅游者。结果发现:①仅17.4%的访问者为生态旅游者,另有43.7%的访问者为偶然型生态旅游者,大众旅游者占38.9%。这说明并非所有前往生态旅游区的游客都是真正的生态旅游者,真正的生态旅游者只是少部分人。②生态旅游者主要是年轻人,学历较高,收入中等,女性略多于男性。③与大众旅游者相比,生态旅游者对保护景区及维护景区自然生态系统措施的支持度更高;对环境友好行为的实施意向更高;向景区支付额外费用以保护环境的意愿更强。     

条件价值评估法对伊金霍洛旗生态系统服务价值的评估应用

通过调查伊金霍洛旗的生态环境状况,以非市场物品和服务价值评估的理论条件价值评估法为依据,采用支付卡方法对伊金霍洛旗农户关于恢复生态系统服务价值的支付意愿进行了调查分析,同时对影响居民支付意愿的影响因素进行了相关分析。结果表明:87%的农户家庭对伊金霍洛旗生态环境恢复存在支付意愿,最大支付意愿为每户每年204.54元。其中家庭收入、是否为村干部、文化程度这三个变量与支付意愿之间存在着显著的线性相关关系。     

游客对旅游地教育服务的支付意愿研究

为有计划性、引导性的倡导使用者付费的理念,建立公开透明、科学合理的定价机制,运用条件价值评估法(CVM)对全国12个省12个旅游景区的中国游客进行了实地抽样调查,分析游客对教育服务项目的支付意愿。基于2 800份有效问卷数据,获得了受访者支付意愿的分布形态和规律,构建了游客支付意愿与其影响因素之间关系的模型。结果显示:49.40%的游客愿意支付教育服务费用,平均支付额度为28.6元;游客的年龄、婚姻状态、学历、职业、收入与其教育服务支付意愿之间存在显著性关系,旅游地游客教育水平也直接影响游客的支付意愿,而性别与其支付意愿没有显著的差异。同时,游客的年龄、学历、职业、收入对支付方式的影响较大,64.1%的游客想通过门票支付,27.5%的游客想通过小费支付。     

黄河流域生态系统服务的条件价值评估研究——基于下游地区郑州段的WTP测算

本文根据条件价值评估理论和方法,以黄河下游地区的重要城市之一—郑州为例,采用支付卡(PC)方式对郑州居民对改善黄河流域生态系统的平均支付意愿进行调查,并按照郑州实际家庭户数和人口数量指标对当地受访者支付意愿(WTP)进行测算,初步估算出郑州地区居民对黄河流域生态系统服务的总支付意愿值;然后,应用计量经济模型对受访者支付意愿值WTP及其影响因素进行了回归分析和比较研究;最后,对上述研究结果进行了理论性分析和假设性解释。     

感知价值视角下旅游者文创产品消费意愿研究

从旅游者视角出发,基于感知价值理论,构建了感知价值影响旅游者文创产品消费意愿的理论模型。文章运用实证调研的方法搜集数据,采用结构方程模型对理论模型进行检验,结果显示：感知价值的五个维度均显著提升了旅游者的文创产品消费意愿,且象征价值的作用效果最强,其次是感知质量、美学价值、感知成本和情感价值;受到涉入度的调节作用,感知质量、感知成本、情感价值、美学价值对不同涉入度旅游者文创产品消费意愿的作用效果存在显著差异。基于上述研究结论,本研究为企业提升旅游者文创产品消费意愿提出了管理建议。     

公益林生态效益价值居民支付意愿实证分析——以贵阳市为例

以贵阳市公益林为研究对象,采用条件价值评估法（CVM）,通过设计问卷、调查实施,对贵阳市居民公益林补偿的支付意愿（WTP）及影响因素进行了分析。结果显示：（1）73.6%贵阳市居民家庭对公益林生态效益价值有支付意愿,平均意愿支付额为每户家庭每年人民币213.96元;（2）支付意愿受社会经济因素综合影响,其中年龄、收入水平及环境关注态度对支付意愿具有显著影响,是影响支付意愿的主要因素。在对居民支付意愿影响因素进行分析的基础上,提出了一些建议性政策。     

消费者对地理标志农产品支付意愿的实证分析——以盐池滩羊为例

以农产品主销区消费者调查问卷为依据,分析了影响因素对消费者地理标志农产品支付意愿的实际影响。结果表明:消费者对农产品地理标志了解和认知程度仍处初级阶段;受教育程度正向影响购买意愿,反向影响溢价支付意愿;对农产品注册为地理标志了解程度、对农产品口感味道评价正向影响购买意愿和支付意愿;非穆斯林、已婚、羊肉占肉类消费比重正向影响购买意愿,而家庭收入水平、无羊肉忌口、无超市购物去处等则正向影响溢价支付意愿;但性别、年龄、农产品品牌了解程度、地理标志了解程度等均未显著影响消费者支付意愿。     

内蒙古草原生态补偿意愿的实证研究

草原生态补偿意愿是确定草原生态补偿标准的重要参考,理论上补偿意愿包括补偿主体的支付意愿和补偿对象的受偿意愿。利用条件价值评估法(CVM)研究补偿主体的支付意愿和补偿对象的受偿意愿。通过采用SPSS软件中的皮尔逊相关分析法得出如下结论:内蒙古地区居民对草原生态补偿的支付意愿是23.10元/hm2.年;内蒙古草原牧区牧民的受偿意愿是1 944.75/hm2.年。影响支付意愿的因素主要是被访者的受教育程度(即学历水平)、对草原生态环境的认知程度和家庭人口;影响受偿意愿的因素主要是牲畜饲养方式和牧民居住地距离旗政府所在地的距离。     

论项目评价中人的生命价值

在对影响人的伤亡风险的项目进行评价时,需要对人的生命价值进行合理的计算.项目评价中人的生命价值是统计生命价值,生命价值的计算方法主要有两种,人力资本法和支付意愿法.人力资本法将人看作是一种"资本",根据其对社会的贡献和社会资源的耗费通过折现来衡量一个人的价值.支付意愿法表示了社会为挽救一个生命所愿意付出的代价,通过人们风险降低的支付意愿来衡量一个人的生命价值.     

Evaluating the Validity of the Dichotomous Choice Question Format in Contingent Valuation

Hypothetical and actual cash willingness to pay (WTP) for an art print were elicited with dichotomous choice and open-ended question formats. Comparing hypothetical and actual dichotomous choice responses using both a likelihood ratio test and the method of convolutions suggests we reject equality at the 0.05 but not the 0.01 level. Hypothetical WTP was roughly two times actual WTP with the dichotomous choice format. There were no significant differences between the open-ended and dichotomous choice question formats when both were used to estimate hypothetical WTP or both used to estimate actual WTP.     

The value of online banking to small and medium-sized enterprises: evidence from firms operating in the uae free trade zones

This study estimates the willingness to pay of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) for a business online banking services. The estimation utilizes a contingent valuation method employing data from 400 SMEs in the United Arab Emirates free zones. An interval regression model is used to identify company characteristics affecting WTP. The results indicate an average WTP for online banking of $518.50 per month. Firms engaging in international trade value these services at least 10% more than those with only domestic operations. Other variables that significantly affect WTP include number of employees and the transportation cost of using traditional branch banking.     

A comparison of empirical models used to infer the willingness to pay in contingent valuation

The essence of the contingent valuation method consists of creating a hypothetical market where respondents are asked about their willingness to pay (WTP) for a non-market good. Different empirical models can be formulated to estimate the expected WTP of a sample of respondents and, then, through aggregation, the social valuation of the good is inferred.This paper outlines the relevance of the distributional assumptions when estimating mean WTP. Several parametric and non-parametric methods are discussed and applied to calculate the existence value of a natural space. Results show that WTP is extremely sensitive to the empirical model used.First version received: November 2002 / Final version received: January 2004     

Willingness to pay for publicly-financed health care: how should we use the numbers?

This paper addresses the question of how willingness to pay (WTP) values in health care evaluation can be used by policy makers. The way in which WTP values are used depends on from whom values are elicited and whether the good concerned is privately-financed or publicly-financed through taxation. Thus, four possible uses of WTP values are identified. The focus is on the two uses which arise in the publiclyfinanced situation. ‘Conventional’ use of WTP values, where the decision as to whether or not to provide a service depends upon whether or not WTP values are greater than total cost, applies only in the privately-financed, and not publiclyfinanced situations. The situations with publicly-financed goods are more complex. The use of WTP values for publicly-financed goods is justified and illustrated.     

Some issues in the application of closed-ended willingness to pay studies to valuing health goods: an application to antenatal care in Scotland

Limited resources coupled with unlimited demands means that decisions have to be made concerning the allocation of scarce health care resources. The economic instrument of willingness to pay (WTP) is one instrument that can be used to help this decision-making process. Recommendations from the environmental economics literature suggest that the closed end (CE) WTP approach should be used. This approach is just beginning to be used to value health goods. This paper addresses the sensitivity of the closed-ended WTP approach to three issues: the design of the bid vector; the upper and lower limits of integration; and the method of analysis. These are discussed with reference to a study looking at the value of alternative models of ante-natal care in Scotland. The results are discussed and conclusions made concerning the use of the CE WTP instrument for valuing health goods.     

Joint Estimation of Multiple CVM Scenarios under a Double Bounded Questioning Format

Contingent valuation surveys frequently ask the same respondent for willingness to pay (WTP) for either different programs or different levels of provision of a single program. When multiple scenarios are considered by the respondent, the errors in the estimates of WTP are likely to be correlated across scenarios. Failing to account for correlation may lead to erroneous inferences concerning differences in WTP. This paper presents a technique that can be used to jointly estimate WTP for multiple scenarios proposed within a survey when the double-bounded questioning format is used. Monte Carlo simulations are employed to show that estimates derived from the joint model provide lower parameter variances as well as tighter confidence intervals surrounding WTP. The model is used to estimate WTP values for data collected in telephone interviews of California residents concerning WTP for fire reduction programs in Oregon and California. Variance properties of these estimates are shown to be similar to those estimated using simulated data.     

Dealing with preference uncertainty in contingent willingness to pay for a nature protection program: A new approach

In this paper, we propose an alternative preference uncertainty measurement approach where respondents have the option to indicate their willingness to pay (WTP) for a nature protection program either as exact values or intervals from a payment card, depending on whether they are uncertain about their valuation. On the basis of their responses, we then estimate their degree of uncertainty. New within this study is that the respondent's degree of uncertainty is “revealed”, while it is “stated” in those using existing measurement methods. Three statistical models are used to explore the sources of respondent uncertainty. We also present a simple way of calculating the uncertainty adjusted mean WTP, and compare this to the one obtained from an interval regression. Our findings in terms of determinants of preference uncertainty are broadly consistent with a priori expectations. In addition, the uncertainty adjusted mean WTP is quite similar to the one derived from an interval regression. We conclude that our method is promising in accounting for preference uncertainty in WTP answers at little cost to interviewees in terms of time and cognitive effort, on the one hand, and without researcher assumptions regarding the interpretation of degrees of uncertainty reported by respondents, on the other.     

Joint estimation of contingent valuation survey responses

Hanemann's utility difference model for the dichotomous choice contingent valuation method is modified to account for interrelationships between responses to a set of contingent valuation questions. A nonlinear seemingly unrelated regression model is presented to jointly estimate the probit models and to derive WTP from the CV responses. The model is used to test and impose restrictions derived from economic theory on the utility difference model. Mean WTP estimates for three different types of changes in the quality of California deer hunting were uniformly lower for the joint response probit model compared to a set of independent probit models.     

流域生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素分析——以湘江流域长沙段为例

以湘江流域长沙段为例,运用结构方程模型和CVM调查数据对流域生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素进行分析。研究发现,以＂外部特征＂、＂现状评价＂、＂心理特征＂取代传统研究的＂个人社会经济特征＂作为＂支付意愿＂的主要影响因素更具全面性和解释力;运用结构方程模型比传统回归模型分析更具整体建构性和优越性;居民的支付意愿不仅取决于外部条件和现实能力,也取决于居民的心理特征。     

Willingness to pay to control PM2.5 pollution in Jing-Jin-Ji Region,China

This letter aims to study individual willingness to pay (WTP) to mitigate PM_2.5 pollution in the Jing-Jin-Ji region by using contingent valuation method. Our survey indicated that residents in this region were highly concerned about PM_2.5 pollution control and supported PM_2.5 pollution control policies. In this study, a payment card (PC) format is used to elicit residents’ perceived WTP. With a two-part model, we estimate the mean WTP for an 80% reduction of severe PM_2.5 polluting days in this region is 602 CNY a year, approximately accounts for 1% of the GDP per capita. This result indicates an important funding source for the government to control PM_2.5 pollution in the region. In the econometric analysis, the mean WTP is found to significantly relate with income, expense, age and education level. It decreases with income, age and educational level, but increases with expense, and it is higher for females, people who have children, own cars and apartments but lower for those having larger families. By comparing with relevant researches, this letter indicates a strong and ever-increasing WTP for air pollution control among residents in the Jing-Jin-Ji region, China.