基于风险分析的三权抵押贷款定价研究

三权抵押贷款是以农民的宅基地、林地和耕地的承包经营权为抵押物在金融机构安排贷款的金融行为,是在允许农村土地经营权流转的政策指引下解决农村金融问题的一种尝试,对解决当前我国农村金融问题具有重要的意义。然而以土地的经营权而不是所有权为抵押标的物的贷款安排必然有别于传统的抵押贷款。以三权抵押贷款的特点及风险因素为基础建立基于风险溢价的贷款定价模型,有利于为农村金融机构三权抵押贷款定价提供借鉴。     

现金抵押贷款债券的定价与风险测量

作为资产证券化的一个重要组成部分,现金贷款抵押债券(CLO)在金融交易市场占据了很大的比重。而目前为止的对于该类产品的定价与风险测量,业界与理论界仍在探索之中。将现行的CLO产品定价方法进行了改良,对其输入参数进行了合理的修正,力求找出一种更加合适的定价方法,并在此基础上,对此类产品的市场风险敏感度进行测量。     

Household Income, Termination Risk and Mortgage Pricing

The premium embedded in home mortgage loans to compensate investors for their exposure to prepayment risk is a significant component of the cost of home mortgage lending. Moreover, there is some reason to believe that prepayment risk may be lower for loans to lower-income housing borrowers, especially those that are first-time home owners. If so, investor recognition of this advantage should facilitate greater willingness to acquire portfolios of lower-income housing loans, and encourage more competitive pricing in this segment of the market. This study investigates the possibility of differential mortgage prepayment behavior between lower-income home owners and non-low income home owners. The investigation relies on samples of the American Housing Survey spanning ten years of experience from 1985 to 1995. We find no significant difference between the termination or refinancing behavior of non-low income and low-income households. This result is robust to a number of alternative specifications such as restricting the low-income test group to non-moving households and to first-time owners. The same conclusions are derived from both aggregate prepayment rates and from analysis of individual household prepayment behavior.     

Study on Pricing and Risk of Housing Reverse Mortgage

随着我国老龄化程度的加剧,如何改善养老体系建设、拓宽养老资金来源渠道已经成为亟待解决的重要课题。开展反向抵押贷款养老,既可以改善老年人生活质量,又可以减轻社会保障压力。本文通过阐述我国推广反向抵押贷款的现实意义,继而以寿险业生命表为基础,建立精算定价模型,用随机模拟的方式得到均衡的月贷款额,同时考虑了反抵贷款的风险,得出反抵贷款在我国目前有吸引力并且可行,并结合我国实情提出相关建议。     

固定利率住房抵押贷款违约行为及其定价研究

固定利率住房抵押贷款的信用风险主要是违约风险,基于理性期权的定价模型往往会低估借款人的违约概率.通过分析违约成本及非理性违约因素,可以确定借款人违约时贷款机构收回的现金流,得到固定利率住房抵押贷款定价的期望值模型,并得出模型的求解方法.     

Pricing Mortgage Insurance with Asymmetric Jump Risk and Default Risk: Evidence in the U.S. Housing Market

This study provides the valuation of mortgage insurance (MI) considering upward and downward jumps in housing prices, which display separate distributions and probabilities of occurrence, and the mortgage insurer??s default risk. The empirical results indicate that the asymmetric double exponential jump diffusion performs better than the log-normally distributed jump diffusion and the Black-Scholes model, generally used in previous literature, to fit the single-family mortgage national average of all home prices in the US. Finally, the sensitivity analysis shows that the MI premium is an increasing function of the normal volatility, the mean down-jump magnitudes, the shock frequency of the abnormal bad events, and the asset-liability structure of the mortgage insurer. In particular, the shock frequency of the abnormal bad events has the largest effect of all parameters on the MI premium. The asset-liability structure of the mortgage insurer and shock frequency of the abnormal bad events have a larger effect of all parameters on the default risk premium.     

The Unintended Consequences of the Frequency of PCAOB Inspection

After more than 50 years of self‐regulation of the US auditing profession, the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) created the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB) as a quasi‐governmental entity with statutory authority to inspect accounting firms that audit public clients. The frequency of this inspection is annual or triennial, based upon the number of public clients the firm audits. We examine the effects of these two levels of inspection frequency on financial reporting quality and audit fees for clients of small and midsize public accounting firms. Our findings provide evidence of significantly higher audit quality and audit fees for clients of annually inspected firms relative to clients of triennially inspected firms. These findings are robust to auditor‐client alignment analyses, propensity score matching, time‐series analyses, examination of firms that have changed from triennial to annual inspection, and particular examination of firms with inspection deficiencies. Overall, our study suggests that the two‐tier frequency system of PCAOB inspection may have also resulted in two‐tier audit quality and audit fee systems for small and midsize public accounting firms, with more frequent inspection leading to more rigorous and informed auditor decisions. We discuss the implications of our results for the Board and the profession at large.     

Economic Consequences of Transparency Regulation: Evidence from Bank Mortgage Lending

We examine the economic consequences of a rule designed to improve consumers' understanding of mortgage information. The 2015 TILA-RESPA Integrated Disclosures rule (TRID) simplifies the mortgage disclosures provided to consumers. As a consequence, TRID-affected mortgages become a less attractive investment opportunity to banks. Our main results document that mortgage applications affected by TRID are less likely to be approved following the rule's effective date. We find evidence consistent with both a decrease in consumers' information processing costs and an increase in banks' secondary market frictions, providing insight into the potential channels through which this reduction in mortgage credit operates. We also find that banks partially compensate for reduced mortgage lending by increasing small business lending, and that fintechs absorb mortgage demand in areas with reduced mortgage lending by banks. Our study documents real actions that firms take in response to disclosure transparency regulation and contributes to the literature on the economic consequences of such regulation.     

Mortgage Pricing Implications of Prepayment: Separating Pecuniary and Non-pecuniary Prepayment

The Journal of Real Estate Finance and Economics - In the study of mortgage loan pricing, prepayment and default hazards are considered. While default results in loss of initial capital, prepayment...     

The Unintended Consequences of High Expectations and Pressure on New CEOs

We provide empirical tests of a general version of targeting theory that greater scrutiny could lead to executive abuses. Our results show that new CEOs under higher expectations or pressure are more likely to report meeting analyst forecasts; however, this apparent superior performance dissipates after excluding firms having characteristics synonymous with earnings manipulation. We find evidence that new CEOs under greater pressure are considerably more likely to engage in manipulation while the link between expectations and manipulation is much weaker. The results are strongest for new CEOs whose firms report meeting forecasts and do not “walk down” earnings estimates.     

Intended or Unintended Consequences? Resource Erosion in New Zealand's Government Departments

Internationally, a feature of public sector reforms over the last twenty years is the characterisation of negative effects as unintended consequences, yet the reform programme continues as before (Humphrey et al., 1993 and 1998). This article reports the findings from an investigation of ostensibly unintended consequences of New Zealand's public sector financial management system: resource erosion in government departments which both escapes parliamentary scrutiny and damages departments' capability to perform even core functions (State Services Commission, 1998a; and Controller and Auditor–General, 1999). The findings suggest that these effects might not be unintended. The system's structures and processes, including designed–in resource erosion processes and a surreptitious approach, are highly consistent with those advocated to facilitate privatisation.     

Collateral Risk in Residential Mortgage Defaults

This paper presents a systematic framework for capturing the collateral-driven mortgage default risk. A forward-looking home price distribution model is developed that explicitly incorporates different sources of volatility in the market value of collateral houses. A consistent and computationally-efficient top-down approach of home price simulation is also introduced. We show that with the proper inclusion of all relevant sources of volatilities, the top-down approach provides close approximation to the results generated by a theoretically sound but computationally demanding bottom-up simulation approach. Using a numerical simulation, we demonstrate that a geographically-diversified mortgage pool entails a substantially lower level of systematic collateral driven mortgage default risk compared to a spatially-concentrated pool. However, the expected default risk is shown to remain unaffected, indicating that the benefit from geographic diversification is only realized through lower risk-based capital requirements, not in lower mortgage insurance premiums. Based on the US state level house price indices, the systematic risk of a state-concentrated mortgage pool is estimated to be about four times higher than that of a nationally-diversified mortgage pool. Our results also show that, among the different volatility components, omitting the cross-sectional dispersion of individual home prices would produce the largest bias in assessing home-price-based mortgage default risk.     

Transaction Costs and the Pricing of Assets

The existence of transaction costs explains why investors do not fully diversify their portfolios. This paper examines the implications of such limited diversification on equilibrium asset prices in the framework of the capital asset pricing model. In the pricing equation obtained here an asset's risk premium depends on a weighted average of its covariance with the market and its own variance.     

Mortgage Loans to Nonoccupants as an Indicator of Racial Redlining

Where racial redlining prevents potential residents of a neighborhood from obtaining mortgage loans, a greater number of houses will be sold to investors and a greter number of residents will rent homes owned by such investors. It may be possible, therefore, to measure the extent of redlining by using HMDA data on loans made to nonoccupants. This study models the flow of mortgage credit to nonoccupants in nine MSAs, using traditional economic and demographic variables and variables describing the racial composition of the neighborhood. The percentage of the census tract population that is black has a small but statistically significant coefficient in Los Angeles, Chicago, and Nashville, and the Hispanic population variable is statistically significant in Los Angeles, Chicago, Boston, and Albuquerque. The model explains a high percentage of the variation in mortgage lending to nonoccupants across census tracts and is robust with respect to alternative formulations of the dependent va riable, and the independent variables have the hypothesized signs.     

政府会计准则实施的非预期效应的分析框架构建

保障政府会计准则的顺利实施对于政府会计改革意义重大。随着政府会计政策系统内外环境的不断变化,政府会计准则目标的预期实现情况也不断变化,准则实施的非预期效应逐步凸显。本文在界定政府会计准则实施的非预期效应概念和特征基础上,分析政府会计准则实施的非预期效应的影响因素和作用结果;具体从制度关联效应、外部效应和时空效应三个方面分析政府会计准则实施的非预期效应;构建政府会计准则实施的非预期效应分析框架旨在为分析政府会计准则的实施成效提供一种分析思路。政府会计准则实施系统受制于系统内外作用合力的影响,为了保障政府会计准则体系的有效实施,应综合考虑政府会计准则制度体系执行系统的运行环境,通过构建多层次、多渠道的准则执行监督主体以及因地制宜的改革措施,充分发挥准则执行系统的正面非预期效应。     

The Effect of Mortgage Price and Default Risk on Mortgage Spreads

Variations over time in mortgage yield spreads should reflect changes in the underlying prepayment option value; moreover, the relationship between mortgage yield spreads and interest rate dynamics should weaken as the value of the borrowers prepayment option declines. We verify this hypothesis through an empirical analysis of residential mortgage yield spread behavior, and we also present evidence that the strength of the relationship between mortgage spreads and interest rate dynamics weakens (strengthens) as the level of default risk increases (decreases). This result is consistent with the competing risks effect between a borrowers option to prepay or default. Our results demonstrate the importance of accounting for mortgage price discount to par as well as default risk when developing time series of mortgage yields.     

浅析船舶抵押中的风险控制

船舶融资比一般商业融资更加复杂,银行为了控制融资风险,通常倾向以船舶抵押作为担保方式。但在船舶抵押过程中,银行依然会面对多重风险。本文将针对船旗国、保险、租约、美国《1990年油污法》下的银行责任等法律风险进行分析,并提出相应的控制方法。     

基于短期利率动态模型的反向抵押贷款赎回权定价

住房反向抵押贷款作为一种新型的养老模式,为一些有房无钱的老年人解决了养老难题。本文就有赎回权的住房反向抵押贷款的赎回权的定价进行讨论,将赎回权看作是一种欧式看涨期权。同时,选择TGARCH模型拟合短期利率的动态变化,并利用短期利率动态模型改进B-S期权定价理论中关于无风险利率的限定,进而结合蒙特卡洛模拟的方法对期权进行数值计算,得到赎回权的价格。