The influence of bank ownership on credit supply: Evidence from the recent financial crisis

This study examines how bank ownership influenced the credit supply during the recent financial crisis in Russia, where the banking sector consists of a mix of state-controlled banks, foreign-owned banks, and domestic private banks. To estimate credit supply changes, we apply an original approach based on stochastic frontier analysis. We use quarterly data for Russian banks covering the period from the beginning of 2007 to the end of 2009. Our findings suggest that bank ownership affected credit supply during the financial crisis and that the crisis led to an overall decrease in the credit supply. Relative to domestic private banks foreign-owned banks reduced their credit supply more and state-controlled banks less. This supports the hypothesis that foreign banks have a “lack of loyalty” to domestic actors during a crisis, as well as the view that an objective function of state-controlled banks leads them to support the economy during economic downturns.     

Sectoral credit reallocation: An excessive bank risk-taking explanation

This paper develops a theoretical model to provide an alternative explanation for the credit to nontradable sector growing faster than credit to tradable sector, after a US expansionary monetary policy, based on an excessive risk-taking channel. This is, a reduced foreign interest rate decreases bank default probability, which in turn diminishes banks’ incentives to take excessive risk. This produces a reallocation of loan supply to nontradable sector since tradable loans are riskier. Using monthly sectoral credit data at the bank level for the Peruvian economy in the 2004–2019 period, we find evidence of the excessive bank risk-taking channel on sectoral credit reallocation.     

Customer and Supplier Portfolios: Can Credit Risks be Managed Through Supply Chain Relationships?

While supply chain risk has been the subject of an ever‐increasing amount of research attention, the importance of credit risk has been less studied, at least by supply chain researchers. Yet, there may be risks inherent within a firm's portfolios of supply chain relationships that are manifested in the credit risk of a firm. Moreover, portfolio characteristics may serve as a signal to the external market regarding these risks. While customer and supplier portfolio characteristics may impact the firm's exposure to risks, the specific issue of how portfolio characteristics relate to credit risk has rarely been examined by supply chain scholars. This research bridges extant works in supply chain management and finance to relate supply chain characteristics to a critical reputational outcome, namely credit ratings. In this research, we utilize a sample of firms that recently underwent an initial public offering to empirically examine the theoretical predictions of Resource Dependence Theory regarding the relationships between different supply chain portfolio characteristics and credit risk.     

基于博弈理论的供应链企业间信用风险分析

供应链企业间存在着信用风险问题,上下游企业供应商和销售商之间在赊销方面进行着相互的利益博弈。由于信息的不完全性,这种博弈是一种不完全信息博弈。通过对此博弈的分析可以深层次把握影响供应链信用风险的各种成因,降低不诚信销售商通过违约所带来的收益、提高供应商调查的概率和调查成功的概率,降低检查成本、加强供应链企业诚信教育等是治理供应链信用风险的有效措施。     

资产规模、融资路径与商业信用供给

现有文献就企业规模对企业商业信用供给有不同的研究结论,说明这一方面的研究还有待完善。本文结合数理模型和实证研究,分析不同企业规模下,融资路径不同对企业商业信用供给的影响。研究发现,我国中小企业在发展未达到一定规模之前,受市场竞争劣势影响,需要提供大量商业信用来维持市场生存和发展,而此时由于我国金融系统对中小企业的信贷歧视,获得银行信贷支持比较少,因此需要大量的商业信用融资来支持商业信用提供。随着商业信用融资的增加,融资成本提高,最终导致商业信用提供力度逐步下降。当企业发展超出一定规模后,银行信贷支持逐步增强,企业可以用银行信用替代成本更高的商业信用融资,导致商业信用融资逐步下降,同时也使得企业提供商业信用的能力上升。文章研究结论表明,商业信用提供与企业规模之间的关系不是简单的线性关系,而是一个二次函数关系。     

Cross-border banking,credit access,and the financial crisis

We study the sensitivity of credit supply to bank financial conditions in 16 emerging European countries before and during the financial crisis. We use survey data on 10,701 applicant and non-applicant firms that enable us to disentangle effects driven by positive and negative shocks to the banking system from demand shocks that may vary across lenders. We find strong evidence that firms' access to credit was affected by changes in the financial conditions of their banks. During the crisis firms were more credit constrained if they were dealing with banks that experienced a decline in equity and Tier 1 capital, as well as losses on financial assets. We also find that access to credit reflects the balance sheet conditions of foreign parent banks. The effect of positive and negative shocks to a bank is greater for riskier firms and firms with fewer tangible assets.     

Does direct foreign investment affect domestic credit constraints?

Firms in developing countries cite credit constraints as one of their primary obstacles to investment. Direct foreign investment may ease credit constraints by bringing in scarce capital. Alternatively, if foreign firms borrow heavily from domestic banks, they may crowd local firms out of domestic capital markets. Using firm data from the Ivory Coast, we test whether: (1) domestic firms are more credit constrained than foreign firms, and (2) whether borrowing by foreign firms exacerbates domestic firm credit constraints. Results provide support for both hypotheses. We also find that state-owned enterprises (SOEs) are less financially constrained than other domestic enterprises.     

Credit granting to small firms: A Brazilian case

Transaction costs limit the supply of credit to small and medium-sized firms (SMEs). From a sample of 65,535 SME credit proposals submitted to a large Brazilian bank between January 2004 and September 2006, this research analyzes credit granting decisions. Results suggest that small firms face credit rationing and that low risk credit contracts with liquid collateral are their primary source of credit. Also, the bank captures private information through its lending relationships with borrowers, which affects its credit granting decisions. The findings reveal that the bank under study faces difficulties in expanding the supply of credit to small firms mainly because of cost, collateral-dependency and constraints due to asymmetric information.     

电力客户信用风险分析及对策研究

电力市场环境下,电力客户的信用管理已经成为现代企业管理的核心内容。如何科学、客观、公正地对电力客户的信用风险进行有效管理是当前供电企业所面,临的一个重要而迫切的问题。通过分析了电力客户信用风险产生的原因,提出了对客户信用风险进行管理的对策,在达到及时有效进行风险控制,使供电企业规避信用风险、保证可持续性发展的目的。     

货币政策信贷传导渠道的理论评述

货币政策传导机制的关键及政策效果大小在于其传导渠道是否通畅。信贷渠道理论从信息不完全和不对称问题引发的信贷市场代理问题入手,强调银行等金融结构的信贷数额变动对货币政策传导的真实效应。信贷渠道的传导机制在我国表现抢眼,很多研究证实了目前我国货币政策传导中占据主体地位的依然是信贷传导机制。然而现有研究大多集中在实证层面,理论上鲜有建树,后期研究应着力于构建能够考察我国货币政策信贷传导机制的经济模型和动态效应,为货币政策决策提供实证参考。     

Credit lender–borrower relationship in the credit card market – Implications for credit risk management strategy and relationship marketing

Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy in 2008, precipitating the international financial crisis. Many questioned the banks’ risk-taking credit system. Understanding credit risk and how the credit system functions may provide knowledge on managing credit, to avoid another such international crisis. We study the credit card field and present a pricing decision model for managing credit risk. Recent credit lenders’ portfolio re-pricing practices call for immediate attention to the credit lender–borrower relationship and relationship marketing. A literature review and recent phenomena in the credit card industry reveal that the lenders’ re-pricing strategy negatively affects the credit lender–borrower relationship and relationship marketing. Thus, we introduce a pricing decision model incorporating the lenders’ re-pricing strategy and the credit lender–borrower relationship. Further, we discuss the implications of, and the role of marketing in, credit risk management and the implications of relationship marketing for credit lenders in foreign markets, including the US market.     

Are Foreign Banks Better Performers Than Domestic Counterparts? Examining the Financialization Hypothesis in Mexico

This article analyzes the relationship between “financialization” and the performance of credit institutions in Mexico over the period 1999–2013. On average, foreign banks have higher cost-to-income ratio and return on assets than domestically owned banks. Non-interest income to gross revenue positively contributes to foreign bank profits, which highlights income other than conventional banking transactions. When considering references in the literature to non-interest income as a proxy for financialization, our results imply that domestic banks are more dependent on traditional lending, such as interest-earning assets, whereas foreign banks seem to engage in greater diversification to support profitability. Overall, the banking system reveals tendencies (“financialization”) that can possibly work against credit facilitation in Mexico.     

Credit constraints and firm export: Microeconomic evidence from Italy

This paper estimates the impact of credit rationing on firms' export. We use detailed survey data from Italian manufacturing firms that provide a firm-specific measure of credit rationing based directly on firms' responses to the survey rather than indirectly on firms' financial statements. After controlling for productivity and other relevant firm attributes, and accounting for the endogeneity of credit rationing, we find that the probability of exporting is 39% lower for rationed firms and that rationing reduces foreign sales by more than 38%. While credit rationing also appears to depress domestic sales, its impact on foreign sales is significantly stronger. The analysis also suggests that credit rationing is an obstacle to export especially for firms operating in high-tech industries and in industries that heavily rely on external finance.     

新形势下中小型外贸企业财务风险管理研究

随着人民币不断升值,汇率波动直接影响我国中小型外贸企业实际收汇,国内通货膨胀趋势明显,成本上升减少出口盈利,国际贸易保护主义抬头使中小型外贸企业因面临销售风险而遭受损失。宏观经济形势复杂,利率的波动增加了企业的筹资风险,国外进口商的信用缺失使中小型外贸企业坏账损失风险加大。中小型外贸企业应该采取加强出口结算方式的灵活性,利用金融衍生市场套期保值,多渠道、多方位拓展海外市场,提高风险意识,建立内部信用风险管理体系,拓展融资渠道,加强资金管理,合理运用出口信用保险,减少坏账损失等方法减少财务风险。     

The role of trade credit in the recent subprime financial crisis

This study tests firms’ financing behavior, especially the causal relation between trade credit and bank credit around the time of the recent subprime financial crises. I find bank credit and accounts payable/receivable are simultaneously determined and there is a substitute/complementary effect between bank credit and accounts payable/receivable. Moreover, I test a cross-sectional response to crisis and find that firms with a more vulnerable financial position (i.e., financially constrained firms) are more likely to be negatively affected by crisis and, in turn, are more likely to cut their supply of credit to customers and increase their use of credit from suppliers.     

Fear of floating and domestic liability dollarization

Previous attempts to analyze the effect of liability dollarization on “fear of floating” have focused exclusively on the role played by foreign liabilities. Liability dollarization of the domestic banking system, however, poses a similar risk as dollar-denominated deposits and credit impose a source of currency risk on domestic banks and firms, respectively. Findings from a large cross-country sample indicate that domestic liability dollarization plays a central role in producing a “fear of floating” among emerging market countries and developing nations. This is an important result because domestic liability dollarization is more reversible than the dollarization of foreign liabilities, providing a reason for optimism that these countries can regain flexibility in the choice of exchange rate regime and overcome their “fear of floating”.     

外贸风向标

金融危机对我国进出口企业到底有多大影响,统计数字最能说明问题。     

Credit cycle dependent spread determinants in emerging sovereign debt markets

We address credit cycle dependent sovereign credit risk determinants. In our model, the spread determinants' magnitude is conditional on an unobservable endogenous sovereign credit cycle as represented by the underlying state of a Markov regime switching process. Our explanatory variables are motivated in the tradition of structural credit risk models and include changes in asset prices, interest rates, implied market volatility, gold price changes and foreign exchange rates. We examine daily frequency variations of U.S. dollar denominated Eurobond credit spreads of four major Latin American sovereign bond issuers (Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela) with liquid bond markets during March 2000 to June 2011. We find that spread determinants are statistically significant and consistent with theory, while their magnitude remarkably varies with the state of the credit cycle. Crisis states are characterized by high spread change uncertainty and high sensitivities with respect to the spread change determinants. We further document that not only changes of local currencies, but also changes of the Euro with respect to the U.S. dollar are significant spread drivers and argue that this is consistent with the sovereigns' ability to pay.     

我国商业银行信贷管理问题与对策

我国商业银行在信贷管理手段、体制、控制制度等诸多方面与外资银行有较大盖异.管理权限过度集中,没有明确的贷款风险责任制,致使国内商业银行尚未有效建立以风险防范为核心的信贷长效机制,存在的不良贷款还没有完全化解,新增风险不断出现.应建全约束与激励相统一的信贷考核机制和综合信用评级制度;改进商业银行信贷管理体制,增加基层行信贷权限;完善信贷风险防范机制,实行严格的责任追究制度,保证商业银行更好地发挥其应有的作用.     

物流企业快速成长的战略杠杆:供应链金融

随着现代金融制度及管理模式的创新,金融体制必将发生深刻的变革,而这种变革又将带来更加适合竞争与发展的新型金融管理模式。供应链金融就是为中小物流企业量身定做的一种新型融资模式。在供应链金融实际应用过程中,可根据主体具体情况的不同采取不同的融资流程和方式,但都不可避免地会存在一定的风险。为更好地促进物流企业快速成长,在供应链金融实际应用过程中,应从供应链自身存在的风险、供应链金融业务中涉及到的信用风险、运营风险、法律风险等角度出发,对供应链金融业务风险进行深入分析,并针对相应的风险采取相应的规避措施,如政府带头培育良好的信用环境和法律环境,在供应链金融实施过程中选择好产业链群,商业银行加快构建较为完善的风险控制体系,建立供应链保障机制。