Relative price volatility under Sudden Stops: The relevance of balance sheet effects

Sudden Stops are associated with increased volatility in relative prices. We introduce a model based on information acquisition to rationalize this increased volatility. An empirical analysis of the conditional variance of the wholesale price to consumer price ratio using panel ARCH techniques confirms the relevance of Sudden Stops and potential balance sheet effects as key determinants of relative price volatility, where balance sheet effects are captured by the interaction of a proxy for potential changes in the real exchange rate (linked to the degree of external leverage of the absorption of tradable goods) and a measure of domestic liability dollarization.     

资产负债表债务法的应用研究

为使会计适应我国社会经济发展的现实需要,推动社会经济的全面、协调和可持续性发展,形成良性互动循环效应,我国会计准则实现了与国际会计准则的趋同.在决策有用性会计目标下,资产负债表成为会计准则的国际趋势,相应的资产负债表债务法的应用也愈采愈广泛,在捐赠业务、借款费用、或有事项、资产负债表日后调整事项、非货币性资产交易等方面的应用中均有共同之处,基于此全文主要以其在企业合并应用的特殊之处为例加以分析说明,以让企业对资产负债表的应用更加透明,意在对于提高企业所得税会计信息质量起到积极的效果.     

资产负债表日后调整事项的会计处理

如果资产负债表日及所属会计期间已经存在某种情况,但当时并不知道其存在或者不能知道确切结果,资产负债表日后发生的事项能够证实该情况的存在或者确切结果,则该事项属于资产负债表日后事项中的调整事项.如果资产负债表日后事项对资产负债表目的情况提供了进一步的证据,证据表明的情况与原来的估计和判断不完全一致,则需要对原来的会计处理进行调整.     

Liability dollarization and the bank balance sheet channel

Emerging markets' financial institutions often face a mismatch in the currency denominations of their liabilities (foreign currency-denominated debt raised from foreign lenders) and their assets (domestic currency loans to domestic borrowers). We study the effect of this mismatch on monetary policy in a sticky-price, dynamic general-equilibrium small open economy model in which the country default-risk premium depends on domestic banks' balance sheets due to asymmetric information. A fixed exchange rate rule that stabilizes bank balance sheets offers greater stability than does an interest rate rule that targets inflation to offset the real effects of sticky-prices.     

对银行的流动性风险管理问题的思考

一直以来,流动性风险被称为银行最致命的风险,在银行的经营管理中流动性风险管理更是占有极其重要的地位。可目前银行的流动性风险管理的现状实在令人担忧,因此,如何有效地管理流动性风险就成为当前银行风险管理的核心内容。本文从流动性风险入手,着重阐述了当前银行的流动性风险管理现状,并提出一些应对策略,力图提高银行抵御流动性风险的能力,以供参考。     

Calling all parties: Now is the time to come to the aid of the balance sheet

Recently, accountants were instructed by President Bush to get their acts together. Indeed, the Enron, WorldCom, Tyco, and other recent corporate financial reporting failures have prompted a loss of faith in accountants and accounting. To a large extent, this loss of faith involves corporate balance sheets and it is warranted. Corporate managers and shareholders have a vested interest in addressing balance sheet shortcomings. This article highlights the pervasive shortcomings of contemporary corporate balance sheets, identifies the underlying foundational tensions creating those shortcomings, offers proposals to address those tensions, and discusses the potential implications of our proposals.     

Debt composition and balance sheet effects of currency depreciation: a summary of the micro evidence

This paper surveys recent empirical evidence on the determinants of the currency composition of debt, and on the impact of exchange rate fluctuations on economic activity. It suggests that Latin American firms tend to partially match the composition of their debt with the currency composition of their income stream but the liability dollarization can reduce or possibly reverse the typical Mundell–Fleming result of expansionary devaluations.     

从俄译汉的角度浅析如何翻译俄罗斯企业的资产负债表

为实施国家走出去战略,许多中国公司到俄罗斯境内建立独资或合资企业,为了提高俄语译员的综合能力和素质,本文从俄译汉的角度来分析如果准确翻译一份俄罗斯企业的资产负债表.     

从俄译汉的角度浅析如何翻译俄罗斯企业的资产负债表

为实施国家"走出去"战略,许多中国公司到俄罗斯境内建立独资或合资企业,为了提高俄语译员的综合能力和素质,本文从俄译汉的角度来分析如果准确翻译一份俄罗斯企业的资产负债表.     

Debt composition and balance sheet effects of exchange rate depreciations: a firm-level analysis for Chile

By studying the behavior of foreign currency borrowing, maturity, sales and the investment decisions of firms listed in the Chilean Stock Exchange from 1994 to 2001, this paper assesses whether in the aftermath of the Asian crisis of the late 1990s the depreciation of the local currency (Chilean peso) affected these firms’ real and financial decisions. At issue is the contrast between a negative net-worth effect and a potential expansionary competitiveness effect for the tradable sector. We find that there exists little evidence that devaluations cause a positive impact on investment and sales for firms with dollar denominated debt. The maturity structure of Chilean firms is mainly explained by the size of the companies. Large firms will have a debt structure biased to higher maturities. Analyzing dollar denominated debt composition the evidence shows that larger firms maintained a higher proportion of dollar denominated debt reflecting the development of the financial sector in Chile.     

The relevance of currency risk in the EMU

We investigate how the elimination of intra-European exchange risk may affect international financial markets using a conditional version of the International CAPM. We estimate the EMU and non-EMU components of aggregate currency risk and document significant exposures to both. The premium for EMU risk is positive and associated with exposure to the French, Italian and Spanish currencies. The premium for non-EMU risk is consistently negative and accounts for most of the aggregate currency premiums. In the 1990s, exposures to EMU risk declined significantly while exposures to non-EMU risk increased. Hence the adoption of the Euro is unlikely to have a large impact on aggregate currency risk premiums.     

Debt composition and balance sheet effects of exchange rate volatility in Mexico: a firm level analysis

We use Mexican firm-level data to study the role of currency mismatches in the corporate sector in exacerbating the negative effects of a devaluation. We also investigate what drives Mexican firms to borrow in foreign currency. We find that holding dollar denominated debt in a devaluation adversely affects firms’ earnings and investment. However, exporters invested more than non-exporters in the same period. We also find that the negative effect of dollar debt was stronger than the positive effect of exports in the 1994 crisis for firms with positive dollar debt and/or exports, relative to firms that did not borrow abroad and/or export. This was a result of imperfect currency matching by firms. However, in the 1998 crisis firms managed the denominations of their inflows and outflows much better and these two effects were roughly equal in magnitude. We also find some evidence of currency matching by exporters, especially after the introduction of the floating exchange rate.     

The long or short of it: Determinants of foreign currency exposure in external balance sheets

A major focus of the recent literature on the determination of optimal portfolios in open-economy macroeconomic models has been on the role of currency movements in determining portfolio returns that may hedge various macroeconomic shocks. However, there is little empirical evidence on the foreign currency exposures that are embedded in international balance sheets. Using a new database, we provide stylized facts concerning the cross-country and time-series variation in aggregate foreign currency exposure and its various subcomponents. In panel estimation, we find that richer, more open economies take longer foreign-currency positions. In addition, we find that an increase in the propensity for a currency to depreciate during bad times is associated with a longer position in foreign currencies, providing a hedge against domestic output fluctuations. We view these new stylized facts as informative in their own right and also potentially useful to the burgeoning theoretical literature on the macroeconomics of international portfolios.     

The relevance of economic issues at the Belgrade conference

Despite or because of the relatively brief concluding document of the Belgrade follow-up meeting mandated to examine the implementation of the Helsinki Final Act, it is worthwhile to review the proposals made in “Basket II“ (economics) and relate them to the two other “Baskets“ (security and “human rights“) in order to understand the process of détente more thoroughly.     

The monetary approach to the balance of payments

This is a review article of the theoretical papers in The Monetary Approach to the Balance of Payments, edited by Jacob A. Frenkel and Harry G. Johnson. The paper concentrates on: (a) The difficulties which there appear to be in the theoretical models used as a main vehicle of analysis and (b) the question of whether and in what circumstances the excess demand for financial assets is equivalent to the balance of payments. It is argued that the main contribution of the 'Monetary Approach' is that it alerts us to the important stock flow distinctions which must be made when account is taken of the effect of the balance of payments on the stock of financial assets.     

The impact of petroleum on the balance of payments

Nigeria’s transformation from a predominantly agricultural to an oil economy has had many significant social and economic effects. In this paper, an attempt is made to analyse one of such effects: the impact on the country’s balance of payments.     

The relevance of irrelevance in brand communication

Brand managers strive to achieve an outstanding position in the psyche of the user by differentiating the product and service. In order to do so, brands are now often promoted by communications that focus on a trivial attribute difference. The current study tests both how the use of such an irrelevant attribute affects the perceptions of the consumer and how they rate the brand when the irrelevance of the attribute is previously revealed. The results of a controlled experiment (n = 894) show that the use of irrelevant attributes generally has a positive effect on buying behavior and that this effect is obtained even when the actual irrelevance is previously proven to the consumer. Further, the results are consistent across a variety of outcome variables, including attention, perceived uniqueness, price fairness, attitude toward the brand, and intention to buy the brand. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

湖北高新技术产品出口与GDP的关联性分析

高新技术产品汇聚了当代科技发展的前沿成果,代表一个国家或地区的核心竞争力水平.本文通过分析湖北省高新技术产品出口交货值与GDP的协整关系,论述了地区高新技术产品出口交货值对国民经济发展的促进作用.