Two Questions of SHRM in Literature： Moderators of HRM Firm Performance Link

This paper aims to discuss differences between human resource management （HRM） and strategic human resource management （SHRM）, and aims to discuss convergence or divergence between American and European HRM. Therefore, research question is what the similarities and differences are between European and American HRM. Research methodology is based on critical review of HRM literature. Therefore, this study aims to increase conceptual ability of human resource （HR） professionals. Major result is that HRM is related with employee performance, and SHRM is related with firm performance. Secondly, European HRM is becoming similar to American HRM. The difference between European and American HRM is social context and social partners. European HRM considers social partners in management of HR.     

Legal regulation of enterprises＇ environmental impact：a survey

The enterprise coordinates social resources, which changes the dialogue between human and the environment into that between enterprise and environment. The profit-making character of enterprise leads to the abandonment of environmental ethics. Enterprise, which has the capability to solve environmental problems, however, lacks the motive to do it. It has controlling power over society and should assume the responsibility of environmental protection. For its lack of environmental conscience, the external institutional arrangements should be made for enterprise. The strategy for environmental cost should be designed in connection with the interest orientation of enterprise. And various legal measures in constitutional law, social law, civil law, administrative law and criminal lave should be utilized to regulate enterprise＇s behaviors regarding environmental protection.     

Analysis on mechanism of land resource security

This paper prohes into the relationship among individual benefits, benefits of the country. common benefits of all humans in land use and land resource security. The following balanced land use model is proposed： the harmonious and interactive relationship between man and nature, two main bodies of land ecological system, constitutes the mechanism of land resources security; The feedback relationship between man and nature is the basis for the land resources security and the core is the relationship among people established for the benefit equilibrium in land use. The conflicts in land use stem from the rarity of land resource and the solution to those conflicts in harmony helps land resource security.     

The Reasons of Income Gap between Urban and Rural Areas in China and its Policy Suggestions

This paper points out that one of the main reasons for income gap between urban and rural areas in china is difference of human capital reserve on education which are decided by Chinese government＇s urban area privileged policy and the current education system. This paper also compares the different human capital reserve in two area, and analyzes the under-qualified human capital reserve in rural areas is resulted by these following reasons： The shortage of public spending in compulsory education for several decades has contributed to low school attendance and the great illiteracy beyond urban areas; the inefficient educational system has caused peasants to lose interest in education; No support for adult education has closed the doors for adults to earn money in non-agricultural industries. Vocational schools cannot attract the huge number of potential customers since their curricula and skills are out of date. As policy suggestions, governments should invest enough money in compulsory rural education, and creating a pragmatic rural education system is also vital.     

Establishment and development of Ecological Economics in China over the past three decades

The establishment of China’s Ecological Economics was proposed by the famous economist Prof. XU Dixin in 1980. Over the past 34 years since its establishment, Ecological Economics has developed into an interdisciplinary subject combined with natural sciences and social sciences. Its emergence met the demand of human society for entering the Ecological Epoch. The past three decades has witnessed the foundation of eco-economic theories and the emergence of various guiding thoughts and policy suggestions which have made great contributions to China’s modernization and reform. The guiding ideology of "coordination between ecology and economy" has been widely acknowledged by governments and people, and the concept of "ecological economy" has enjoyed popular support among the general public, which both play increasingly important roles in guiding practice and have major infl uences around the world.     

Effect of total resource allocation effect and economic growth：Chinese experience of 1978-2004

The analytical method of total resource reallocation effect is an evolution of the analytical method of the factors of economic growth. Since the marketization reform in China in 1978, market mechanism has played a more and more important role in resource allocation, and Chinese economy has developed greatly, which is called ＂the Chinese Miracle＂. This paper analyzes the economic growth in China from 1978 to 2004 with the analytical method of total resource reallocation effect. The result shows that the annual growth rate of total resource reallocation effect was 0.2%, which was 5.1% of the comprehensive productivity and 0.21% of the gross output growth, i.e. the total resource allocation played a weak role in the economic growth in China. When analyzing it in Chenery＇s multinational model, we find that Chinese comprehensive productivity growth rate was higher than that in all the income phases of the model, but the total resource allocation effect was obviously lower than that in all the income phases of the model. It indicates that the total resource allocation in China has a great potential, and that to accelerate marketization reform is one of the important issues for Chinese economic development.     

The simultaneity in human capital estimations： The case of China

Existing papers on human capital and growth in China has been using single equation estimations. This might cause a simultaneity bias if a two-way causality between the two variables exists. In this paper, the author performs vector autoregressive estimations using panel data on the number of graduates at each level of education as a proxy for human capital in China during 1991-2005. The results show that investment in human capital increases output per worker at all three levels of education. Regarding the effects of output per worker on the accumulation of human capital, the author finds mixed results with the primary-school graduates＇ benefits the most from increases in per capita output.     

The depletion of coastal environmental resources by human activities and its monetary evaluation

The marine environment provides rich and varied resources and services or functions for human＇s production and life. Many countries have competitively exploited and utilized sea and ocean to develop marine economy for some years. The over-exploitation of marine environment and the overuse of marine resources have led to resource degradation,environmental pollution and ecosystem destruction. Considering the depletion of coastal environmental resources dur-ing planning, governing and decision-making is an important measure to promote the harmonious and sustainabledevelopment of coastal environmental resources and social economy, the main precondition of which is that the depletionof coastal environmental resources by human activities has been monetarily evaluated. Firstly, this paper summarizesrelevant references in this field and analyzes different sorts of depletion of coastal environmental resources caused byhuman activities and the necessity and importance of the monetary evaluation. Finally, this paper extensively discussesthe corresponding evaluation models of the depletion of marine mineral resources, marine organism resources, mari-time transport resources, intertidal zones and shallow seas, and marine environmental functions and services includingenvironmental capacity, gas regulation, disturbance prevention, recreation and biodiversity.     

An Exploration of the Economic Significance of Social Security

The modem social security carries some elements of humanitarianism or social stability, but it is more an economic means. It can reduce overproduction, increase effective demand and facilitate the balance between the demand and supply, and prevent the frequent occurrence of economic crisis. All the creatures of the God are there for a reason. The amount of production is based on the amount of currency. But some parts of currency are transformed into savings, and savings cannot be turned into investment immediately. The entailing overproduction breaks the balance between the demand and supply, and results in economic crisis. In modem society, it is the social security or those ＂lazy bones＂ that represses and eliminates the overproduction, which can be expressed by the equation： Savings = Investment ＋ Social security （consumption）. In this way, the balance between the demand and supply is realized.and the social production and life can continue in a normal way.     

Paths and strategies of resource-exhausted city transformation: A case study in coal city Pingxiang of Jiangxi Province

Appearance and exhaustion of the resource city is an inevitable objective phenomenon in the process of industrialization. Transformation of the resource city became the focus of attention with highlighting problems and contradictions in the city. The paper places emphasis on path selection and transformation strategies of resource-exhausted city transformation taking the coal city Pingxiang as an example. From the perspective of profi le and effectiveness of transformation in Pingxiang city, the paper analyzes the main problems in the city transformation, points out its main path direction from economic transformation, social transformation and ecological transformation, and fi nally presents transition strategy and policy recommendations to the city.     

Regulating services in poverty-ecosystems dynamics： evidences from South Asia

Valuation of ecosystem services has been sought as effective tools that enable the decision makers in designing the cost effective response policies for management of ecosystems towards alleviating the poverty especially in economically poor regions like South Asia. Various directions and linkages between poverty and degradation of ecosystem and reduced flow of ecosystem services can better be understood if the regulating services like hydrological flow and carbon sequestration by forest, and nutrient cycling and bioremediation： by wetlandv can be captured in monetary unit. South Asian Countries including India. Nepal, Pakistan and Bangladesh are the hotspots of poverty where poor depend upon various ecosystem services for their livelihoods and allocation of resource for conservation of ecosystems would have additional merit if regulating services are captured and internalized into the pubtic policy.The paperfirst raises problematic issues in valuation of regulatig ecosystem services, and attempts to link it withthe dependence of poor. Second, complexities of poverty-ecosystem dynamics are discussed. Thirdly, the possible in-tervention to achieve poverty alleviation goal is analyzed with the help of some examples from accounting and valua-tion of regulating services of lndian forest. Finally, the paper suggests that greater attention is needed to do credibleand better valuation of regulating Services so that insight from these ean be used in understanding the impact of degradation of ecosysterns On poor people.     

Comparative Study on Venture Capital among U.S.A., Japan and China

This essay, through comparing venture capital in China＇s modernization with U.S.A., Japan, summarizes the different characteristics of venture capital of the United States and Japan, and thinks that China＇s present modernization, as a flag of developing countries, has already entered middle period of industrialization, according to the experience of U.S.A., Japan and reality of China. The technological progress mode has already been changed from technology import to technological innovation stage at this time. In order to encourage innovations, we must develop venture capital in a more effective manner. The national conditions have determined the technology import of China, which must start with a high points, this is the most important condition of target to choose. The venture capital of China in system transitional period should use U.S.A.＇s experience for reference even more on the capital source to pay close attention to the capital sources of the government and bank. Once the government guides and starts the market, the folk capital will show the natural instinct of the capital automatically Risk investment is the embodiment capitalized personality spirit, in order to dispose such ambitious culture. We need the reform of the system as well as dispose risk investor＇s stratum at present.     

Development pattern of the industry form in mountains area： a case study of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

The mountainous areas （mountain, plateau and hilly area ） cover than 85% of total land territory of China.Nature and humanity in very mountainous ares has its own geographic characteristics.In the process of industrialization and urbanization in China, realizing the sustainable development of the mouniainous areas, optimizing man-land system, and adopting and continuously developing corresponding economic modes of the mountainous areas with multi-functions of economy, ecalogy, culture and society to chararacterize production content, mode of production. mode of operation is not only helpful to econonty, society and ecological value and is of great aesthetic value,but also solve the technological problems of the subject of starting undertaking to finally transform the regional resource advantage of the mountainous area into the advantage of capital and technology for economic development and to get rid of the contradiction between underdeveloped economy and abundant resources. This paper takes the Three Gorges Reservoir（TGR） area for example to show that it＇s of great practical and theoretical significance ,regional distribution,variety structure and quality structure.     

Review on the Study of the Allocation of Corporate Control in Enterprise Theory

With the establishment of a modem corporate system, the separation of ownership and management appears in the company. The rational allocation of corporate control between different behavioral agents has attracted more and more attention. This paper points out that scholars have studied the allocation of corporate control from the angles of the agency cost theory, property rights theory, corporate finance theory, and the theory of corporate governance, which has great value. However, the existing theories also have some flaws on the allocation of corporate control. First, people still have different understandings and views over the meaning of corporate control. Secondly, the existing research theoretically only observes and studies an arrangement of sheer level control, the allocation between final control and real control. This paper argues to build the two-tier allocation of corporate control： The first tier relation is between ultimate control rights and actual control rights, the second tier relation is between indirect control rights and direct control rights which are in actual control rights. This study can explain the resource allocation effects of corporate control, promote the development and improvement of the theory of the firm.     

The Status Quo Analysis of New Ventures in China

New venture has developed as an important topic in entrepreneurship research. In this paper we analyze the status quo of new Ventures in China from four aspects： capital demand scale of new ventures, the characteristics and motivation of entrepreneurs, the attitude of new ventures toward the intervention of venture capital firms and the external environmental factors of hindering new ventures. The data in this research come from 104 ventures in four cities （Peking, Shanghai, Changchun and Shenyang） in China. The empirical analysis indicates that there are many problems in the development of the new ventures in China.     

Financial deepening and regional economic growth Analysis on Circum-Bohai-Sea Region

Financial deepening can improve economic growth by facilitating capital liquidity and promoting efficiency of allocating resource, which has played an important role in the development of the Pearl River Delta and the Yangtze River Delta in China. As a new economic growth pole, Circum-Bohai-Sea Region should focus on internal financial deepening. In this paper, SWOT analysis is used to observe the level of financial deepening in Circum-Bohai-Sea Region, and some related policy suggestions are given in the end.     

Vulnerability assessment of water resources to climate change in Chinese cities

Climate change is an inevitable trend,which challenges security of water resources in China,especially in cities.Assessing vulnerability of water resource to climate change in cities has important role for policy makers. The paper constructs a vulnerability function,including exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity,according to the vulnerability concept proposed by IPCC,establishes an assessment indicators system of water resources to climate change in cities,and analyzes vulnerability features of Chinese cites based on 655 cities＇data in 2006.The vulnerability assessment results show that there are distinctive differences among all the cities,between east,central and west cities,between ordinary,big and mega cities,while there is no statistical significant difference between north and south cities.Based on the research,the paper suggests that strategic emphasis should focus on the central cities and ordinary cities     

A model of local labor market regulation of China in the transition period

With the establishment of labor market of China, market is playing a more and mare important role in allocation of human resources. However, with the transition of economy in China and industrial upgrading in recent years, many labor problems have occurred which do harm to the sustainable development of local economy. The paper researches on the labor market issues of China from the perspective of local labor market regulation. Firstly, it reviews the theories of local labor market regulation. And then the main components of local labor market regulation of China are identified and the evaluation index system is established. The results of analysis of the calculated output show that （1） the local labor market regulation of China has an obvious character of gradient distribution geographically and decreases gradually from east to west; （2） of all the regulations, the regulation of the development of human capital has the most significant impact on local economy currently which is followed by the regulation of labor relation and the regulation of market participation. As to the regulation of social security, it has no Significant impact on the development of local economy.     

Reviews of the research on water resources management system at home and abroad

The reform of the system of water resource management abroad has started since the 50s of last century, it has left us a lot of experiences in many aspects with the innovation of system, such as the legal environment in water resources, water rights, water market theory, and the ＂participation＂ management of water resources, these experiences has been promoted in more than 40 developing countries. Based on analyzing the theory and experiences of water resources management both at home and abroad, especially the theory and experiences of agricultural water resources management, this paper puts forward the main problems waiting for further investigation in China＇s water resources management and provides some reference and inspiration for the innovation of the system of water resource management in China.     

Venture capital in Japan and enlightenment to China

In the business world, there have always been people are willing to start business, and other people are willing to back them and share the risks and rewards of enterprises, so in a sense, there has always been entrepreneurship and venture capital （VC）. Despite of Japanese VC has gone through ups and downs, Japanese VC continues to lead Asia and is second only to U.S. Japanese government has recognized the economic benefits of fostering the creation and development of venture finns, and has applied themselves assiduously to the task of creating a supportive environment. This paper provides some context for understanding the Japanese venture capital industry. Then it set forth an evolution of Japanese venture capital. The heart of the paper is devoted to discussion of the key features of Japanese venture capital. This includes information concerning the size of the industry, the players, and the nature of the Japanese venture capital investment. This is followed by an analysis of some of the obstacles to a more vibrant Japanese venture capital industry which gives us some enlightenment to Chinese venture capital development now. This paper also shows that the relative of the US, the Japanese venture capital industry is a young, small industry. In a word, it shows that there is still a substantial space for further development, which makes VC is still a promising industry in Japan.