节能廉价的永磁除铁设备

八五期间我国大力推广的节能且廉价的永磁除铁设备,不仅在冶金、煤炭、化工、机械、轻工等行业得到了广泛的应用,近年来又在林产工业的刨花板、中密度板、纤维板的生产中得到大量的采用。     

我国人造板工业发展及其趋势分析

一、我国人造板发展概述我国人造板发展至今有40多年历史。到目前为止,我国人造板工业发展速度居世界前列。目前,我国人造板市场仍然是以老三板(胶合板、硬质纤维板、刨花板)为主。随着森林资源日趋紧缺,大径级木材也不断减少,新三板(即组合胶合板、华夫板、定向结构刨花板)必然会代替老三板。40多年来,我国人造板发展大概分为三个阶段。第一阶段:50年代以胶合板为主导产品的起步阶段。这一阶段人造板工业唯一的重点产     

中国刨花板产业国际竞争力的实证研究——基于波特的钻石模型

对刨花板产业国际竞争力进行定量评价,指出中国刨花板产业的国际竞争力有所提高,但总体上的国际竞争力还是比较弱;运用波特的钻石模型对中国刨花板产业国际竞争力的影响因素进行定性分析,得出的结论是,人工林的发展、劳动力素质的提升、国内市场需求、大部分的相关与支持性产业、机会与政府等因素有助于提升中国刨花板产业的国际竞争力,而胶粘剂质量、企业战略和企业结构可能对中国刨花板产业的国际竞争力产生不利影响。     

世界刨花板生产和贸易的动态分析

利用联合国粮农组织数据库(FAOSTAT)1961-2007年的刨花板统计数据,基于全球化的视角从总量变动、结构变动和区域分布变动三个方面入手,分析世界刨花板生产和贸易的特点和变化趋势.指出刨花板已经成为世界人造板生产和贸易的最主要品种;刨花板产业不仅有传统的生产销售强国,新兴市场国家逐渐成为中国刨花板的竞争对手;世界刨花板生产的区域分布变动出现了欧美向亚洲转移的趋势,但目前刨花板的主要的生产国、进口国和出口国仍然集中于发达国家,第二次产业转移尚未真正完成.     

伊马林产品开发有限责任公司建立现代企业制度的尝试

伊马公司主要生产各种规格的木质刨花板和对刨花板进行二次加工。一期工程年产500013的刨花板生产线于1993年底建成。1994年开始试生产，当年生产刨花板4760m’，实现利税220万元，提前四个月完成了全年的生产任务，是伊宁市第一个当年注册、当年投产、当年见效益的合资企业、1994年又扩建一条同样规模的刨花板生产线。该公司一年多来的试产运行，已明显表现出现代企业制度的先进性。伊马公司是由天西林业局所属的伊犁木材加工总厂、巩留林场、特克斯林场、新源林场与马来西亚龙合控股公司、永新工业公司、斯丽马房地产开发公司7家企业合资…     

浅谈边境易货贸易的会计核算

财政部相继颁发《企业财务通则》和《企业会计准则》后,又发布了工业、农业、商品流通企业等各行业的财务制度和会计制度。这是我国会计史上一次重大变革,既是适应我国社会主义市场经济发展的需要,又与国际惯例接轨。     

刨花板市场调查和预测

1983年间,我们对全国刨花板生产和销售情况进行调查,先后到了北京、天津、上海、广州、杭州以及云南、贵州、山东、河北、湖南、福建等省市。从总体看来,我国刨花板工业尚处在萌芽期,并且投资建厂带有很大的盲目性,生产和市场销售渠道都不稳定。因而,搜集到的资料数据比较零星。根据这些数据进行预测,难免有相当大的局限性。     

刨花板二次加工和市场开拓问题

刨花板生产是在我国森林资源短缺,木材供求关系日趋紧张的条件下,于五十年代末起步的。到七十年代,由于木材供应缺口进一步扩大,出现了一个全国性的刨花板投资热潮,在引进西德少数成套设备的同时,许多单位纷纷仿造北京木材厂原有的旧设备建厂。据不完全统计,目前全国已投产和在建的刨花板厂(车间)127家,设计生产能力100万立方米左右。虽然刨花板产量逐年增加,1980～1985年即第六个五年计划期间产量增长1.46倍(详见表1),但只利用生产能力的20%。现在,除北京木材厂从西德引     

1993-1997年我国木材进口分析报告

通过大量翔实的材料,对近年来我国木材进口总体情况和原木、锯材、纤维板、刨花板、胶合板等单项情况,从进口材种、数量、价格、金额、地域状况等方面进行了实证分析。我国1997年比1993年木材及其制品进口额增长了23.24%,其中原木增长了47.49%,锯材增长了76.58%,单板、刨花板和纤维板都成倍增长,只有胶合板进口额下降了20.56%。这充分反映了我国进口木材市场的供需变化。对近几年排序前10位的木材进口国家(地区)进行了分析,主要进口国为马来西亚、印度尼西亚和美国等。进口材树种、材种结构和价格是影响进口额的重要因素。     

强化设备技术改造 实现生产节能减排

黑龙江省绥化复合板厂是专业生产刨花板、贴面板的企业,是国家"八五"期间批准建设的大中型项目之一。企业总投资1.41亿元。从德国辛北尔康普公司、温康纳公司引进全套刨花板和贴面板生产线,可生产各种规格的环保低毒、防潮刨花板3万m2、贴面板90万m2,产品主要销往国内知名家具公司,企业生产的"三峰牌"刨花板、贴面板荣获黑龙     

Price transmission between products at different stages of manufacturing in forest industries

The theory of demand and supply implies a positive relationship, or “price transmission” between the prices of products at different stages of manufacturing. This relationship was investigated with quarterly prices of softwood stumpage in the US South, and national prices of forest products, from 1977 to 2002. All prices, net of inflation, were found to be nonstationary and there was no evidence of co-integration between prices. Vector autogressive models, augmented by Granger causality tests and multiplier analysis showed that there was a one-to-one permanent positive response of the southern sawtimber stumpage price to a permanent change in the national lumber price. There was also a one-third permanent positive response of the national paper price to a permanent change in the national pulp price. There was no relation between regional pulpwood prices and national pulp or paper prices. When price transmission was significant, the full adjustment took about 2 years.     

Application of an ecosystem function framework to perceptions of community woodlands

Owners, local residents, government, and conservation organisations can express divergent preferences in the development and management of local woodlands. The perceptions of these four groups were examined, in the context of three community woodlands in Eastern England, using an ecosystem function framework. In a pilot study, residents were able to allocate a relative importance to woodland ecosystem services which were then related to “regulation”, “habitat”, and “production” or “information” functions. However residents also placed importance on negative services or “dis-services” associated with the woodland ecosystem. Therefore a fifth category of “dis-services” was included in the main survey which included 84 local residents, three woodland owners, three government institutions, and six representatives from conservation groups. Each of the four groups placed greatest importance on services associated with habitat (16–39% of the total importance) and information (30–50%) functions suggesting, in this example, mutual interest in the use of woodlands as a habitat or recreational resource. By contrast a potential area of difference was the particularly high importance placed by one owner on dis-services such as fly tipping. In addition the woodland owners placed higher importance (10–20%), than local residents and conservation groups (7–9%), on the productive services of the wood. This suggests a need for communication when production-related operations affect recreation. The ecosystem function framework appears to be a useful approach for highlighting potential tensions and areas of mutual interest in the management of semi-natural ecosystems.     

In Vino ‘No’ Veritas: impacts of fraud on wine imports in China

China is one of the largest wine importing countries in the world and is poised for continued import growth in the future. Increased wine purchases throughout China have given rise to persistent fraud where fake wines are packaged and sold with counterfeit contents and labels. For exporting countries like France, counterfeit wines displace market share, damage foreign brand reputation, and cause distrust in consumers who are aware of counterfeiting problems throughout the country. We examine the impact of fraudulent wine events (as measured by negative media reports) on Chinese wine demand differentiated by supplying country. We employ the Rotterdam demand system and a switching regression procedure to estimate import demand and compare results across different media variable specifications. Results consistently show that negative reports disproportionately affect French wine regardless of how the media variable is specified. This is not surprising because most fraudulent events involve French wine counterfeits.     

An evaluation framework for earthquake-responsive land administration

In recent years earthquakes and their secondary hazards have claimed the largest number of lives of all large natural disasters. Some of the world’s most earthquake-prone zones are also areas of high population density. The impact is magnified by vulnerability factors including non-enforcement of building codes, knowledge gaps, urban poverty and poor governance capacity to manage and reduce earthquake risks. Poor security of land tenure and property rights increases the vulnerability of people and affects their ability to respond to natural disasters.Earthquake recovery and reconstruction provides very significant challenges for land agencies, with these challenges differing from one country to the next due to differences in the local context. Drawing on contrasting case studies in Haiti, Nepal and New Zealand this paper identifies the common post-earthquake land administration functions and challenges that may apply to many contexts. These lessons provide land agencies and other key stakeholders with a summary of the challenges an earthquake poses for land administration at different post-disaster stages. We also discuss the policy and regulatory, institutional, operational and preparedness lessons for land administration. From these lessons we propose a framework for evaluating the earthquake-responsiveness of a land administration system. This framework can be used by a land agency in an earthquake prone region, or where an earthquake has recently occurred, to assess what challenges to land administration might occur in the event of an earthquake, and the preparedness of their land administration system.     

Agrarian Poverty,Nutrition and Economic Class – A Study of Gujarat,India

This paper analyses poverty and calorific undernourishment in the Indian state of Gujarat, where high and market‐led industrial growth has resulted in rapid economic improvement. The study is carried out through a combination of secondary and survey‐based data. We conclude that the neoliberal agenda of uncontrolled, outward‐looking growth has not resulted in significant reduction of poverty or malnourishment in rural areas. Furthermore, while land ownership is officially used as a proxy for wealth distribution, class position appears a better predictor of poverty status in the rural areas than landownership per se. At the policy level, there is a need to revive the agrarian economy and create new non‐agricultural assets, and the primary focus in the state must shift to the distribution of created assets rather than a single‐minded focus on growth.     

Does sustainable agricultural growth require a system of innovation? Evidence from Ghana and Burkina Faso

This paper tests the ‘systems of innovation’ hypothesis for a selection of crops in Ghana and Burkina Faso that have shown significant growth in production over an approximately 20-year period. The question is whether such growth can only occur if supported by a system of innovation. Using two indicators (a common understanding on objectives and priorities, and a high level of interactivity), we find little evidence for the existence of anything that might be considered a high functioning system of innovation.     

Local impacts of industrial tree plantations: An empirical analysis in Indonesia across plantation types

The values ascribed to industrial tree plantations are often controversial. Hence knowledge of their perceived impacts is important for improving their integration in rural landscapes. In 2016 we conducted household surveys with 606 respondents living in villages adjacent to acacia, teak and pine plantations across three islands in Indonesia (Java, Borneo, Sumatra). Results show that perceptions toward pine and teak plantations tend to differ from those toward acacia pulpwood plantations in several ways. Pine and teak plantations are perceived to have a higher number and variety of benefits and services, a higher number of positive impacts, a better environmental record, and to present more opportunities to local people for use of plantation land and products for improving rural livelihoods. In addition, we find that villagers around acacia pulpwood plantations tend to seek economic development and infrastructure to open up remote areas, yet their expectations were often only partially met. Recommendations from our analysis include: the role of the State in plantations must be clarified and potentially reinforced; the role of institutions as intermediaries is fundamental; and contributions by communities to design of management plans should be accommodated.     

Upstream demand for water use by new tree plantations imposes externalities on downstream irrigated agriculture and wetlands*

Large‐scale tree plantations in high rainfall upstream areas can reduce fresh water inflows to river systems, thereby imposing external costs on downstream irrigation, stock and domestic water users and wetland interests. We take the novel approach of expressing all benefits and costs of establishing plantations in terms of $ per gigalitre (GL) of water removed annually from river flows, setting upstream demands on the same basis as downstream demands. For the Macquarie Valley, a New South Wales sub‐catchment of Australia’s Murray‐Darling Basin, we project changes in land and water use and changes in economic surpluses under two policy settings: without and with a policy requiring permanent water entitlements to be purchased from downstream parties, before plantation establishment. Without the policy, and given a high stumpage value for trees ($70/m³), upstream gains in economic surplus projected from expanding plantations are $639 million; balanced against $233 million in economic losses by downstream irrigators and stock and domestic water users for a net gain of $406 million, but 345 GL lower mean annual environmental flows. With the policy, smaller gains in upstream economic surplus from trees ($192 million), added to net downstream gains ($138 million) from sale of water, result in gains of $330 million with no reduction in environmental flows. Sustaining the 345 GL flow for a $76 million (406–330) reduction in gains to economic surplus may be seen to cost only $0.22 million/GL; but this is much lower than the market value of the first units of that water to agriculture and forestry.     

Malaria incidence and agricultural efficiency in Uganda

The cost of accessing healthcare can be a major determinant of disease prevalence, which in turn has short‐ and long‐term welfare implications on poor households. In response, governments in developing countries often resort to subsidizing the cost of drugs, which, while perhaps easier to administer, may not always be the most effective way of addressing healthcare cost. In this regard, we analyze the impact of different types of household level health expenses on disease incidence and agricultural production efficiency. We use data from the 2006 Uganda National Household Survey, which covered approximately 7,400 households. The results suggest that a 10% increase in consultation, medicine, and hospitalization expenses would reduce malaria incidence respectively by 35.6%, 20.5%, and 21.3 %, which translates into a 1.1%, 0.6%, and 0.6 % decrease in agricultural inefficiency, respectively. The results indicate that helping poor households meet expenses for consultation through subsidies or eliminating consultation fees has a larger impact on malaria incidence and agricultural productivity among poor rural households than subsidizing the cost of medical drugs, the most common avenue chosen by developing country governments in the fight against the disease.     

Underpayment of Small Producers of Coffee and Cocoa in Sierra Leone

Fieldwork shows that many Sierra Leonean producers do not receive the official producer price for their coffee and cocoa, due to the concentration of buying stations, credit relations, the small quantities offered for sale, and the lack of marketing knowledge of the numerous and unorganized farmers. To the traders underpayment may seem economically justifiable to a certain extent, but to the farmers it means poverty and debt. A new village marketing centre project aims at remedying this situation and has already led to higher prices. Although no longer allowed to take their "just" share from the producers, traders are still willing to deal with the new centres.