Trademarks and the Third World

There were about four million trademarks in force throughout the world in 1974. Around one million of them were granted in the developing countries; one half of these were owned by foreigners and most of them for items of consumption for the elites. Advertising expenditures in developing countries, mostly meant to promote these trademarks, amounted to $4 billion in 1973 - twice as much as their expenditure on R & D!This article examines the place of trademarks in developing countries and their functions. It points to the anomaly between the legal framework, national as well as international, giving protection to the owners of trademarks and the interests of development of the Third World. It concludes by drawing attention to initiatives for balancing the grant of such rights, mostly to transnational corporations by considerations of national interest.     

The recession,the Third World and the base metals industries

The paper examines the medium-term prospects for supply and demand balance in five base metal industries of interest to Third World producer countries (lead, zinc, copper, nickel and aluminium). It argues that growth in demand for the five metals will be stagnant or sluggish in the medium-term and that existing capacity, plus additions already in the construction pipelines, will be adequate, or more than adequate to meet it. Nevertheless, the Third World's share of productive capacity is likely to go on increasing, as it has done throughout the recent recession. The reasons for this shift are examined, along with the future policy dilemmas it poses for Third World producers.     

The international division of leisure: Tourism and the Third World

Despite the obvious attractions of tourism as a foreign exchange earner for a number of developing countries, the industry is dominated by the rich countries which appropriate most of the economic benefits from the tourist trade. This domination takes economic and political forms, and tends to increase over time as tour operators diversify and grow vertically. The policies open to LDCs to increase their returns are discussed, and the difficulties they may face are mentioned.     

对第三世界若干问题的认识

一、冷战后的今天有无第三世界? 众所周知,第三世界这一名称与法国人口学家A·索维(Alfred Sauvy)有关.1952年,索维在<观察家>杂志上发表的一篇文章中将1789年法国革命前无权无势的穷人称为第三等级的人(tiers monde),以区别于僧侣和贵族.在1955年的万隆会议上,一些与会者借用第三等级这一名词,称亚非拉为第三世界.1956年,索维所在的人口研究所中的一些研究人员出版了一本名为<第三等级>(k Tiers-Monde)的书.1959年,法国经济学家F·佩勒(Francois Perroux)创办了一本同名杂志,探讨欠发达问题.     

A Third World perspective on industrial decentralization: The World Bank Study on Seoul

Over the past five years the World Bank has been engaged in an extensive investigation of the implementation of policies designed to recast the urban system of South Korea and, more especially, to constrain the expansion of the capital city, Seoul. The South Korean situation furnishes an example of an active employment decentralization policy pursued in a middle‐income developing country. The task of the paper is to synthesize the extant research material on Seoul, chronicling the unfolding nature of policy intervention, the directions of industrial policy in South Korea and suggesting the broader implications for decentralization planning in South Africa.     

The emergence of Third World multinationals: Indian joint ventures overseas

The more industrialized LDCs are emerging increasingly as exporters of capital (or of technology in several forms). This paper draws on the recent experience of Indian MNCs to reexamine the factors which give rise to Third World multinationals. The author summarizes the current state of research in the analysis of LDCs MNCs, drawing upon specific MNC literature and other related literature on trade and technology. He deals with the evidence on Indian capital exports, placing it in the broader context of technology exports, discussing some examples of interest and drawing comparisons with foreign investment by some other LDCs. He assesses the Indian experience, using the distinctions drawn by Dunning's ‘eclectic’ theory but concentrating on the processes of technical change that underline the growth of its MNCs. The final section draws some tentative conclusions.     

The effects of IMF programs in the Third World: Debate and evidence from Latin America

This article reviews the debate about the effects of IMF-sponsored stabilization programs in the Third World. After examining recent studies by Fund economists, results of a new study on a Latin American country set are presented. In this research, IMF programs are associated with insignificant changes in the current account, significant improvements in the overall balance of payments, increases in inflation, mixed effects on growth, and a strong and consistent pattern of reduction in labor share of income. The latter result is incorporated into a distribution-oriented critique of Fund policy.     

The immigration of Third World professionals to Canada: 1968–1973

In this paper we estimate a reduced form equation for highly skilled immigration to Canada during the period 1968–1973. The purported open immigration policy during this period implied that a relatively unregulated flow of immigrants came to Canada. We found to the contrary that the Third World immigrant flow was carefully regulated and responded significantly to four principal variables: the number of job vacancies by occupation, competing opportunities in the United States, the total flow of Third World immigrants and the number of movers from the country under consideration. The income variable never proved significant.     

第三世界发展理论与援助功能的演进(1950-2000年)

二战结束后第三世界的兴起,代表着发展与援助理论进入新的里程,以十年为一个阶段,检视战后五十年第三世界发展理论与援助功能互动的演进过程,发现经济发展理论由充满信心到面临停滞,发达国家的援助也由积极投入到陷入疲劳,这显示发展理论与援助功能无法脱离时空环境的制约。     

Some demographic and economic aspects of Third World and First World urbanization and the economic implications thereof for South Africa

"This paper analyses various demographic and economic features of the urbanization process that is taking place in Third World (developing) and First World (developed) countries. A comparison of some demographic and economic differences between contemporary Third World urbanization and First World urbanization at a comparable stage of development is made. The aim is to see what South African urbanization can learn from the comparison between Third and First World urbanization."     

The ‘Basic Needs’ approach to development vs the new international economic order: The significance of Third World industrialization

The question has recently been raised whether the basic needs approach to development conflicts with Third World aspirations for faster industrialization and the establishment of the New International Economic Order. This paper argues: (a) That to meet the basic needs of the poor in the Third World on a sustainable basis, it is necessary to transform its productive structures. In this transformation modern industry (including in most cases an appropriate capital goods industry) must play a central role. (b) That a properly conceived basic needs strategy should in general positively aid Third World industrial development. The paper concludes that accelerated industrialization and a substantially redistributive fiscal policy must be the two pillars of any effective basic needs programme.